Sleep Deprivation in Resident Physicians, Work Hour Limitations, and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature

References

• . Afrin LB, Arana GW, Medio FJ, Ybarra AF, Clarke HS Jr. Improving oversight of the graduate medical education enterprise: one institution's strategies and tools. Acad Med. 2006;81(5):419–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Iglehart JK. Revisiting duty-hour limits—IOM recommendations for patient safety and resident education. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(25):2633–2635
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Brown ID. Driver fatigue. Hum Factors. 1994;36(2):298–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kowalenko T, Kowalenko J, Gryzbowski M, Rabinovich A. Emergency medicine resident related auto accidents—is sleep deprivation a risk factor? Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7(10):1171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gopal R, Glasheen JJ, Miyoshi TJ, Prochazka AV. Burnout and internal medicine resident work-hour restrictions. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(22):2595–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Common Program Requirements. Effective July 1, 2011. http://www.acgme.org/acwebsite/home/Common_Program_Requirements_07012011.pdf. Accessed June 28, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Earle D. Surgical training and simulation laboratory at Baystate Medical Center. Surg Innov. 2006;13(1):53–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Okie S. An elusive balance—residents' work hours and the continuity of care. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(26):2665–2667
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Koslowsky M, Babkoff H. Meta-analysis of the relationship between total sleep deprivation and performance. Chronobiol Int. 1992;9(2):132–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI. Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 1996;19(4):318–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dawson D, Reid K. Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature. 1997;17;388(6639):235
   Google Scholar
• . Arnedt JT, Owens J, Crouch M, Stahl J, Carskadon MA. Neurobehavioral performance of residents after heavy night call vs after alcohol ingestion. JAMA. 2005;294(9):1025–1033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Waters F, Bucks RS. Neuropsychological effects of sleep loss: implication for neuropsychologists. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;4:1–16
   Google Scholar
• . Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003;26(2):117–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Van Dongen HP, Baynard MD, Maislin G, Dinges DF. Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability. Sleep. 2004;27(3):423–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Olson EJ, Drage LA, Auger RR. Sleep deprivation, physician performance, and patient safety. Chest. 2009;136(5):1389–1396
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Akerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Sleep Med R e v. 1998;2(2):117–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cedfeldt AS, Bower EA, English C, Grady—Weliky TA, Girard DE, Choi D. Personal time off and residents' career satisfaction, attitudes and emotions. Med Educ. 2010;44(10):977–974
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nuckols TK, Bhattacharya J, Wolman DM, Ulmer C, Escarce JJ. Cost implications of reduced work hours and workloads for resident physicians. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(21):2202–2215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Papp KK, Stoller EP, Sage P, . The effects of sleep loss and fatigue on resident-physicians: a multi-institutional, mixed-method study. Acad Med. 2004;79(5):394–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Taffinder NJ, McManus IC, Gul Y, Russell RC, Darzi A. Effect of sleep deprivation on surgeons' dexterity on laparoscopy simulator. Lancet. 1998;352(9135):1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grantcharov TP, Bardram L, Funch—Jensen P, Rosenberg J. Laparoscopic performance after one night on call in a surgical department: prospective study. BMJ. 2001;323(7323):1222–1223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lingenfelser T, Kaschel R, Weber A, Zaiser—Kaschel H, Jakober B, Küper J. Young hospital doctors after night duty: their task-specific cognitive status and emotional condition. Med Educ. 1994;28(6):566–572
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rosen IM, Bellini LM, Shea JA. Sleep behaviors and attitudes among internal medicine housestaff in a U.S. university-based residency program. Acad Med. 2004;79(5):407–416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ayas NT, Barger LK, Cade BE, . Extended work duration and the risk of self-reported percutaneous injuries in interns. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1055–1062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Philibert I. Sleep loss and performance in residents and nonphysicians: a meta-analytic examination. Sleep. 2005;28(11):1392–1402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Baldwin DC Jr, Daugherty SR. Sleep deprivation and fatigue in residency training: results of a national survey of first- and second-year residents. Sleep. 2004;27(2):217–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Leonard C, Fanning N, Attwood J, Buckley M. The effect of fatigue, sleep deprivation and onerous working hours on the physical and mental wellbeing of pre-registration house officers. Ir J Med Sci. 1998;167(1):22–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McBeth BD, McNamara RM, Ankel FK, . Modafinil and zolpidem use by emergency medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(12):1311–1317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Barger LK, Cade BE, Ayas NT, ; Harvard Work Hours, Health, and Safety Group. Extended work shifts and the risk of motor vehicle crashes among interns. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(2):125–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Marcus CL, Loughlin GM. Effect of sleep deprivation on driving safety in housestaff. Sleep. 1996;19(10):763–766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Steele MT, Ma OJ, Watson WA, Thomas HA Jr, Muelleman RL. The occupational risk of motor vehicle collisions for emergency medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(10):1050–1053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Segawa K, Nakazawa S, Tsukamoto Y, . Peptic ulcer is prevalent among shift workers. Dig Dis Sci. 1987;32(5):449–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Taylor PJ, Pocock SJ. Mortality of shift and day workers 1956–68. Br J Ind Med. 1972;29(2):201–207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Alshekhlee A, Walbert T, DeGeorgia M, Preston DC, Furlan AJ. The impact of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hours, the July phenomenon, and hospital teaching status on stroke outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18(3):232–238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nurminen T. Shift work and reproductive health. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1998;24( suppl 3):28–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Prasad M, Iwashyna TJ, Christie JD, . Effect of work-hours regulations on intensive care unit mortality in United States teaching hospitals. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(9):2564–2569
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Brandenberger J, Kahol K, Feinstein AJ, Ashby A, Smith M, Ferrara JJ. Effects of duty hours and time of day on surgery resident proficiency. Am J Surg. 2010;200(6):814–818; discussion 818–819
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gander P, Purnell H, Garden A, Woodward A. Work patterns and fatigue-related risk among junior doctors. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(11):733–738
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tabrizian P, Rajhbeharrysingh U, Khaitov S, Divino CM. Persistent noncompliance with the work-hour regulation. Arch Surg. 2011;146(2):175–178
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Volpp KG, Rosen AK, Rosenbaum PR, . Mortality among patients in VA hospitals in the first 2 years following ACGME resident duty hour reform. JAMA. 2007;298(9):984–992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Horwitz LI, Kosiborod M, Lin Z, Krumholz HM. Changes in outcomes for internal medicine inpatients after work-hour regulations. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(2):97–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Shetty KD, Bhattacharya J. Changes in hospital mortality associated with residency work-hour regulations. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(2):73–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rothschild JM, Keohane CA, Rogers S, . Risks of complications by attending physicians after performing nighttime procedures. JAMA. 2009;302(14):1565–1572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yaghoubian A, De Virgilio C, Destro L, Kaji AH, Putnam B, Neville AL. Optimal deployment of trauma personnel in the 80-hour work week era based on peak times of trauma patient arrival. Am Surg. 2010;76(10):1039–1042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Landrigan CP, Barger LK, Cade BE, Ayas NT, Czeisler CA. Interns' compliance with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education work-hour limits. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1063–1070
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Cronin JW, . Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(18):1838–1848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=32003L0088&model=guichett. Accessed June 28, 2012
   Google Scholar
• . Cappuccio FP, Bakewell A, Taggart FM, ; Warwick EWTD Working Group. Implementing a 48 h EWTD-compliant rota for junior doctors in the UK does not compromise patients' safety: assessor-blind pilot comparison. QJM. 2009;102(4):271–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Salim A, Teixeira PG, Chan L, . Impact of the 80-hour workweek on patient care at a level I trauma center. Arch Surg. 2007;142(8):708–712; discussion 712–714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Baldwin K, Namdari S, Donegan D, Kamath AF, Mehta S. Early effects of resident work-hour restrictions on patient safety: a systematic review and plea for improved studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(2):e5.1–e5.9
   Google Scholar
• . Moonesinghe SR, Lowery J, Shahi N, Millen A, Beard JD. Impact of reduction in working hours for doctors in training on postgraduate medical education and patients' outcomes: systematic review. BMJ. 2011;342:d1580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Parthasarathy S, Hettiger K, Budhiraja R, Sullivan B. Sleep and well-being of ICU housestaff. Chest. 2007;131(6):1685–1693
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dozois EJ, Holubar SD, Tsikitis VL, . Perceived impact of the 80-hour workweek: five years later. J Surg Res. 2009;156(1):3–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Howard SK, Gaba DM, Rosekind MR, Zarcone VP. The risks and implications of excessive daytime sleepiness in resident physicians. Acad Med. 2002;77(10):1019–1025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Arora V, Dunphy C, Chang VY, Ahmad F, Humphrey HJ, Meltzer D. The effects of on-duty napping on intern sleep time and fatigue. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(11):792–798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Arora VM, Georgitis E, Woodruff JN, Humphrey HJ, Meltzer D. Improving sleep hygiene of medical interns: can the sleep, alertness, and fatigue education in residency program help? Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1738–1744
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Goitein L, Shanafelt TD, Wipf JE, Slatore CG, Back AL. The effects of work-hour limitations on resident well-being, patient care, and education in an internal medicine residency program. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(22):2601–2606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Myers JS, Bellini LM, Morris JB, Slatore CG, Back AL. Internal medicine and general surgery residents' attitudes about the ACGME duty hours regulations: a multicenter study. Acad Med. 2006;81(12):1052–1058
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Adler MD, Vozenilek JA, Trainor JL, . Comparison of checklist and anchored global rating instruments for performance rating of simulated pediatric emergencies. Simul Healthc. 2011;6(1):18–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cohen—Gadol AA, Piepgras DG, Krishnamurthy S, Fessler RD. Resident duty hours reform: results of a national survey of the program directors and residents in neurosurgery training programs. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(2):398–403; discussion 398–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Berger WG, Gibson SW, Krupinski EA, Morais JD. Proposed ACGME change in length of radiology residency training before independent call: results of a survey of program directors and chief residents. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007;4(9):595–601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sutcliffe KM, Lewton E, Rosenthal MM. Communication failures: an insidious contributor to medical mishaps. Acad Med. 2004;79(2): 186–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Horwitz LI, Moin T, Krumholz HM, Wang L, Bradley EH. Consequences of inadequate sign-out for patient care. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(16):1755–1760
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kairys JC, McGuire K, Crawford AG, Yeo CJ. Cumulative operative experience is decreasing during general surgery residency: a worrisome trend for surgical trainees? J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):804–811; discussion 811–813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Antiel RM, Thompson SM, Hafferty FW, . Duty hour recommendations and implications for meeting the ACGME core competencies: views of residency directors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(3):185–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blum AB, Raiszadeh F, Shea S, . US public opinion regarding proposed limits on resident physician work hours. BMC Med. 2010;8:33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Banks S, Dinges DF. Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(5):519–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(11):4453–4458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, . Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(20):1563–1568
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hutter MM, Kellogg KC, Ferguson CM, Abbott WM, Warshaw AL. The impact of the 80-hour resident workweek on surgical residents and attending surgeons. Ann Surg. 2006;243(6):864–871; discussion 871–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McElearney ST, Saalwachter AR, Hedrick TL, Pruett TL, Sanfey HA, Sawyer RG. Effect of the 80-hour work week on cases performed by general surgery residents. Am Surg. 2005;71(7):552–555; discussion 555–556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kelly RJ Jr, Senkowski CK. Effect of the night float system on operative case volume for senior surgical residents. J Surg Educ. 2009;66(6): 314–318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar