Managing Diabetes in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

References

• . Diabetes UK. Diabetes in the UK in 2010: key statistics on diabetes. http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Reports/Diabetes-in-the-UK-2011-12.pdf. December 2011. Accessed June 19, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . El—Serag HB, Everhart JE. Diabetes increases the risk of acute hepatic failure. Gasteroenterology. 2002;122(7):1822–1828
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tolman KG, Fonseca V, Dalpiaz A, Tan MH. Spectrum of liver disease in type 2 diabetes and management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):734–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC, . NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology. 2002;35(2):373–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schattenberg JM, Schuppan D. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the therapeutic challenge of a global epidemic. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2011;22(6):479–488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mehta SH, Strathdee SA, Thomas DL. Association between hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes mellitus. Epidemiol Rev. 2001;23(2):302–312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lai MS, Hsieh MS, Chiu YH, Chen TH. Type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a cohort study in high prevalence area of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1295–1302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mehta SH, Brancati FL, Sulkowski MS, Strathdee SA, Szklo M, Thomas DL. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(8):592–599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Knobler H, Schihmanter R, Zifroni A, Fenakel G, Schattner A. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(4):355–359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, . Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1821–1830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Thompson AJ, Patel K, Chuang WL, ; ACHIEVE-1 and ACHIEVE-2/3 Study Teams. Viral clearance is associated with improved insulin resistance in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C but not genotype 2/3. ACHIEVE-1 and ACHIEVE-2/3 Study Teams. Gut. 2012;61(1):128–134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . McCaughan GW, George J. Fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Gut. 2004;53(3):318–321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Negro F, Alaei M. Hepatitis C virus and type 2 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(13):1537–1547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hsieh PS, Hsieh YJ. Impact of liver diseases on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(48):5240–5245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dornhorst A, Ouyang A. Effect of alcohol on glucose tolerance. Lancet. 1971;2(7731):957–959
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Conte D, Manachino D, Colli A, . Prevalence of genetic hemochromatosis in a cohort of Italian patients with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(5):370–373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Singh BM, Grunewald RA, Press M, Muller BR, Wise PH. Prevalence of haemochromatosis amongst patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1992;9(8):730–731
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Davila JA, Morgan R, Shaib Y, McGlynn K, El—Serag H. Diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: a population based case control study. Gut. 2005;54(4):533–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yuan JM, Govindarajan S, Arakawa K, Yu MC. Synergism of alcohol, diabetes, and viral hepatitis on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks and whites in the U.S. Cancer. 2004;101(5):1009–1017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, Franceschi S. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of primary liver cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;73(2):204–207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . de Marco R, Locatelli F, Zoppini G, Verlato G, Bonora E, Muggeo M. Cause-specifc mortality in type 2 diabetes. The Verona Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(5):756–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Farrell G, Larter C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2006;43(2 suppl 1):S99–S112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . García—Compean D, Jaquez—Quintana JO, Maldonado—Garza H. Hepatogenous diabetes current views of an ancient problem. Ann Hepatol. 2009;8(1):13–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . El—Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(12):1118–1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bhala N, Bhopal R, Usher B, Usher J, Griffiths C, Wild S. Alcohol-related and hepatocellular cancer deaths by country of birth in England and Wales: analysis of mortality and census data. J Pub Health (Oxf). 2009;31(2):250–257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Allison ME, Wreghitt T, Palmer CR, Alexander GJ. Evidence for a link between hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes mellitus in a cirrhotic population. J Hepatol. 1994;21(6):1135–1139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, . Hepatitis C virus infection: evidence for an association with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(10):2548–2550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Naing C, Mak JW, Ahmed SI, Maung M. Relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(14):1642–1651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Basaranoglu M, Basaranoglu G. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance and steatosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(36):4055–4062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Parvaiz F, Manzoor S, Tariq H, Javed F, Fatima K, Qadri I. Hepatitis C virus infection: molecular pathways to insulin resistance. Virol J. 2011;8:474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Elgouhari HM, Zein CO, Hanouneh I, Feldstein AE, Zein NN. Diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(12):2699–2705
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Pattullo V, Heathcote J. Hepatitis C and diabetes: one treatment for two diseases? Liver Int. 2010;30(3):356–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . World Health Organization 2011. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. WHO Geneva. http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/report-hba1c_2011.pdf. Accessed May 2, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Masuda H, Atsumi T, Fujisaku A, Shimizu C, Yoshioka N, Koike T. Acute onset of type 1 diabetes accompanied by acute hepatitis C: the potential role of proinflammatory cytokine in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;75(3):357–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yagyu H, Okada K, Sato S, . Pegylated interferon-α2b and ribavirin combination therapy induces Hashitoxicosis followed by type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;95(3):e52–e54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Fujioka T, Honda M, Yoshizaki T, . A case of type 1 diabetes onset and recurrence of Graves' disease during pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Intern Med. 2010;49(18):1987–1990
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schreuder TC, Gelderblom HC, Weegink CJ, . High incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus during or shortly after treatment with pegylated interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int. 2008;28(1):39–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Selmi C, Lleo A, Zuin M, Podda M, Rossaro L, Gershwin ME. Interferon alpha and its contribution to autoimmunity. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;7(5):451–456
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . British Cardiac Society; British Hypertension Society; Diabetes UK; HEART UK; Primary Care Cardiovascular Society; Stroke Association. JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart. 2005;91( suppl 5):v1–v52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486–2497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Onusko E. Statins and elevated liver tests: what's the fuss? J Fam Pract. 2008;57(7):449–452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kashani A, Phillips CO, Foody JM, . Risks associated with statin therapy: a systematic overview of randomized clinical trials. Circulation. 2006;114(25):2788–2797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Russo MW, Jacobson IM. How to use statins in patients with chronic liver disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71(1):58–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nseir W, Mograbi J, Ghali M. Lipid-lowering agents in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: human studies [published online ahead of print March 15, 2012]. Dig Dis Sci.
   Google Scholar
• . El—Serag HB, Johnson ML, Hachem C, Morgana RO. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(5):1601–1608
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mihaila RG, Nedelcu L, Fratila O, . Effects of simvastatin in patients with viral chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;58(109):1296–1300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . NHS Diabetes. Recognition, treatment and prevention of hypoglycaemia in the community, 2011. http://www.diabetes.nhs.uk/document.php?o=3132. Accessed May 2, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yudkin JS, Lipska KJ. Hard end points are needed for intensive glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ. 2012;344:e708
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rakoski MO, Singal AG, Rogers MA, Conjeevaram H. Meta-analysis: insulin sensitizers for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:1211–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hickman IJ, Jonsson JR, Prins JB, . Modest weight loss and physical activity in overweight patients with chronic liver disease results in sustained improvements in alanine aminotransferase, fasting insulin, and quality of life. Gut. 2004;53(3):413–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brackett CC. Clarifying metformin's role and risks in liver dysfunction. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2010;50(3):407–410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . British National Formulary 2012. http://www.bnf.com. Accessed May 2, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Kihara Y, Ogami Y, Tabaru A, Unoki H, Otsuki M. Safe and effective treatment of diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(6):777–782
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, . Effect of treatment with acarbose and insulin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2001;3(1):33–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gentile S, Guarino G, Romano M, . A randomized controlled trial of acarbose in hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(2):184–191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, ; NASH CRN. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(18):1675–1685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yokoi T. Troglitazone. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010;196:419–435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Motola D, Piccinni C, Biagi C, . Cardiovascular, ocular and bone adverse reactions associated with thiazolidinediones: a disproportionality analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Drug Saf. 2012;35(4):315–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Neumann A, Weill A, Ricordeau P, Fagot JP, Alla F, Allemand H. Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients in France: a population-based cohort study [published online ahead of print March 31, 2012]. Diabetologia.
   Google Scholar
• . Bailey CJ. Diabetes: insulin plus metformin for T2D—are there benefits [published online ahead of print June 26, 2012]? Nat Rev Endocrinol.
   Google Scholar
• . Shaffer EA. Bariatric surgery: a promising solution for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the very obese. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(3 suppl 1):S44–S50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, . Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(17):1567–1576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Karcz WK, Krawczykowski D, Kuesters S, . Influence of sleeve gastrectomy on NASH and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Obes. 2012;366(17):1567–1576
   Google Scholar
• . Kral JG, Thung SN, Biron S . Effects of surgical treatment of the metabolic syndrome on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Surgery. 2004;135(1):48–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shetty A, Wilson S, Kuo P, . Liver transplantation improves cirrhosis-associated impaired oral glucose tolerance. Transplantation. 2000;69(11):2451–2454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Iwasaki T, Tomeno W, Yoneda M, . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease adversely affects the glycemic control afforded by sitagliptin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012;59(117):1522–1525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ding X, Saxena NK, Lin S, Gupta NA, Anania FA. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like protein-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, reverses hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Hepatology. 2006;43:173–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . D'Amico E. Efficacy of liraglutide in a patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis treated with liraglutide. Acta Biomed. 2011;82(2):160–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez—Pinto H, Day C, Marchesini G. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatology. 2010;53(2):372–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garcia—Compean D, Jaquez—Quintana JO, Gonzalez—Gonzalez JA, Maldonado—Garza H. Liver cirrhosis and diabetes: risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical implications and management. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(3):280–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar