References
- . Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD,. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA. 1989;262(7):914–919
- . Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD,. Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA. 1989;262(7):907–913
- . Wulsin LR, Vaillant GE, Wells VE. A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(1):6–17
- . World Health Organization. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003
- . Perrine K, Hermann BP, Meador KJ,. The relationship of neuropsychological functioning to quality of life in epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(10):997–1003
- . Gilliam F, Kuzniecky R, Faught E, Black L, Carpenter G, Schrodt R. Patient-validated content of epilepsy-specific quality-of-life measurement. Epilepsia. 1997;38(2):233–236
- . Boylan LS, Flint LA, Labovitz DL, Jackson SC, Starner K, Devinsky O. Depression but not seizure frequency predicts quality of life in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;62(2):258–261
- . Cramer JA, Blum D, Reed M, Fanning K; Epilepsy Impact Project Group. The influence of comorbid depression on quality of life for people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(5):515–521
- . Kanner AM. Epilepsy and mood disorders. Epilepsia. 2007;48( suppl 9):20–22
- . Hitiris N, Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Predictors of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2007;75(2–3):192–196
- . Kanner AM. Depression in epilepsy: a complex relation with unexpected consequences. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008;21(2):190–194
- . American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000
- . Wolf P. Manic episodes in epilepsy. In: Akimoto H, Kazamatsuri H, Seino M, eds. Advances in Epileptology. 13th Epilepsy International Symposium. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1982:237–240
- . Ettinger AB, Reed ML, Goldberg JF, Hirschfeld RM. Prevalence of bipolar symptoms in epilepsy vs. other chronic health disorders. Neurology. 2005;65(4):535–540
- . Mula M, Jauch R, Cavanna A,. Psychopathological features of the so-called interictal dysphoric disorder of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008;49(6):650–656
- . Goodwin FK, Jamison K. Manic-Depressive Illness. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007
- . Sadler MJ. Falret's discovery: the origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Translated by M. J. Sedler and Eric C. Dessain. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(9):1127–1133
- . Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord. 2003;73(1–2):133–146
- . Judd L, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord. 2003;73(1–2):123–131
- . Cassano GB, Mula M, Rucci P,. The structure of lifetime manic-hypomanic spectrum. J Affect Disord. 2009;112(1–3):59–70
- . Mazza M, Della Marca G, Di Nicola M,. Oxcarbazepine improves mood in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(3):397–401
- . Kwan P, Sander JW. The natural history of epilepsy: an epidemiological view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(10):1376–1381
- . Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L. Long-term outcome of lithium prophylaxis in bipolar disorder: a 5-year prospective study of 402 patients at a lithium clinic. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(1):30–35
- . Angst J, Sellaro R. Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(6):445–457
- . Alonso-DeFlorida F, Delgado M. Lasting behavioural and EEG changes in cats induced by prolonged stimulation of the amygdala. Am J Physiol. 1958;193(1):223–229
- . Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol. 1969;25(3):295–330
- . Post RM, Uhde TW, Putnam FW, Ballenger JC, Berrettini WH. Kindling and carbamazepine in affective illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1982;170(12):717–731
- . Morimoto K, Sato H, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe T, Suwaki H. Antiepileptic effects of tiagabine, a selective GABA uptake inhibitor, in the rat kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1997;38(9):966–974
- . Post RM, Weiss SR. A speculative model of affective illness cyclicity based on patterns of drug tolerance observed in amygdala-kindled seizures. Mol Neurobiol. 1996;13(1):33–60
- . Kupka R, Post R. Kindling as a model for affective disorders. In: Trimble M, Schmitz B, eds. Seizures, Affective Disorders and Anti-convulsant Drugs. Guilford, UK: Clarius Press; 2002
- . Trimble MR. Biological psychiatry. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester; 1996
- . Amann B, Grunze H. Neurochemical underpinnings in bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46( suppl 4):26a–30a
- . Mazza M, Di Nicola M, Della Marca G, Janiri L, Bria P, Mazza S. Bipolar disorder and epilepsy: a bidirectional relation? Neurobiological underpinnings, current hypotheses, and future research directions. Neuroscientist. 2007;13(4):392–404
- . Petty F. Plasma concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and mood disorders: a blood test for manic depressive disease? Clin Chem. 1994;40(2):296–302
- . Dubovsky SL, Thomas M, Hijazi A, Murphy J. Intracellular calcium signaling in peripheral cells of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994;243(5):229–234
- . Amann B, Grunze H, Vieta E, Trimble M. Antiepileptic drugs and mood stability. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2007;38(2):116–123
- . Chen RW, Chuang DM. Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression: a prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(10):6039–6042
- . Manji HK, Potter WZ, Lenox RH. Signal transduction pathways: molecular targets for lithium's actions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(7):531–543
- . Barczak P, Edmunds E, Betts T. Hypomania following complex partial seizures. A report of three cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:137–139
- . Hypomania following complex partial seizures. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:571–572
- . Robertson MM. Affect and mood in epilepsy: an overview with a focus on depression. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1992;140:127–132
- . Kudo T, Ishida S, Kubota H, Yagi K. Manic episode in epilepsy and bipolar I disorder: a comparative analysis of 13 patients. Epilepsia. 2001;42(8):1036–1042
- . Carran MA, Kohler CG, O'Connor MJ, Bilker WB, Sperling MR. Mania following temporal lobectomy. Neurology. 2003;61(6):770–774
- . Mula M, Monaco F. Antiepileptic drug-induced mania in patients with epilepsy: what do we know? Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9(2):265–267
- . Mula M, Schmitz B, Jauch R,. On the prevalence of bipolar disorder in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(4):658–661
- . Kanner AM. Peri-ictal psychiatric phenomena: clinical characteristics and implications of past and future psychiatric disorders. In: Ettinger A, Kanner AM, eds. Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2007:321–345
- . Blanchet P, Frommer GP. Mood change preceding epileptic seizures. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1986;174(8):471–476
- . Scaramelli A, Braga P, Avellanal A,. Prodromal symptoms in epileptic patients: clinical characterization of the pre-ictal phase. Seizure. 2009;18(4):246–250
- . Mula M, Jauch R, Cavanna A,. Inter-ictal and peri-ictal dysphoric symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(7):1139–1145
- . Fisher RS, Schachter SC. The postictal state: a neglected entity in the management of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2000;1(1):52–59
- . Boylan LS. Peri-ictal behavioral and cognitive changes. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(1):16–26
- . Kanner AM, Soto A, Gross-Kanner H. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of postictal psychiatric symptoms in partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;62(5):708–713
- . Nishida T, Kudo T, Inoue Y,. Postictal mania versus postictal psychosis: differences in clinical features, epileptogenic zone, and brain functional changes during postictal period. Epilepsia. 2006;47(12):2104–2114
- . Landolt H. Serial electroencephalographic investigations during psychotic episodes in epileptic patients and during schizophrenic attacks. In: Lorentz de Haas AM, ed. Lectures on Epilepsy. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1958:91–133
- . Trimble MR, Schimtz B. Forced Normalization and Alternative Psychoses of Epilepsy. Petersfield, UK: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd; 1998
- . Wolf P. The clinical syndromes of forced normalization. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1984;38:187–192
- . Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Band 3. Leipzig, Germany: Johann Ambrosius Barth; 1923
- . Bleuler E. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. 8th ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1949
- . Gastaut H, Morin G, Lesevre N. Behavior of psychomotor epileptics between seizures; disorders of general activity and sociability. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1955;113(1):1–27
- . Blumer D. Dysphoric disorders and paroxysmal affects: recognition and treatment of epilepsy-related psychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;8(1):8–17
- . Himmelhoch JM. Major mood disorders related to epileptic changes. In: Blumer D, ed. Psychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1984:271–294
- . Kanner AM. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with developmental disorders and epilepsy: a practical approach to its diagnosis and treatment. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(6S1):7–13
