Recent Advances in Antithrombotic Therapy for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

References

• . Colilla S, Crow A, Simon T, Singer DE, Petkun W, Liu X. Projected estimates of prevalence and annual growth rate of atrial fibrillation in the United States from a dynamic age-period progression model. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:A2056
   Google Scholar
• . Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ. Status of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(1):17–40, ix
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, . Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001;285(18):2370–2375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, . Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation. 2006;114(2):119–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Naccarelli GV, Varker H, Lin J, Schulman KL. Increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(11):1534–1539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Markides V, Schilling RJ. Atrial fibrillation: classification, pathophysiology, mechanisms and drug treatment. Heart. 2003;89(8):939–943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lip GY, Tean KN, Dunn FG. Treatment of atrial fibrillation in a district general hospital. Br Heart J. 1994;71(1):92–95
   Google Scholar
• . Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, ; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):480–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22(8):983–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Reith J, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Acute stroke with atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 1996;27(10):1765–1769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Deitelzweig S, Amin A, Jing Y, . Medical cost reductions associated with the usage of novel oral anticoagulants vs warfarin among atrial fibrillation patients, based on the RE-LY, ROCKET-AF and ARISTOTLE trials. J Med Econ. 2012;15:776–785
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, . Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(11):1045–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, . Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2001–2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Plavix [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership; 2011. http://products.sanofi.us/plavix/plavix.html. Accessed April 16, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Effient [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Co; 2012. http://pi.lilly.com/us/effient.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Brilinta [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca, LP; 2011. http://wwwl.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/brilinta.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR. Fondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studies. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1833–1840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Arixtra [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011. http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_arixtra.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Xarelto [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011. http://www.xareltohcp.com/sites/default/files/pdf/xarelto_0.pdf#zoom=100. Accessed September 28, 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Eliquis [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; New York, NY: Pfizer Inc. 2012. http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_eliquis.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Antman EM, . Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: design and rationale for the Effective aNticoaGulation with factor xA next GEneration in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI48). Am Heart J. 2010;160(4):635–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Buller HR. Direct thrombin inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(10):1028–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Refludan [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.; 2006. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/020807s0111bl.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Angiomax [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: The Medicines Company; 2000. http://www.angiomax.com/Downloads/Angiomax_PI_2010_PN1601-12.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Iprivask [package insert]. Hunt Valley, MD: Canyon Pharmaceuticals; 2010. http://www.canyonpharma.com/documents/Iprivask_PI_Jan2010.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Argatroban injection [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC; GlaxoSmithKline; 2012. http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_argatro-ban.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Pradaxa [package insert]. Ridgefield, CT; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2012. http://bidocs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet.ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Pradaxa/Pradaxa.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . You JJ, Singer DE, Howard PA, ; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141( 2 suppl):e531S–e575S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, ; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006;114(7):e257–e354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wann LS, Curtis AB, January CT, ; 2011 Writing Group Members; 2006 Writing Group Members; ACCF/AHA Task Force Members. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123(1):104–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, ; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(21):2719–2747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285(22):2864–2870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, ; European Heart Rhythm Association; European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(19):2369–2429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(12):857–867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(13):1449–1457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Agarwal S, Hachamovitch R, Menon V. Current trial-associated outcomes with warfarin in prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:623–631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Coumadin [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2012. http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_coumadin.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Kovacs MJ, Rodger M, Anderson DR, . Comparison of 10-mg and 5-mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low-molecular-weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(9):714–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schultz KT, Bungard TJ. Dosing options for decreasing the time to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation when reinitiating warfarin: a case series. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(8):793–805
   Google Scholar
• . Rosand J, Eckman MH, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM. The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):880–884
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Jones M, McEwan P, Morgan CL, Peters JR, Goodfellow J, Currie CJ. Evaluation of the pattern of treatment, level of anticoagulation control, and outcome of treatment with warfarin in patients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation: a record linkage study in a large British population. Heart. 2005;91(4):472–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y, . Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(11):1019–1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Baker WL, Cios DA, Sander SD, Coleman CI. Meta-analysis to assess the quality of warfarin control in atrial fibrillation patients in the United States. J Manag Care Pharm. 2009;15(3):244–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lane DA, Lip GY. Barriers to anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: changing physician-related factors. Stroke. 2008;39(1):7–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, . Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1139–1151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, . Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, . Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):981–992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, . Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):806–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Testa L, Bhindi R, Agostoni P, Abbate A, Zoccai GG, van Gaal WJ. The direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran/melagatran: a systematic review on clinical applications and an evidence based assessment of risk benefit profile. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007;6(4):397–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Reilly PA, Wallentin L. Newly identified events in the RE-LY trial. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(19):1875–1876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hart RG, Diener HC, Yang S, . Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran: the RE-LY trial. Stroke. 2012;43(6):1511–1517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hohnloser SH, Oldgren J, Yang S, . Myocardial ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with dabigatran or warfarin in the RE-LY trial. Circulation. 2012;125(5):669–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Beasley BN, Unger EF, Temple R. Anticoagulant options—why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(19):1788–1790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schulman S, Kearon C. Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(4):692–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lopes RD, Al-Khatib SM, Wallentin L, . Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to patient risk of stroke and of bleeding in atrial fibrillation: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9855):1749–1758
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Freeman JV, Zhu RP, Owens DK, . Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(1):1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kamel H, Johnston SC, Easton JD, Kim AS. Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2012;43(3):881–883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kamel H, Easton JD, Johnston SC, Kim AS. Cost-effectiveness of apixaban vs warfarin for secondary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Neurology. 2012;79(14):1428–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee S, Anglade MW, Pham D, Pisacane R, Kluger J, Coleman CI. Cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared to warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(6):845–851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rivaroxaban compares favorably with enoxaparin in preventing venous thromboembolism in acutely ill patients without showing a net clinical benefit [news release]. Washington, DC: American College of Cardiology; April 5, 2011. http://www.cardiosource.org/News-Media/Media-Center/News-Releases/2011/04/MAGELLAN.aspx. Accessed January 15, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Alexander JH, Lopes RD, James S, . Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(8):699–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Buller HR, . Extended-duration rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients: MAGELLAN study protocol. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011;31(4):407–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . European Medicines Agency updates on safety of Pradaxa [news release]. European Medicines Agency; November 18, 2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2011/11/news_detail_001390.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5cl. Accessed January 19, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Hohnloser SH, Hijazi Z, Thomas L, . Efficacy of apixaban when compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(22):2821–2830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate mesylate): Drug Safety Communication—Safety Review of Post-Market Reports of Serious Bleeding Events [drug safety report]. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration. November 2, 2012. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm282820.htm. Accessed February 6, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . Gattellari M, Worthington J, Zwar N, Middleton S. Barriers to the use of anticoagulation for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a representative survey of Australian family physicians. Stroke. 2008;39(1):227–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Man-Son-Hing M, Laupacis A. Anticoagulant-related bleeding in older persons with atrial fibrillation: physicians' fears often unfounded. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(13):1580–1586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(26):1701–1707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Camargo CA Jr. Moderate alcohol consumption and stroke. The epidemiologic evidence. Stroke. 1989;20(12):1611–1626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gill JS, Zezulka AV, Shipley MJ, Gill SK, Beevers DG. Stroke and alcohol consumption. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(17):1041–1046
   Google Scholar
• . Gill JS, Shipley MJ, Tsementzis SA, . Alcohol consumption—a risk factor for hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic stroke. Am J Med. 1991;90(4):489–497
   Google Scholar
• . Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, ; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133( 6 suppl):546S–592S
   Google Scholar
• . Hylek EM, Singer DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(11):897–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Camm AJ, Bounameaux H. Edoxaban: a new oral direct factor Xa inhibitor. Drugs. 2011;71(12):1503–1526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Matsushima N, Lee F, Sato T, Weiss D, Mendell J. Absolute bioavailability of edoxaban in healthy subjects [abstract]. AAPSJ. 2011;13( suppl 2):T2362
   Google Scholar
• . Ogata K, Mendell-Harary J, Tachibana M, . Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50(7):743–753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . European Medicines Agency. CHMP assessment report for Xarelto. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/000944/WC500057122.pdf. Published 2008. Accessed June 13, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Bathala M, Masumoto H, Oguma T, Mendell J. Biotransformation of edoxaban after oral administration to humans [abstract]. AAPS J. 2010;12( suppl 2):W4264
   Google Scholar
• . Masumoto H, Yoshigae Y, Watanabe K, Takakusa H, Okazaki O, Izumi T. In vitro metabolism of edoxaban and the enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of edoxaban [abstract]. AAPS J. 2010;12( suppl 2):W4308
   Google Scholar
• . Mendell J, Zahir H, Ridout G, . Drug-drug interaction studies for cardiovascular drugs (amiodarone, digoxin, quinidine, atorvastatin and verapamil) involving p-glycoportein (P-GP), and efflux transporter, on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57( 14 suppl):E1510
   Google Scholar