The Impact of Obesity on Benign and Malignant Urologic Conditions

References

• . Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1723–1727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief. No 82. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db82.pdf. January 2012. Accessed May 8, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2(5–6):231–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Golden SH, Robinson KA, Saldanha I, . Clinical review: prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1852–1878
   Google Scholar
• . Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, Brambilla DJ, . Prevalence and incidence of androgen deficiency in middle-aged and older men: estimates from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(12):5920–5926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mulligan T, Frick MF, Zuraw QZ, Stemhagen A, McWhirter C. Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(7):762–769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Glass AR, Swerdloff RS, Bray GA, Dahms WT, Atkinson RL. Low serum testosterone and sex-hormone-binding-globulin in massively obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977;45(6):1211–1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mingrone G, Greco AV, Giancaterini A, Scarfone A, Castagneto M, Pugeat M. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels and cardiovascular risk factors in morbidly obese subjects before and after weight reduction induced by diet or malabsorptive surgery. Atherosclerosis. 2002;161(2):455–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Amatruda JM, Harman SM, Pourmotabbed G, Lockwood DH. Depressed plasma testosterone and fractional binding of testosterone in obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;47(2):268–271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schneider G, Kirschner MA, Berkowitz R, Eitel NH. Increased estrogen production in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48(4):633–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kley HK, Deselaers T, Peerenboom H, Kruskemper HL. Enhanced conversion of androstenedione to estrogens in obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980;51(5):1128–1132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Strain GW, Zumoff B, Kream J, . Mild hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in obese men. Metabolism. 1982;31(9):871–875
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Zumoff B, Strain GW, Miller LK, . Plasma free and non-sex-hormone-binding-globulin-bound testosterone are decreased in obese men in proportion to their degree of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(4):929–931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Jørgensen N, . Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004;82(4):863–870
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Lifestyle and nutritional determinants of bioavailable androgens and related hormones in British men. Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):353–363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Giagulli VA, Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A. Pathogenesis of the decreased androgen levels in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(4):997–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hammoud AO, Gibson M, Peterson CM, Hamilton BD, Carrell DT. Obesity and male reproductive potential. J Androl. 2006;27(5):619–626
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Zumoff B, Miller LK, Strain GW. Reversal of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. Metabolism. 2003;2(9):1126–1128
   Google Scholar
• . Isidori AM, Caprio M, Strollo F, . Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(10):3673–3680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Selvin E, Feinleib M, Zhang L, . Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):234–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Stellato RK, Feldman HA Hamdy O, Horton ES, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):490–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Mykkänen L, Stern MP, Katz MS. Decreased testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations are associated with increased insulin and glucose concentrations in nondiabetic men. Metabolism. 1994;43(5):599–603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, . Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(6):601–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Phillips GB, Jing T, Heymsfield SB. Relationships in men of sex hormones, insulin, adiposity, and risk factors for myocardial infarction. Metabolism. 2003;52(6):784–790
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Simon D. Interrelation between plasma testosterone and plasma insulin in healthy adult men: the Telecom study. Diabetologia. 1992;35(2):173–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Blood pressure and endogenous testosterone in men: an inverse relationship. J Hypertens. 1988;6(4):329–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Svartberg J, von Muhlen D, Schirmer H, Barrett-Connor E, Sundfjord J. Association of endogenous testosterone with blood pressure and left ventricular mass in men. The Tromsö Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150(1):65–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Guay AT. The emerging link between hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome. J Androl. 2009;30(4):370–376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Björntorp P. Stress-related Cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(6):1853–1859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chrousos GP Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response: the 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;851:311–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Niskanen L, Laaksonen DE, Punnonen K, Mustajoki P, Kaukua J, Rissanen A. Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone during weight loss and weight maintenance in abdominally obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2004;6(3):208–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Strain GW, Zumoff B, Miller LK, . Effect of massive weight loss on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66(5):1019–1023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Katsuri SS, Tannir J, Brannigan RE. The metabolic syndrome and male infertility. J Androl. 2008;29(3):251–259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sigman M, Jarow J. Male infertility. In: Walsh, ed. Campbell's Urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2002:1475–1531
   Google Scholar
• . Kort HI, Massey JB, Eisner CW, . Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl. 2006;27(3):450–452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Koloszar S, Fejes I, Zavaczki Z, Daru J, Szollosi J, Pal A. Effect of body weight on sperm concentration in normozoospermic males. Arch Androl. 2005;51(4):299–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jones TM, Fang VS, Laundau RL, Rosenfield R. Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;47(6):1368–1373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kalla NR, Nisula BC, Menard R, Loriaux DL. The effect of estradiol on testicular testosterone biosynthesis. Endocrinology. 1980;106(1):35–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Akiyama H. A study on testicular aromatase activity—spermatogenic damage in high testicular E2 models of rat. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 1997;88(7):649–657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Raman JD, Schlegel PN. Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol. 2002;167(2 pt 1):624–629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tripathy D, Mohanty P, Dhindsa S, . Elevation of free fatty acids induces inflammation and impairs vascular reactivity in healthy subjects. Diabetes. 2003;52(12):2882–2887
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dandona P, Alijada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Garg R. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation. 2005;111(11):1448–1454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Davi G, Falco A. Oxidant stress, inflammation and atherogenesis. Lupus. 2005;14(9):760–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kodama H, Yamaguchi R, Fukuda J, Kasai H, Tanaka T. Increased oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the spermatozoa of infertile male patients. Fertil Steril. 1997;68(3):519–524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Twigg J, Fulton N, Gomez E, Irvine DS, Aitken RJ. Analysis of the impact of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation on the structural and functional integrity of human spermatozoa: lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and effectiveness of antioxidants. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(6):1429–1436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shank A, Olfat S. Scrotal lipomatosis. Br J Urol. 1981;53(1):50–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Shank A, Olfat S. Lipectomy in the treatment of scrotal lipomatosis. Br J Urol. 1981;53(1):55–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Chung WS, Sohn JH, Park YY. Is obesity an underlying factor in erectile dysfunction? Eur Urol. 1999;36(1):68–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(3):161–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Blanker MH, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FP, . Correlates for erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction in older Dutch men: a community-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(4):436–442
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Fung MM, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease risk factors predict erectile dysfunction 25 years later: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(8):1405–1411
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rosen RC, Wing R, Schneider S, Gendrano N 3rd. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: the role of medical comorbidities and lifestyle factors. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(4):403–417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Saigal CS, Wessells H, Pace J, Schonlau M, Wilt TJ; Urologic Diseases in America Project. Predictors and prevalence of erectile dysfunction in a racially diverse population. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(2):207–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Andersen I, Heitman BL, Wagner G. Obesity and sexual dysfunction in younger Danish men. J Sex Med. 2008;5(9):2053–2060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Selvin E, Burnett AL, Platz EA. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in the US. Am J Med. 2007;120(2):151–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinlay. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151(1):54–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gorbachinsky I, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Metabolic syndrome and urologic diseases. Rev Urol. 2010;12(4):e157–e180
   Google Scholar
• . Reilly CM, Zamorano P, Stopper VS, Mills TM. Androgenic regulation of NO availability in rat penile erection. J Androl. 1997;18(2):110–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Virag R, Bouilly P, Frydman D. Is impotence an arterial disorder? A study of arterial risk factors in 440 impotent men. Lancet. 1985;1(8422):181–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grover SA, Lowensteyn I, Kaouache M, . The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the primary care setting: importance of risk factors for diabetes and vascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(2):213–219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Giugliano F, Esposito K, Di Palo C, . Erectile dysfunction associates with endothelial dysfunction and raised proinflammatory cytokine levels in obese men. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(7):665–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Meldrum DR, Gambone JC, Morris MA, . The link between erectile and cardiovascular health: the canary in the coal mine. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(4):599–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cheitlin MD. Erectile dysfunction: the earliest sign of generalized vascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(2):185–186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Solomon H, Man JW, Wierzbicki AS, Jackson G. Relation of erectile dysfunction to angiographic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(2):230–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kaiser DR, Billups K, Mason C, Wetterling R, Lundberg JL, Bank AJ. Impaired brachial artery endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction and no other clinical cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(2):179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . White JR, Case DA, McWhirter D, Mattison AM. Enhanced sexual behavior in exercising men. Arch Sex Behav. 1990;19(3):193–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hannan JL, Heaton JP, Adams MA. Recovery of erectile function in aging hypertensive and normotensive rats using exercise and caloric restriction. J Sex Med. 2007;4(4 pt 1):886–897
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, . Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(24):2978–2984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roberts CK, Nosratola D, Vaziri MD, Barnard J. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation. 2002;106(20):2530–2532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hammoud A, Gibson M, Hunt SC, . Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on the sex steroids and quality of life in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1329–1332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Platz EA, Smit E, Curhan GC, Nyberg LM, Giovannucci E. Prevalence of and racial/ethnic variation in lower urinary tract symptoms and noncancer prostate surgery in U.S. men. Urology. 2002;59(6):877–883
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Mongiu AK, McVary KT. Lower urinary tract symptoms, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and obesity. Curr Urol Rep. 2009;10(4):247–253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Logie JW, Clifford GM, Farmer RD, Meesen BP. Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction—Triumph: the role of general practice databases. Eur Urol. 2001;39( suppl 3):42–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Chute CG, . Obesity and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140(11):989–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rohrmann S, Smit E, Giovannucci E, . Associations of obesity with lower urinary tract symptoms and noncancer prostate surgery in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(4):390–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Laven BA, Orsini N, Andersson SO, Johansson JE, Gerber GS, Wolk A. Birth weight, abdominal obesity and the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms in a population based study of Swedish men. J Urol. 2008;179(5):1891–1895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Glynn RJ, Campion EW, Bouchard GR, Silbert JE. The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia among volunteers in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121(1):78–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Parsons JK, Carter HB, Partin AW, . Metabolic factors associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(7):2562–2568
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Meigs JB, Mohr B, Barry MJ, Collins MM, McKinlay JB. Risk factors for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia in a community-based population of healthy aging men. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(9):935–944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Longcope C, Verhoek-Oftedahl W, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of plasma hormone levels, nonhormonal factors, and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate. 1995;26(1):40–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kristal AR, Arnold KB, Schenk JM, . Race/ethnicity, obesity, health-related behaviors and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Urol. 2007;177(4):1395–1400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Xie LP, Bai Y, Zhang XZ, . Obesity and benign prostatic enlargement: a large observational study in China. Urology. 2007;69(4):680–684
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schenk JM, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML, . Serum adiponectin, C-peptide and leptin and risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Prostate. 2009;69(12):1303–1311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Seidell JC, Perusse L, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Waist and hip circumferences have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Quebec Family Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(3):315–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . De Nunzio C, Kramer G, Marberger M, . The controversial relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: the role of inflammation. Eur Urol. 2011;60(1):106–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Briganti A, Capitanio U, Suardi N, . Benign prostatic hyperplasia and its aetiologies. Eur Urol Suppl. 2009;8:865–871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B. Hyperinsulinaemia as a risk factor for developing benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2001;39(2):151–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rohrmann S, Platz EA, Giovannucci E. Lifestyle and benign prostatic hyperplasia in older men: what do we know? J Men's Health Gender. 2005;2(2):230–235
   Google Scholar
• . Kupelian V, McVary KT, Barry MJ, . Association of C-reactive protein and lower urinary tract symptoms in men and women: results from Boston Area Community Health survey. Urology. 2009;73(5):950–957
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Alcaraz A, Hammerer P, Tubaro A, Schröder FH, Castro R. Is there evidence of a relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer? Findings of a literature review. Eur Urol. 2009;55(4):864–875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rohrmann S, Nelson WG, Rifai N, . Serum sex steroid hormones and lower urinary tract symptoms in Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Urology. 2007;69(4):708–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Coffey DS. Similarities of prostate and breast cancer: evolution, diet, and estrogens. Urology. 2001;57(4 suppl 1):31–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dal Maso L, Zucchetto A, Tavani A, . Lifetime occupational and recreational physical activity and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(10):2632–2635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lacey JV Jr, Deng J, Dosemeci M, . Prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and physical activity in Shanghai, China. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(2):341–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hong J, Kwon S, Yoon H, . Risk factors for benign prostatic hyperplasia in South Korean men. Urol Int. 2006;76(1):11–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Parsons JK, Messer K, White M, Barrett-Connor E, Bauer DC, Marshall LM; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group and the Urologic Diseases in America Project. Obesity increases and physical activity decreases lower urinary tract symptom risk in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study. Eur Urol. 2011;60(6):1173–1180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Platz EA, Kawachi I, Rimm EB, . Physical activity and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(21):2349–2356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Parsons JK, Kashefi C. Physical activity, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and lower urinary tract symptoms. Eur Urol. 2008;53(6):1228–1235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ornish D, Magbanua MJ, Weidner G, . Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(24):8369–8374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pearle MS, Lotan Y. Urinary lithiasis: etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, , eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012:1257–1286
   Google Scholar
• . Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol. 2010;12(2–3):e86–e96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960–2002. Adv Data. 2004;347:1–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9(9):1645–1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Powell CR, Stoller ML, Schwartz BF, . Impact of body weight on urinary electrolytes in urinary stone formers. Urology. 2000;55(6):825–830
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Body size and 24-hour urine composition. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(6):905–915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pearle MS, Pak YC. Renal calculi: a practical approach to medical evaluation and management. In: Andreucci VE, Fine LG, eds. International Yearbook of Nephrology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996:69–80
   Google Scholar
• . Ekeruo WO, Tan YH, Young MD, . Metabolic risk factors and the impact of medical therapy on the management of nephrolithiasis in obese patients. J Urol. 2004;172(1):159–163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Daudon M, Lacour B, Jungers P. Influence of body size on urinary stone composition in men and women. Urol Res. 2006;34(3):193–199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wagner CA, Mohebbi N. Urinary pH and stone formation. J Nephrology. 2010;23( suppl 16):S165–S169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K, Parks JH, Coe FL, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY. Association of urinary pH with body weight in nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2004;65(4):1422–1425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sakhaee K, Adams-Huet B, Moe OW, Pak CY. Pathophysiologic basis for normouricosuric uric acid nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2002;62(3):971–979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pak CY, Sakhaee K, Moe O, . Biochemical profile of stone-forming patients with diabetes mellitus. Urology. 2003;61(3):523–527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chobanian MC, Hammerman MR. Insulin stimulate ammoniagenesis in canine renal proximal tubular segments. Am J Physiol. 1987;253(6 pt 2):F1171–F1177
   Google Scholar
• . Klisic J, Hu MC, Nief V, . Insulin activates Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3: biphasic response and glucocorticoid dependence. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;283(3):F532–F539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 2005;293(4):455–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Encinosa WE, Bernard DM, Chen CC, Steiner CA. Healthcare utilization and outcomes after bariatric surgery. Med Care. 2006;44(8):706–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sinha MK, Collazo-Clavell ML, Rule A, . Hyperoxaluric nephrolithiasis is a complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Kidney Int. 2007;72(1): 100–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pareek G, Hedican SP, Lee FT, Nakada SY. Shock wave lithotripsy success determined by skin-to-stone distance on computed tomography. Urology. 2005;66(5):941–944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . El-Nahas AR, El-Assmy AM, Mansour O, Sheir KZ. A prospective multivariate analysis of factors predicting stone disintegration by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: the value of high-resolution noncontrast computed tomography. Eur Urol. 2007;51(6):1688–1693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . El-Assmy AM, Shokeir AA, El-Nahas AR, . Outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: effect of body mass index. Eur Urol. 2007;52(1):199–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Tefekli A Kurtoglu H, Tepeler K, . Does the metabolic syndrome or its components affect the outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy? J Endourol. 2008;22(1):35–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nguyen TA, Belis JA. Endoscopic management of urolithiasis in the morbidly obese patient. J Endourol. 1998;12(1):33–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Vulker R. International group seeks to dispel incontinence “taboo”. JAMA. 1998;280(11):951–953
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Miller N. What Americans understand and how they are affected by bladder control problems. Urol Nurs. 2005;25(2):109–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Botlero R, Davis SR, Urquhart DM, Shortreed S, Bell RJ. Age-specific prevalence of, and factors associated with, different types of urinary incontinence in community-dwelling Australian women assessed with a validated questionnaire. Maturitas. 2009;62(2):134–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zhu L, Lang J, Liu C, Han S, Huang J, Li X. The epidemiological study of women with urinary incontinence and risk factors for stress urinary incontinence in China. Menopause. 2009;16(4):831–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tsai YC, Liu CH. Urinary incontinence among Taiwanese women: an outpatient study of prevalence, comorbidity, risk factors and quality of life. Int Urol Nephrol. 2009;41(4):795–803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Phelan S, Kanaya AM, Subak LL, ; Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Research Group. Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in overweight and obese diabetic women: action for health in diabetes (look ahead) study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(8):1391–1397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Brown JS, Grady D, Ouslander JG, Herzog AR, Varner RE, Posner SF. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94(1):66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Macura KJ, Genadry RR. Female urinary incontinence: pathophysiology, methods of evaluation and role of MR imaging. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33(3):371–380
   Google Scholar
• . Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M, Wolfe L. Intra-abdominal pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity comorbidity. J Intern Med. 1997;241(1):71–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, . Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(5):481–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bump RC, Sugerman HJ, Fantl JA, McClish DK. Obesity and lower urinary tract function in women: effect of surgically induced weight loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(2):392–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Peters SL, Schmidt M, Michel MC. Rho kinase: a target for treating urinary bladder dysfunction? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006;27(9):492–497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lawrence JM, Lukacz ES, Liu IL, Nager CW, Luber KM. Pelvic floor disorders, diabetes, and obesity in women: findings for the Kaiser Permanente Continence Associated Risk Epidemiology Study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2536–2541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hendrix SL, Clark AS, Nygaard I, Aragaki A Barnabei V, McTiernan A. Pelvic organ prolapse in the Women's Health Initiative: gravity and gravidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(6):1160–1166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Miedel A, Tegerstedt G, Maehle-Schmidt M, Nyrén O, Hammarström M. Nonobstetric risk factors for symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(5): 1089–1097
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . American Cancer Society. Kidney cancer (adult)—renal cell carcinoma, http://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidneycancer/detailedguide/kidney-cancer-adult-key-statistics. Updated January 18, 2013. Accessed June 11, 2013
   Google Scholar
• . Stewart SB, Freedland SJ. Influence of obesity on the incidence and treatment of GU malignancies. Urol Oncol. 2011;29(5):476–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004;83:1–1438
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Flaherty KT, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, . A prospective study of body mass index, hypertension and smoking and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16(9):1099–1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Denton MD, Magee CC, Ovuworie C, . Prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in patients with ESRD pre-transplantation: a pathologic analysis. Kidney Int. 2002;61(6):2201–2209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ishikawa I. Uremic acquired renal cystic disease. Natural history and complications. Nephron. 1991;58(3):257–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Geliert R, . Cancer in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: an international collaborative study. Lancet. 1999;254(9173):93–99
   Google Scholar
• . Marple JT, MacDougall M, Chonko AM. Renal cancer complicating acquired cystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;4(12):1951–1956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Agodoa L, . Cancers of the kidney and urinary tract in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: analysis of data from the United States, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(1):197–207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Axwijk PH, Kluijt I, de Jong D, Gille H, Teertstra J, Horenblas S. Hereditary causes of kidney tumours. Eur J Clin Invest. 2010;40(5):433–439
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cho E, Adami HO, Lindblad P. Epidemiology of renal cell cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2011;25(4):651–665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Chow WH, Dong LM, Devesa SS. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(5):245–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1625–1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Samanic C, Chow WH, Gridley G, Jarvohm B, Fraumeni JF Jr. Relation of body mass index to cancer risk in 362,552 Swedish men. Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17(7):901–909
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Chiu BC, Gapstur SM, Chow WH, Kirby KA, Lynch CF, Cantor KP. Body mass index, physical activity and risk of renal cell carcinoma. IntJObes (Lond). 2006;30(6):940–947
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Joh HK, Willett WC, Cho E. Type 2 diabetes and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in women. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1522–1526
   Google Scholar
• . Mathew A, George PS, Ildaphonose G. Obesity and kidney cancer risk in women: a meta-analysis (1992–2008). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(3):471–478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Weikert S, Ljungberg B. Contemporary epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma: perspectives of primary prevention. World J Urol. 2010;28(3):247–252
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bjorge T, Tretli S, Engeland A. Relation of height and body mass index to renal cell carcinoma in two million Norwegian men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(12): 1168–1176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Moller H, Mellemgaard A, Lindvig K, Olsen JH. Obesity and cancer risk: a Danish record-linkage study. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(3):344–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Adams KF, Leitzmann MF, Albanes D, . Body size and renal cell cancer incidence in a large US cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;160(3):1159–1167
   Google Scholar
• . Smits KM, Schouten LJ, Hudak E, . Body mass index and von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in clear-cell renal cancer: results of the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20(5):401–404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lowrance WT, Thompson RH, Yee DS, Kaag M, Donat SM, Russo P. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of clear cell renal cell carcinoma than with other histologies. BJU Int. 2010;105(1):16–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Donat SM, Salzhauer EW, Mitra N, Yanke BV, Snyder ME, Russo P. Impact of body mass index on survival of patients with surgically treated renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2006;175(1):46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dal Maso L, Zucchetto A, Tavani A, . Renal cell cancer and body size at different ages: an Italian multicenter case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(5):582–591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Purdue MP, Moore LE, Merino MJ, . An investigation of risk factors for renal cell carcinoma by histologic subtype in two case-control studies. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(11):2640–2647
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Velerod MB, Laake P, Thelle DS. Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 25,708 Norwegian men. Int J Cancer. 1997;73(5):634–638
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Engeland A, Tretli S, Bjorge T. Height, body mass index, and prostate cancer: a follow-up of 950,000 Norwegian men. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(7):1237–1242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, . Body size and prostate cancer: a 20-year follow-up study among 135006 Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(5):385–389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Putnam SD, Cerhan JR, Parker AS, . Lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men. Ann Epidemiol. 2000;10(6):361–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van den Brand PA. Anthropometry in relation to prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(6):541–549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. Anthropometry and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study of 22,248 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control. 1999;10(4):269–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Clarke G, Whittemore AS. Prostate cancer risk in relation to anthropometry and physical activity: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Epidemiological Follow-Up Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(9):875–881
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hubbard JS, Rohrmann S, Landis PK, . Association of prostate cancer risk with insulin, glucose, and anthropometry in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Urology. 2004;63(2):253–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett CW. Height, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(8):557–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Macinnis RJ, English DR. Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17(8):989–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gong Z, Neuhouser ML, Goodman PJ, . Obesity, diabetes and risk of prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(10):1977–1983
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rodriguez C, Freedland SJ, Deka A, . Body mass index, weight change, and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutritional Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(1):63–69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wright ME, Chang SC, Schatzkin A, . Prospective study of adiposity and weight change in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer. 2007;109(4):675–684
