On the use of MOZAIC-IAGOS data to assess the ability of the MACC reanalysis to reproduce the distribution of ozone and CO in the UTLS over Europe

References

• Aghedo A., Bowman K., Worden H., Kulawik S., Shindell D., co-authors. The vertical distribution of ozone instantaneous radiative forcing from satellite and chemistry climate models. . Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2011; 116(D01305): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014243.
   Google Scholar
• Barré J. , Amraoui L. E. , Ricaud P. , Lahoz W. , Attié J.-L. , co-authors . Diagnosing the transition layer at extratropical latitudes using MLS O3 and MOPITT CO analyses. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13(14): 7225–7240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethan S. , Vaughan G. , Reid S. J . A comparison of ozone and thermal tropopause heights and the impact of tropopause definition on quantifying the ozone content of the troposphere. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1996; 122(532): 929–944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brioude J. , Cammas J. P. , Cooper O. R. , Nedelec P . Characterization of the composition, structure and seasonal variation of the mixing layer above the extratropical tropopause as revealed by MOZAIC measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 2008; 113(D7): 2156–2202.
   Google Scholar
• Clark H. , Cathala M.-L. , Teyssédre H. , Cammas J.-P. , Peuch V.-H . Cross-tropopause fluxes of ozone using assimilation of MOZAIC measurements in a global CTM. Tellus B. 2007; 59: 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper O., Moody J., Parrish D., Trainer M., Ryerson T., co-authors. Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: a conceptual model. J. Geophys. Res. 2002a.; 107 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000902.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper O. R., Moody J. L., Parrish D. D., Trainer M., Holloway J. S., co-authors. Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: a seasonal comparison of O3 and CO. J. Geophys. Res. 2002b; 107 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000901.
   Google Scholar
• Crutzen P. J . Photochemical reactions initiated by and influencing ozone in unpolluted tropospheric air. Tellus. 1974; 26(1–2): 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Dee D. P. , Uppala S. M. , Simmons A. J. , Berrisford P. , Poli P. , co-authors . The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 2011; 137: 553–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derwent R. , Jenkin M. , Saunders S . Photochemical ozone creation potentials for a large number of reactive hydrocarbons under European conditions. Atmos. Environ. 1996; 30(2): 181–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards D. , Halvorson C. , Gille J . Radiative transfer modeling for the EOS Terra satellite Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1999; 104(D14): 16755–16775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elguindi N. , Clark H. , Ordoñez C. , Thouret V. , Flemming J. , co-authors . Current status of the ability of the GEMS/MACC models to reproduce the tropospheric CO vertical distribution as measured by MOZAIC. Geosci. Model Dev. 2010; 3(2): 501–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskes H. , Huijnen V. , Arola A. , Benedictow A. , Blechschmidt A.-M. , co-authors . Validation of reactive gases and aerosols in the MACC global analysis and forecast system. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. 2015; 8: 1117–1169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer H. , Wienhold F. , Hoor P. , Bujok O. , Schiller C. , co-authors . Tracer correlations in the northern high latitude lowermost stratosphere: influence of cross-tropopause mass exchange. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000; 27(1): 97–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman J. , Watson C. E. , Larsen J. C. , Logan J. A . Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1990; 95(D4): 3599–3617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming J. , Inness A. , Flentje H. , Huijnen V. , Moinat P. , co-authors . Coupling global chemistry transport models to ECMWF's integrated forecast system. Geosci. Model Dev. 2009; 2: 253–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster F. , Piers M. , Shine K. P . Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1997; 102(D9): 10841–10855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudel A. , Ancellet G. , Godin-Beekmann S . Analysis of 20 years of tropospheric ozone vertical profiles by lidar and ECC at Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) at 44°N, 6.7°E. Atmos. Environ. 2015; 113: 78–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettelman A., Hoor P., Pan L., Randel W., Hegglin M., co-authors. The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Rev. Geophys. 2011; 49(3): RG3003. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000355.
   Google Scholar
• Granier C. , Bessagnet B. , Bond T. , D’Angiola A. , Van Der Gon H. D. , co-authors . Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period. Clim. Change. 2011; 109(1–2): 163–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther A. , Karl T. , Harley P. , Wiedinmyer C. , Palmer P. I. , co-authors . Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6: 3181–3210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth A. , Engelen R. J. , Textor C. , Benedetti A , Boucher O. , co-authors . Toward a monitoring and forecasting system for atmospheric composition: the GEMS project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2008; 89(8): 1147–1164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holton J. , Haynes P. , McIntyre M. , Douglass A. , Rood R. , co-authors . Stratosphere–troposphere exchange. Rev. Geophys. 1995; 33(4): 403–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoor P., Fischer H., Lange L., Lelieveld J., Brunner D. Seasonal variations of a mixing layer in the lowermost stratosphere as identified by the CO–O3 correlation from in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2002; 107(D5): 4044. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000289.
   Google Scholar
• Hoor P. , Gurk C. , Brunner D. , Hegglin M. , Wernli H. , co-authors . Seasonality and extent of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO measurements during SPURT. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2004; 4: 1427–1442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inness A. , Baier F. , Benedetti A. , Bouarar I. , Chabrillat S. , co-authors . The MACC reanalysis: an 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13: 4073–4109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013; Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jolliff J. K. , Kindle J. C. , Shulman I. , Penta B. , Friedrichs M. A. , co-authors . Summary diagrams for coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem model skill assessment. J. Mar. Syst. 2009; 76(1): 64–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser J. W. , Heil A. , Andreae M. O. , Benedetti A. , Chubarova N. , co-authors . Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power. Biogeosciences. 2012; 9(1): 527–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanakidou M. , Dentener F. J. , Brasseur G. P. , Berntsen T. K. , Collins W. J. , co-authors . 3-D global simulations of tropospheric CO distributions – results of the GIM/IGAC intercomparison 1997 exercise. Chemosphere-Global Change Sci. 1999; 1(1): 263–282.
   Google Scholar
• Katragkou E. , Zanis P. , Tsikerdekis A. , Kapsomenakis J. , Melas D. , co-authors . Evaluation of near surface ozone over Europe from the MACC reanalysis. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. 2015; 8: 1077–1115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnison D. E., Brasseur G. P., Walters S., Garcia R. R., Marsh D. R., co-authors. Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007; 112(D20): D20302. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007879.
   Google Scholar
• Logan J. A . Tropospheric ozone: seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence. J. Geophys. Res. 1985; 90(D6): 10463–10482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan J. A., Staehelin J., Megretskaia I. A., Cammas J. P., Thouret V., co-authors. Changes in ozone over Europe: analysis of ozone measurements from sondes, regular aircraft (MOZAIC) and alpine surface sites. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2012; 117(D9): D09301. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016952.
   Google Scholar
• Marenco A. , Thouret V. , Nédélec P. , Smit H. , Helten M. , co-authors . Measurement of ozone and water vapor by Airbus in-service aircraft: the MOZAIC airborne program, an overview. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1998; 103(D19): 25631–25642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik V. , Voulgarakis A. , Fiore A. , Horowitz L. , Lamarque J.-F. , co-authors . Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13(10): 5277–5298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nédélec P., Blot R., Boulanger D., Athier G., Cousin J.-M., co-authors. Instrumentation on commercial aircraft for monitoring the atmospheric composition on a global scale: the IAGOS system, technical overview of ozone and carbon monoxide measurements. Tellus B. 2015; 67 27791. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.27791.
   Google Scholar
• Nédélec P. , Cammas J.-P. , Thouret V. , Athier G. , Cousin J.-M. , co-authors . An improved infrared carbon monoxide analyser for routine measurements aboard commercial Airbus aircraft: technical validation and first scientific results of the MOZAIC III programme. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003; 3: 1551–1564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novelli P. , Masarie K. , Lang P. , Hall B. , Myers R. , co-authors . Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: effects of the 1997–1998 wildfires. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003; 108(D15): 4464.
   Google Scholar
• Ordoñez C. , Elguindi N. , Stein O. , Huijnen V. , Flemming J. , co-authors . Global model simulations of air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave. Atmos. Chem Phys. 2010; 10(2): 789–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan L., Randel W., Gary B., Mahoney M., Hintsa E. Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: a trace gas perspective. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109(D23103): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004982.
   Google Scholar
• Pan L. L., Bowman K. P., Shapiro M., Randel W. J., Gao R. S., co-authors. Chemical behavior of the tropopause observed during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport experiment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007a; 112(D18): D18110. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008645.
   Google Scholar
• Pan L. L., Wei J. C., Kinnison D. E., Garcia R. R., Wuebbles D. J., co-authors. A set of diagnostics for evaluating chemistry-climate models in the extratropical tropopause region. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2007b; 112(D9): D09316. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007792.
   Google Scholar
• Petetin H. , Thouret V. , Fontaine A. , Sauvage B. , Athier G. , co-authors . Characterizing tropospheric ozone and CO around Frankfurt between 1994–2012 based on MOZAIC-IAGOS aircraft measurements. Atm. Chem. and Phys. Discuss. 2015; 15: 23841–23891.
   Google Scholar
• Petzold A., Thouret V., Gerbig C., Zahn A., Brenninkmeijer C., co-authors. Global-scale atmosphere monitoring by in-service aircraft – current achievements and future prospects of the European research infrastructure IAGOS. Tellus B. 2015; 67 28452. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.28452.
   Google Scholar
• Riese M., Ploeger F., Rap A., Vogel B., Konopka P., co-authors. Impact of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing on simulated UTLS composition and related radiative effects. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2012; 117(D16): D16305. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017751.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt T., Cammas J.-P., Smit H., Heise S., Wickert J., co-authors. Observational characteristics of the tropopause inversion layer derived from CHAMP/GRACE radio occultations and MOZAIC aircraft data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2010; 115(D24): D24304. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014284.
   Google Scholar
• Shindell D. T., Faluvegi G., Stevenson D. S., Krol M. C., Emmons L. K., co-authors. Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: comparison with observations and projected near-future changes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006a; 111(D19): D19306. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007100.
   Google Scholar
• Stein O. , Flemming J. , Inness A. , Kaiser J. W. , Schultz M. G. . Global reactive gases forecasts and reanalysis in the MACC project. J. Integr. Environ. Sci. 2012; 9: 57–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein O. , Schultz M. G. , Bouarar I. , Clark H. , Huijnen V. , co-authors . On the wintertime low bias of Northern Hemisphere carbon monoxide in global model studies. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2014; 14(1): 245–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson D. S. , Young P. J. , Naik V. , Lamarque J. F. , Shindell D. T. , co-authors . Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13(6): 3063–3085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl A., Forster C., Eckhardt S., Spichtinger N., Huntrieser H., co-authors. A backward modeling study of intercontinental pollution transport using aircraft measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108(D12): 4370. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002862.
   Google Scholar
• Stohl A. , Forster C. , Frank A. , Seibert P. , Wotawa G . The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005; 5: 2461–2474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl A. , Trickl T . A textbook example of long-range transport: simultaneous observation of ozone maxima of stratospheric and North American origin in the free troposphere over Europe. J. Geophys. Res. 1999; 104(D23): 30445–30462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor K. E . Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2001; 106(D7): 7183–7192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thouret V. , Cammas J. P. , Sauvage B. , Athier G. , Zbinden R. , co-authors . Tropopause referenced ozone climatology and inter-annual variability (1994–2003) from the MOZAIC programme. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006; 6(4): 1033–1051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thouret V. , Marenco A. , Logan J. A. , Nédélec P. , Grouhel C. , co-authors . Comparisons of ozone measurements from the MOZAIC airborne program and the ozone sounding network at eight locations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1998; 103(D19): 25695–25720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilmes S., Pan L. L., Hoor P., Atlas E., Avery M. A., co-authors. An aircraft-based upper troposphere lower stratosphere O3, CO, and H2O climatology for the Northern Hemisphere. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2010; 115(D14): D14303. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012731.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Werf G. R. , Randerson J. T. , Giglio L. , Collatz G. J. , Mu M. , co-authors . Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010; 10(23): 11707–11735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WMO. Weather and Climate – Understanding risks and preparing for variability and extremes. Bulletin – The journal of the World Meteorological Organization. 2014; 63(2): Online at: https://2a9e94bc607930c3d739becc3293b562f744406b.googledrive.com/host/0BwdvoC9AeWjUazhkNTdXRXUzOEU/bulletin_63-2_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Worden H. M. , Deeter M. N. , Frankenberg C. , George M. , Nichitiu F. , co-authors . Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013; 13(2): 837–850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotawa G. , Novelli P. , Trainer M. , Granier C . Inter-annual variability of summertime CO concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere explained by boreal forest fires in North America and Russia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001; 28(24): 4575–4578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahn A., Brenninkmeijer C., Asman W., Crutzen P., Heinrich G., co-authors. Budgets of O3 and CO in the upper troposphere: CARIBIC passenger aircraft results 1997–2001. J. Geophys. Res. 2002; 107(D17): 4337. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001529.
   Google Scholar
• Zahn A. , Brenninkmeijer C. , Maiss M. , Scharffe D. , Crutzen P. , co-authors . Identification of extratropical two-way troposphere-stratosphere mixing based on CARIBIC measurements of O3, CO, and ultrafine particles. J. Geophys. Res. 2000; 105(D1): 1527–1535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar