Patients Presenting with Severe Hypotonic Hyponatremia: Etiological Factors, Assessment, and Outcomes

References

• Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE. Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. Am J Med. 2006; 119(7 suppl 1):S30–S35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342(21): 1581–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds RM, Seckl JR. Hyponatraemia for the clinical endocrinologist. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005; 63(4):366–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill G, Huda B, Boyd A, et al. Characteristics and mortality of severe hyponatraemia—a hospital-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006; 65(2):246–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton JA, Le Jeune IR, Hall IP. Severe hyponatraemia in medical in-patients: aetiology, assessment and outcome. QJM. 2006; 99(8): 505–511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huda MS, Boyd A, Skagen K, et al. Investigation and management of severe hyponatraemia in a hospital setting. Postgrad Med J. 2006; 82(965):216–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook MA, Velauthar U, Moran L, Griffiths W. Review of investigation and management of severe hyponatraemia in a hospital population. Ann Clin Biochem. 1999; 36(pt 2):158–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saeed BO, Beaumont D, Handley GH, Weaver JU. Severe hyponatraemia: investigation and management in a district general hospital. J Clin Pathol. 2002; 55(12):893–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg A, Verbalis JG. Vasopressin receptor antagonists. Kidney Int. 2006; 69(12):2124–2130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decaux G, Soupart A, Vassart G. Non-peptide arginine-vasopressin antagonists: the vaptans. Lancet. 2008; 371(9624): 1624–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stems RH, Silver SM. Brain volume regulation in response to hypo-osmolality and its correction. Am J Med. 2006; 119(7 suppl 1):S12–S16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Schrier RW, Sterns RH. Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2007; 120(11 suppl 1):S1–S21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Arieff AI. Treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia and its relation to brain damage. A prospective study. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317(19): 1190–1195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellison DH, Berl T. Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(20):2064–2072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow KM, Szeto CC, Wong TY, Leung CB, Li PK. Risk factors for thiazide-induced hyponatraemia. QJM. 2003; 96(12):911–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske W, Stork S, Koschker AC, et al. Value of fractional uric acid excretion in differential diagnosis of hyponatremic patients on diuretics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(8): 2991–2997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharabi Y, Illan R, Kamari Y, et al. Diuretic induced hyponatraemia in elderly hypertensive women. J Hum Hypertens. 2002; 16(9):631–635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al; Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42(6): 1206–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Heart Foundation of Australia. Guide to management of hypertension 2008. Assessing and managing raised blood pressure in adults,2008. http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/A_Hypert_Guidelines2008_2009Update_Final.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Chung HM, Kluge R, Schrier RW, Anderson RJ. Clinical assessment of extracellular fluid volume in hyponatremia. Am J Med. 1987; 83(5): 905–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske W, Störk S, Blechschmidt A, Maier SG, Morgenthaler NG, Allolio B. Copeptin in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(1): 123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang AH, Liu XM. Osmotic demyelination syndrome associated with 3% hypertonic saline administration. Intern Med J. 2008; 38(3): 219–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huq S, Wong M, Chan H, Crimmins D. Osmotic demyelination syndromes: central and extrapontine myelinolysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2007; 14(7):684–688.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin RJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: the osmotic demyelination syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004; 75(suppl 3):iii22–iii28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown WD. Osmotic demyelination disorders: central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2000; 13(6):691–697.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar S, Berl T. Sodium. Lancet. 1998; 352(9123):220–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soupart A, Penninckx R, Crenier L, Stenuit A, Perier O, Decaux G. Prevention of brain demyelination in rats after excessive correction of chronic hyponatremia by serum sodium lowering. Kidney Int. 1994; 45(1): 193–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soupart A, Ngassa M, Decaux G. Therapeutic relowering of the serum sodium in a patient after excessive correction of hyponatremia. Clin Nephrol. 1999; 51(6):383–386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu M, Choi W. Extrapontine myelinolysis: a case report. J Emerg Crit Care Med. 2008; 19(4): 172–176.
   Google Scholar
• Oya S, Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Kirino T. Reinduction of hyponatremia to treat central pontine myelinolysis. Neurology. 2001;57(10): 1931–1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waikar SS, Mount DB, Curhan GC. Mortality after hospitalization with mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia. Am J Med. 2009; 122(9): 857–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar