Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Self-Motivated Patients: Optimized Diet, Exercise, and Medication for Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Fitness

References

• . National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011
   Google Scholar
• . Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nadeau DA. Physiologic and weight-focused treatment strategies for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus: the metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and insulin (MGI) approach. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):112–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35 Suppl 1:S11–S63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . , Look Ahead Research GroupWing RR, Bolin P, . Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult participation in aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activities—United States, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(17):326–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Grace SL, Barry-Bianchi S, Stewart DE, Rukholm E, Nolan RP. Physical activity behavior, motivational readiness and self-efficacy among Ontarians with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Behav Med. 2007;30(1):21–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, . Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(20):2253–2262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . de Lemos ET, Oliveira J, Pinheiro JP, Reis F. Regular physical exercise as a strategy to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status: benefits in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:741545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Balducci S, Zanuso S, Cardelli P, . Effect of high- versus low-intensity supervised aerobic and resistance training on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes; the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, . Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821–3842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Loimaala A, Groundstroem K, Rinne M, . Effect of long-term endurance and strength training on metabolic control and arterial elasticity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(7):972–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Arora E, Shenoy S, Sandhu JS. Effects of resistance training on metabolic profile of adults with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Med Res. 2009;129(5):515–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Balducci S, Zanuso S, Cardelli P, . Supervised exercise training counterbalances the adverse effects of insulin therapy in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(1):39–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Li J, Zhang W, Guo Q, . Duration of exercise as a key determinant of improvement in insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2012;227(4):289–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chae JS, Kang R, Kwak JH, . Supervised exercise program, BMI, and risk of type 2 diabetes in subjects with normal or impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(8):1680–1685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Payne WR, Walsh KJ, Harvey JT, . Effect of a low-resource-intensive lifestyle modification program incorporating gymnasium-based and home-based resistance training on type 2 diabetes risk in Australian adults. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(12):2244–2250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Williams GC, Freedman ZR, Deci EL. Supporting autonomy to motivate patients with diabetes for glucose control. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(10):1644–1651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Donahue KE, Mielenz TJ, Sloane PD, Callahan LF, Devellis RF. Identifying supports and barriers to physical activity in patients at risk for diabetes. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3(4):A119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Korkiakangas E, Taanila AM, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S. Motivation to physical activity among adults with high risk of type 2 diabetes who participated in the Oulu substudy of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19(1):15–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Biesenbach G, Bodlaj G, Sedlak M, Pieringer H, Kiesling G. Exercise program for older patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: long-term effects on metabolic control and BMI. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;42(6):465–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Casey D, De Civita M, Dasgupta K. Understanding physical activity facilitators and barriers during and following a supervised exercise programme in Type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study. Diabet Med. 2010;27(1):79–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Beverly EA, Wray LA. The role of collective efficacy in exercise adherence: a qualitative study of spousal support and type 2 diabetes management. Health Educ Res. 2010;25(2):211–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ferrand C, Perrin C, Nasarre S. Motives for regular physical activity in women and men: a qualitative study in French adults with type 2 diabetes, belonging to a patients' association. Health Soc Care Community. 2008;16(5):511–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Colberg SR, Albright AL, Blissmer BJ, . Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(12):2282–2303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McGavock J, Sellers E, Dean H. Physical activity for the prevention and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on cardiovascular complications. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007;4(4):305–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Balducci S, Sacchetti M, Haxhi J, . Physical exercise as therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014;30 Suppl 1:13–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ross R, Janiszewski PM. Is weight loss the optimal target for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk reduction? Can J Cardiol. 2008;24 Suppl D:25D–31D
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kessler HS, Sisson SB, Short KR. The potential for high-intensity interval training to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk. Sports Med. 2012;42(6):489–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, . Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008;118(4):346–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bartlett JD, Close GL, MacLaren DP, . High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: implications for exercise adherence. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(6):547–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Guiraud T, Nigam A, Gremeaux V, . High-intensity interval training in cardiac rehabilitation. Sports Med. 2012;42(7):587–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, . Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(1):3–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Willey KA, Singh MA. Battling insulin resistance in elderly obese people with type 2 diabetes: bring on the heavy weights. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1580–1588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, . Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial: the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(20):1794–1803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hovanec N, Sawant A, Overend TJ, Petrella RJ, Vandervoort AA. Resistance training and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: strength of the evidence. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:284635
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, . American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(7):1345–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, . Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, . Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1435–1445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2518–2539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1433–1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, . High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1729–1736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gordon BA, Benson AC, Bird SR, Fraser SF. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83(2):157–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, . Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):e147–e167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, . Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(4):1088–1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Aune D, Ursin G, Veierod MB. Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2009;52(11):2277–2287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barr SB, Wright JC. Postprandial energy expenditure in whole-food and processed-food meals: implications for daily energy expenditure. Food Nutr Res. 2010;54. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5144
   Google Scholar
• . Berkow SE, Barnard N. Vegetarian diets and weight status. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(4):175–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, . A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1777–1783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, . A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1588S–1596S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11–S66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, . Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;347:f5001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oftedal B, Bru E, Karlsen B. Motivation for diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetes. Scand J Caring Sci. 2011;25(4):735–744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Martinez-Perez B, de la Torre-Diez I, Lopez-Coronado M. Mobile health applications for the most prevalent conditions by the World Health Organization: review and analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(6):e120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . El-Gayar O, Timsina P, Nawar N, Eid W. Mobile applications for diabetes self-management: status and potential. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7(1):247–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Chiriboga D, . PDA-assisted low glycemic index dietary intervention for type II diabetes: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(10):1235–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Tatara N, Arsand E, Bratteteig T, Hartvigsen G. Usage and perceptions of a mobile self-management application for people with type 2 diabetes: qualitative study of a five-month trial. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2013;192:127–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Spring B, Schneider K, McFadden HG, . Multiple behavior changes in diet and activity: a randomized controlled trial using mobile technology. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(10):789–796
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Silveira P, van het Reve E, Daniel F, Casati F, de Bruin ED. Motivating and assisting physical exercise in independently living older adults: a pilot study. Int J Med Inform. 2013;82(5):325–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, . Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2012;55(6):1577–1596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Sweet DE, . Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(3):218–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, . Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Handelsman Y, Mechanick JI, Blonde L, . American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. Endocr Pract. 2011;17 Suppl 2:1–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, . AACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(2):327–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Defronzo RA. Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Holst JJ. Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study. Lancet. 2002;359(9309):824–830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Madsbad S, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes: a review of clinical trials. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11(4):491–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ferdaoussi M, Abdelli S, Yang JY, . Exendin-4 protects beta-cells from interleukin-1 beta-induced apoptosis by interfering with the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway. Diabetes. 2008;57(5):1205–1215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, . Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):473–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vilsboll T, Zdravkovic M, Le-Thi T, . Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, given as monotherapy significantly improves glycemic control and lowers body weight without risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1608–1610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Moretto TJ, Milton DR, Ridge TD, . Efficacy and tolerability of exenatide monotherapy over 24 weeks in antidiabetic drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(8):1448–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dickson SL, Shirazi RH, Hansson C, . The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue, exendin-4, decreases the rewarding value of food: a new role for mesolimbic GLP-1 receptors. J Neurosci. 2012;32(14):4812–4820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Invokana. Canagliflozin. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2013
   Google Scholar