- . Hirschfeld RM, Holzer C, Calabrese JR,. Validity of the mood disorder questionnaire: a general population study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(1):178–180
- . Akiskal HS, Pinto O. The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1999;22(3):517–534
- . Akiskal HS. Temperament and mood disorders. Harv Ment Health Lett. 2000;16(8):5–6
- . Blumer D, Montouris G, Davies K. The interictal dysphoric disorder: recognition, pathogenesis, and treatment of the major psychiatric disorder of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5:826–840
- . Monaco F, Mula M. Phenytoin and other hydantoins. Clinical efficacy and use in psychiatric disorders. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. Antiepileptic Drugs. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2002:600–604
- . Ettinger AB. Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2006;67(11):1916–1925
- . Ceron-Litvoc D, Soares BG, Geddes J, Litvoc J, de Lima MS. Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(1):19–28
- . Spina E, Perugi G. Antiepileptic drugs: indications other than epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2004;6(2):57–75
- . American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder (Revision). Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159( suppl 4):1–50
- . Goodwin GM; Consensus Group of the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2003;17(2):149–173
- . Amann B, Born C, Crespo JM, Pomarol-Clotet E, McKenna P. Lamotrigine in affective disorders: evidence of published and unpublished trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2010. In press
- . Mula M, Cavanna AE, Monaco F. Psychopharmacology of topiramate: from epilepsy to bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006;2(4):475–488
- . Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB. The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(3):263–272
- . Smith D, Baker G, Davies G, Dewey M, Chadwick DW. Outcomes of add-on treatment with lamotrigine in partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993;34(2):312–322
- . Gillham R, Kane K, Bryant-Comstock L, Brodie MJ. A double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy with health-related quality of life as an outcome measure. Seizure. 2000;9(6):375–379
- . Edwards KR, Sackellares JC, Vuong A, Hammer AE, Barrett PS. Lamotrigine monotherapy improves depressive symptoms in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with valproate. Epilepsy Behav. 2001;2(1):28–36
- . Kalogjera-Sackellares D, Sackellares JC. Improvement in depression associated with partial epilepsy in patients treated with lamotrigine. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(6):510–516
- . Mula M, Monaco F. Antiepileptic drugs and psychopathology: an update. Epileptic Disord. 2009;11(1):1–9
- . Mula M, Sander JW. Negative effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood in patients with epilepsy. Drug Saf. 2007;30(7):555–567
- . Kugoh T, Watanabe M, Obayashi K, Fujioka K, Hosokawa K. Two cases with epilepsy who manifested manic-depressive symptoms under barbiturates treatment. J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;45(2):437–438
- . Patten SB, Klein GM, Lussier C, Sawa R. Organic mania induced by phenytoin: a case report. Can J Psychiatry. 1989;34(8):827–828
- . Reiss AL, O'Donnell DJ. Carbamazepine-induced mania in two children: case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45(6):272–274
- . Drake ME Jr, Peruzzi WT. Manic state with carbamazepine therapy of seizure. J Nat Med Assoc. 1986;78(11):1105–1107
- . Scull DA, Trimble MR. Mania precipitated by carbamazepine withdrawal. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167(5):698
- . Sastre-Garau P, Thomas P, Beaussart M, Goudemand M. Subsequent manic onset caused by association of vigabatrin-clomipramine [in French]. Encephale. 1993;19(4):351–352
- . Short C, Cooke L. Hypomania induced by gabapentin. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166(5):679–680
- . Hill RR, Stagno SJ, Tesar GE. Secondary mania associated with the use of felbamate. Psychosomatics. 1995;36(4):404–406
- . Schlatter FJ, Soutullo CA, Cervera-Enguix S. First break mania associated with topiramate treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(4):464–466
- . Jochum T, Bar KJ, Sauer H. Topiramate induced manic episode. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(2):208–209
- . Charles CL, Stoesz L, Tollefson G. Zonisamide-induced mania. Psychosomatics. 1990;31(2):214–217
- . Ozawa K, Kobayashi K, Noda S, Iyo M. Zonisamide-induced depression and mania in patients with epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24(1):110–111
- . Klein JP, Jean-Baptiste M, Thompson JL, Bowers MB Jr. A case of hypomania following vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(4):485