Oral Creatine Supplementation

References

• Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E: Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci (Colch) 1992; 83(3): 367–374
   Google Scholar
• Wallimann T, Hemmer W: Creatine kinase in non-muscle tissues and cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 133–134(Apr-May): 193–220
   Google Scholar
• Walker JB: Creatine: biosynthesis, regulation, and function. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1979; 50: 177–242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, et al: Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the ‘phosphocreatine circuit’ for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J 1992; 281(pt 1): 21–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loike JD, Somes M, Silverstein SC: Creatine uptake, metabolism, and efflux in human monocytes and macrophages. Am J Physiol 1986; 251(1 pt 1): C128–C135
   Google Scholar
• Balsoin PD, Soderlund K, Ekblom B: Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation. Sports Med 1994; 18(4): 268–280
   Google Scholar
• Bessman SF! Geiger PJ: Transport of energy in muscle: the phosphorylcreatine shuttle. Science 1981; 211(4481): 448–452
   Google Scholar
• Sahlin K, Harris RC, Hultman E: Resynthesis of creatine phosphate in human muscle after exercise in relation to intramuscular pH and availability of oxygen. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979; 39(6): 551–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman E, Greenhaff PL, Ren JM, et al: Energy metabolism and fatigue during intense muscle contraction. Biochem Soc Trans 1991; 19(2): 347–353
   Google Scholar
• Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, et al: Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1996; 271(1 pt 1): E31–E37
   Google Scholar
• Gordon A, Hultman E, Kaijser L, et al: Creatine supplementation in chronic heart failure increases skeletal muscle creatine phosphate and muscle performance. Cardiovasc Res 1995; 30(3): 413–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, et al: Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81(1): 232–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, et al: Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83(6):2055–2063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe K, Van Hecke P, Van Leemputte M, et al: Phosphocreatine resynthesis is not affected by creatine loading. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31(2): 236–242
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, et al: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol 1994; 266(5 pt 1): E725–E730
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingwall JS, Morales MF, Stockdale FE, et al: Creatine: a possible stimulus for skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy. Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 1975; 8: 467–481
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipila I, Rapola J, Simell O, et al: Supplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid retina. N Engl J Med 1981; 304(15): 867–870
   Google Scholar
• Balsom PD, Harridge SD, Soderlund K, et al: Creatine supplementation per se does not enhance endurance exercise performance. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 149(4): 521–523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terrillion KA, Kolkhorst FW, Dolgener FA, et al: The effect of creatine supplementation on two 700-m maximal running bouts. Int J Sport Nutr 1997; 7(2): 138–143
   Google Scholar
• Juhn MS, O'Kane JW, Vinci DM: Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99(5): 593–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al: Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996; 271(5 pt 1): E821–E826
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Febbraio MA, Flanagan TR, Snow RJ, et al: Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr, metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 155(4): 387–395
   Google Scholar
• Balsom PD, Ekblom B, Söderlund K, et al: Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1993; 3: 143–149
   Google Scholar
• Birch R, Noble D, Greenhaff PL: The influence of dietary creatine supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 69(3): 268–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dawson B, Cutler M, Moody A, et al: Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995; 27(3):56–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Earnest CP Snell PG, Rodriguez R, et al: The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 153(2): 207–209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, et al: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(1): 73–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevost MC, Nelson AG, Morris GS: Creatine supplementation enhances intermittent work performance. Res Q Exerc Sport 1997; 68(3): 233–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Bush JA, et al: Creatine supplementation enhances muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97(7): 765–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maganaris CN, Maughan RJ: Creatine supplementation enhances maximum voluntary isometric force and endurance capacity in resistance trained men. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 163(3): 279–287
   Google Scholar
• McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J: The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 78(3): 236–240
   Google Scholar
• Barnett C, Hinds M, Jenkins DG: Effects of oral creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycle performance. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1996; 28(1):35–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke WH, Barnes WS: The influence of recovery duration on high-intensity exercise performance after oral creatine supplementation. Can J Appl Physiol 1997; 22(5): 454–467
   Google Scholar
• Vanakoski J, Kosunen V Meririnne E, et al: Creatine and caffeine in anaerobic and aerobic exercise: effects on physical performance and pharmacokinetic considerations. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 36(5): 258–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhn MS, Tarnopolsky M: Oral creatine supplementation and athletic performance: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 1998; 8(4): 286–297
   Google Scholar
• Burke LM, Pyne DB, Telford RD: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on single-effort sprint performance in elite swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr 1996; 6(3):222–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javierre C, Lizarraga MA, Ventura JL, et al: Creatine supplementation does not improve physical performance in a 150 m race. Rev Esp Fisiol 1997; 53(4): 343–348
   Google Scholar
• Mujika I, Chatard JC, Lacoste L, et al: Creatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28(11): 1435–1441
   Google Scholar
• Redondo DR, Dowling EA, Graham BL, et al: The effect of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on running velocity. Int J Sport Nutr 1996; 6(3): 213–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson CH, Kemp GJ, Sanderson AL, et al: Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30(3): 222–225
   Google Scholar
• Aaserud R, Gramvik P, Olsen SR, et al: Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8(5 pt 1): 247–251
   Google Scholar
• Bosco C, Tihanyi J, Pucspk J, et al: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on jumping and running performance. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18(5): 369–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrebrune MC, Nevill ME, Donaldson FJ, et al: The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. J Sports Sci 1998; 16(3): 271–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grindstaff PD, Kreider R, Bishop R, et al: Effects of creatine supplementation on repetitive sprint performance and body composition in competitive swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr 1997; 7(4): 330–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke WH, Grandjean PW, Barnes WS: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on power output and fatigue during bicycle ergometry. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78(2): 670–673
   Google Scholar
• Odland LM, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky M, et al: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle [Per] and short-term maximum power output. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29(2): 216–219
   Google Scholar
• Snow RJ, McKenna MJ, Selig SE, et al: Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84(5): 1667–1673
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Washington, DC: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA 1994: Public Law 103–417). Available at http://web.health.gov/dietsupp/toc.htm. Accessed March 26, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Wassertheil-Smoller S: What is involved in sample size calculation?, in Wassertheil-Smoller S: Biostatistics and Epidemiology: a Primer for Health Professionals. New York City, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp 140–146
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard NR, Kalra PA: Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements, letter. Lancet 1998; 351 (9111): 1252–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE: Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine, letter. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(10): 814–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, et al: Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76(6): 566–567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossiter HB, Cannell ER, Jakeman PM: The effect of oral creatine supplementation on the 1000-m performance of competitive rowers. J Sports Sci 1996; 14(2): 175–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore NP, Gray TJ, Timbrell JA: Creatine metabolism in the seminiferous epithelium of rats: I. Creatine synthesis by isolated and cultured cells. J Reprod Fertil 1998; 112(2): 325–330
   Google Scholar
• Moore NR Gray TJ, Timbrell JA: Creatine metabolism in the seminiferous epithelium of rats: II. Effect of modulators of cellular biochemical function on creatine secretion by cultured Sertoli cells. J Reprod Fertil 1998; 112(2): 331–336
   Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Fillers WS, Iyengar MR: Phosphocreatine, an intracellular high-energy compound, is found in the extracellular fluid of the seminal vesicles in mice and rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85(19): 7265–7269
   Google Scholar
• Juhn MS, Tarnopolsky M: Potential side effects of oral creatine supplementation: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 1998; 8(4): 298–304
   Google Scholar
• Bergnes G, Yuan W, Khandekar VS, et al: Creatine and phosphocreatine analogs: anticancer activity and enzymatic analysis. Oncol Res 1996; 8(3): 121–130
   Google Scholar
• Martin KJ, Chen SF, Clark GM, et al: Evaluation of creatine analogues as a new class of anticancer agents using freshly explanted human tumor cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(8): 608–613
   Google Scholar
• Miller EE, Evans AE, Cohn M: Inhibition of rate of tumor growth by creatine and cyclocreatine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90(8): 3304–3308
   Google Scholar
• Ohira Y, Inoue N: Effects of creatine and beta-guanidinopropionic acid on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: i.p. injection and culture study. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243(3): 367–372
   Google Scholar
• Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, et al: The effect of creatine supplementation on blood pressure, plasma creatine kinase, and body composition, abstracted. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol J 1998; 12(5) A652
   Google Scholar
• Agren H, Niklasson F: Creatinine and creatine in CSF: indices of brain energy metabolism in depression. J Neural Transm 1988; 74(1):55–59
   Google Scholar
• Holtzman D: Brain creatine kinases and phosphocreatine: an update. Dev Neurosci 1996; 18(5–6): 522–523
   Google Scholar
• United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD: The Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System. Available at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/aems.cgi?QUERY=creatine&STYPE=EXACT. Accessed March 26, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers: North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997. MMWR 1998; 47(6): 105–108
   Google Scholar