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Fesinmeyer MD, Gulati R, Zeliadt S, Weiss N, Kristal AR, Etzioni R. Effect of population trends in body mass index on prostate cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(3):808–815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Carroll KK. Obesity as a risk factor for certain types of cancer. Lipids. 1988;33(11):1055–1059
   Google Scholar
• . Williams G. Aromatase up-regulation, insulin and raised intracellular oestrogens in men induce adiposity, metabolic syndrome and prostate disease via aberrant ER-2 and GPER signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;351(2):269–278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Sutcliffe S, . Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(4):256–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Buschemeyer WC 3rd, Freedland SJ. Obesity and prostate cancer: epidemiology and clinical implications. Eur Urol. 2007;52(2):331–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Freedland SJ. Obesity and prostate cancer: a growing problem. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(19 pt 1):6763–6766
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Housa D, Housova J, Vernerova Z, Haluzik M. Adipocytokines and cancer. Physiol Res. 2006;55(3):233–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hoda MR, Hamza A, Fischer K, . Obesity as a risk factor for prostate cancer: role for adipocytokines and involvement of tyrosine kinase pathway [in German]. Aktuelle Urol. 2010;41(3):178–183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Fowke JH, Motley S, Dai Q, Concepcion R, Barocas DA. Association between biomarkers of obesity. Cancer Lett. 2013;328(2):345–352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wynder EL, Mabuchi K, Whitmore WF Jr. Epidemiology of cancer of the prostate. Cancer. 1971;28(2):344–360
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bonovas S, Tilioussi K, Tsantes A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer—a meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2004;47(6):1071–1078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kasper JS, Giovannucci E. A meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(11):2056–2062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1998;9(1):3–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gong Z, Neuhouser ML, Goodman PJ, . Obesity, diabetes, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(10):1977–1983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Calton BA, Chang SC, Wright ME, . History of diabetes mellitus and subsequent prostate cancer risk at NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18(5):493–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Velicer CM, Dublin S, White E. Diabetes and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostatic Dis. 2007;10(1):46–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Darbinian JA, Ferrara AM, Van Den Eeden SK, Quesenberry CP Jr, Fireman B, Habel LA. Glycemic status and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(3):628–635
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Baradaran N, Ahmadi H, Salem S, . The protective effect of diabetes mellitus against prostate cancer: role of sex hormones. Prostate. 2009;69(16):1744–1750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kasper JS, Liu Y, Giovannucci E. Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(6):1398–1403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Turner EL, Lane JA, Donovan JL, . Association of diabetes mellitus with prostate cancer: nested case-control study (prostate testing for cancer and treatment study). Int J Cancer. 2011;128(2):440–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Li Q, Kuriyama S, Kakizaki M, . History of diabetes mellitus and the risk of prostate cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(7):1025–1032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wu C, Moreira DM, Gerber L, Rittmaster RS, Andriole GL, Freedland SJ. Diabetes and prostate cancer risk in REDUCE trial. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2011;14(4):326–331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hursting SD, Thornquist M, Henderson MM. Types of dietary fat and the incidence of cancer at five sites. Prev Med. 1990;19(3):242–253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Grant WB. A multi-country ecologic study of risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality. Eur Urol. 2004;45(3):271–279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, . A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(19):2571–2579
   Google Scholar
• . Shirai T, Assamoto M, Takahashi S, Imaida K. Diet and prostate cancer. Toxicology. 2002;181–182:89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shirai T, Sano M, Tamano S, . The prostate: a target for carcinogenicity of 1-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine(PhIP) derived from cooked foods. Cancer Res. 1997;57(2):195–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ornish D, Weidner G, Fair WR, . Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005;174(3):1065–1069; discussion 1069–1070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Koebnick C, Michaud D, Moore SC, . Body mass index, physical activity, and bladder cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(5):1214–1221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Holick CN, Giovannucci EL, Stamfger MJ, Michaud DS. Prospective study of body mass index, height, physical activity, and incidence of bladder cancer in U.S. men and women. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(1):140–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation and cancer. Cell. 2010;140(6):883–899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Klinghoffer Z, Yang B, Kapoor A, Pinthus JH. Obesity and renal cell Carcinoma: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms and management considerations. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9(7):975–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gislette T, Chen J. The possible role of IL-7 in obesity-associated cancer. Scientific World Journal. 2010;10:2265–2271
   Google Scholar
• . Matarese G, Moschos S, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in immunology. J Immunol. 2005;174(6):3137–3142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Spyridopoulos TN, Petridou ET, Dessypris N, . Inverse association of leptin levels with renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8(1):39–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bråkenhielm E, Veitonmäki N, Cao R, . Adiponectin-induced antiangiogenesis and antitumor activity involve caspase-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(8):2476–2481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wang Y, Lam KS, Xu JY, . Adiponectin inhibits cell proliferation by interacting with several growth factors in an oligomerization-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(18):18341–18347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Xu L, Tong R, Cochran DM, Jain RK. Blocking platelet-derived growth factor-D/platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta signaling inhibits human renal cell carcinoma progression in an orthotopic mouse model. Cancer Res. 2005;65(13):5711–5719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Brochu-Gaudreau K, Rehfeldt C, Blouin R, Bordignon V, Murphy BD, Palin MF. Adiponectin action from head to toe. Endocrine. 2010;37(1):11–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pinthus JH, Kleinmann N, Tisdale B, . Lower plasma adiponectin levels are associated with larger tumor size and metastasis in clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney. Eur Urol. 2008;54(4):866–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Spyridopoulos TN, Petridou ET, Skalkidou A, Dessypris N, Chrousos GP, Mantzoros CS; Obesity and Cancer Oncology Group. Low adiponectin levels are associated renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(7):1573–1578
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Drabkin HA, Gemmill RM. Obesity, cholesterol, and clear-cell renal carcinoma (RCC). Adv Cancer Res. 2010;107:39–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . McGuire BB, Fitzpatrick JM. BMI and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Urol. 2011;21(5):356–361
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Klinghoffer Z, Yang B, Kapoor A, Pinthus JH. Obesity and renal cell Carcinoma: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms and management considerations. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9(7):975–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Peters I, Vaske B, Albrecht K, Kuczyk MA, Jonas U, Serth J. Adiposity and age are statistically related to enhanced RASSF1 A tumor suppressor gene promoter methylation in normal autopsy kidney tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(12):2526–2532
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE. Lipid peroxidation and renal cell carcinoma: further supportive evidence and new mechanistic insights. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;40(4):721–733
   Google Scholar
• . Andreotti G, Boffetta P, Rosenberg PS, . Variants in blood pressure genes and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(4):614–620
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Lima N, Cavaliere H, Knobel M, Halpern A, Medeiros-Neto G. Decrease androgen levels in massively obese men may be associated with impaired function of the gonadostat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(11):1433–1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Prins GS. Molecular biology of the androgen receptor. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75( suppl):S32–S35
   Google Scholar
• . Platz EA, Leitzmann MG, Rifai N, . Sex steroid hormones and the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the prostate specific antigen era. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(5):1262–1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Severi G, Morris HA, Maclnnis RJ, . Circulating steroid hormones and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(1):86–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . D'Amico AV, Chem MH, Malkowicz SB, . Lower prostate specific antigen outcome than expected following radical prostatectomy in patients with high grade prostate and a prostate specific antigen level of 4 ng/ml or less. J Urol. 2002;167(5):2025–2030; discussion 2030–2031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hoffman MA, DeWolf WC, Morgentaler A. Is low serum testosterone a marker for high grade prostate cancer? J Urol. 2000;163(3):824–827
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Massengill JC, Sun L, Moul JW, . Pretreatment total testosterone level predicts pathological stage in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2003;169(5):1670–1675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schatzl G, Madersbacher S, Thurridl T, . High-grade prostate cancer is associated with low serum testosterone levels. Prostate. 2001;47(1):52–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Banez LL, Hamilton RJ, Partin AW, . Obesity-related plasma hemodilution and PS A concentration among men with prostate cancer. JAMA. 2007;298(19):2275–2280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Grubb RL 3rd, Black A, Izmirlian G, ; PLCO Project Team. Serum prostate-specific antigen hemodilution among obese men undergoing screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(3):748–751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Price MM, Hamilton RJ, Robertson CN, Butts MC, Freedland SJ. Body mass index, prostate-specific antigen, and digital rectal examination findings among participants in a prostate cancer screening clinic. Urology. 2008;71(5):787–791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar