Analyzing biodiesel for contaminants and moisture retention

• ASTM D6751-11. Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• EN14214. Automotive Fuels – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel Engines – Requirements and Test Methods. European Committee for Standardization, Austrian Standards Institute, Vienna, Austria (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Knothe G. Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.83(10),823–833 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro MR, Ambrozin ARP, Liao LM, Ferreira AG. Critical review on analytical methods for biodiesel characterization. Talanta77(2),593–605 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D6584-10. Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Monoglyceride, Total Diglyceride, Total Triglyceride, and Free and Total Glycerin in B-100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters by Gas Chromatography. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2010).
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D7501-09. Standard Test Method for Determination of Fuel Filter Blocking Potential of Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock by Cold Soak Filtration Test (CSFT). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• EN14105. Fat and Oil Derivatives – Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) – Determination of Free and Total Glycerol and Mono-, Di-, Triglyceride Contents. European Committee for Standardization, Austrian Standards Institute, Vienna, Austria (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Freedman B, Kwolek WF, Pryde EH. Quantitation in the analysis of transesterified soybean oil by capillary gas chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.63(10),1370–1375 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plank C, Lorbeer E. Simultaneous determination of glycerol, and monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides in vegetable oil methyl-esters by capillary gas-chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A697(1–2),461–468 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen N, Kelly K, Countryman S. Reliable analysis of glycerin in biodiesel using a high-temperature non-metal GC column. LC GC N. Am.2,36–37 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Ruppel T, Hall G. Free and total glycerin in B100 biodiesel by gas chromatography. LC GC N. Am.25,53 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Taylor M, Whitney R, Waller M. GC – 2010 analysis of biodiesel for free and total glycerines by ASTM-6584 with near on-column injection. LC GC N. Am.2,61 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Munari F, Cavagnino D, Cadoppi A. Determination of free and total glycerine in pure biodiesel (B100) by gas chromatography in compliance with EN14105. LC GC Eur. (12),15 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Witkovic D. Glycerin in biodiesel by capillary GC analysis. LC GC N. Am.6,48 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Bailer J, Dehueber K. Determination of saponifiable glycerol in bio-diesel. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.340(3),186–186 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Plank C, Lorbeer E. Quality-control of vegetable oil methyl-esters used as diesel fuel substitutes – quantitative-determination of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides by capillary GC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.15(9),609–612 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Mittelbach M. Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, VI – gas-chromatographic determination of free glycerol in transesterified vegetable oils. Chromatographia37(11–12),623–626 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Fillieres R, Benjellounmlayah B, Delmas M. Ethenaolysis of rapeseed oil – quantitation of t eethyl-esters, monoglycerides, diglycerides and glycerol by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.72(4),427–432 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foglia TA, Jones KC. Quantitation of neutral lipid mixtures using high performance liquid chromatography with light scattering detection. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.20(12),1829–1838 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foglia TA, Jones KC, Phillips JG. Determination of biodiesel and triacylglycerols in diesel fuel by LC. Chromatographia62(3–4),115–119 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajek M, Skopal F, Machek J. Determination of free glycerol in biodiesel. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.108(8),666–669 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcapek M, Jandera P, Fischer J. Analysis of acylglycerols and methyl esters of fatty acids in vegetable oils and in biodiesel. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem.31(1),53–56 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurum DC, Rohrer JS. Acylglycerol determination in biodiesel by RSLC with charged aerosol detection. LC GC N. Am. June (Suppl.),37 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Darnoko D, Cheryan M, Perkins EG. Analysis of vegetable oil transesterification products by gel permeation chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.23(15),2327–2335 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Nicola G, Pacetti M, Polonara F, Santori G, Stryjek R. Development and optimization of a method for analyzing biodiesel mixtures with non-aqueous reversed phase liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A1190(1–2),120–126 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burger B, Sticlsen G. Analysis of total glycerin in biodiesel using an MXT (R)-biodiesel TG column with a built-in retention gap. LC GC N. Am.26,38 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi J, Wille A, Steinbach A. Ion chromatographic determination of free and total glycerol in biodiesel and biodiesel blends. LC GC Eur. December, 29 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Lourenco LM, Stradiotto NR. Determination of free glycerol in biodiesel at a platinum oxide surface using potential cycling technique. Talanta79(1),92–96 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisarello ML, Costa BOD, Veizaga NS, Querini CA. Volumetric method for free and total glycerin determination in biodiesel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.49(19),8935–8941 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luetkmeyer T, dos Santos RM, da Silva AB, Amado RS, Vieira EC, D’Elia E. Analysis of free and total glycerol in biodiesel using an electrochemical assay based on a two-enzyme oxygen-electrode system. Electroanalysis22(9),995–999 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva SG, Morales-Rubio A, de La Guardia M, Rocha FRP. Sequential spectrofluorimetric determination of free and total glycerol in biodiesel in a multicommuted flow system. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.401(1),365–371 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Oil Chemists’ Society Ck 2-09. AOCS Official Method Ck 2-09. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Urbana, IL, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Dunn RO. Effects of minor constituents on cold flow properties and performance of biodiesel. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.35(6),481–489 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee I, Pfalzgraf L, Poppe G, Powers E, Haines T. The role of sterol glucosides on filter plugging. Biodies. Mag.4,105–112 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Moreau RA, Scott KM, Haas MJ. The identification and quantification of steryl glucosides in precipitates from commercial biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.85(8),761–770 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau RA, Whitaker BD, Hicks KB. Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog. Lipid Res.41(6),457–500 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Tang H, Salley S, Simon Ng KY. Analysis of the sterol glycosides in biodiesel and biodiesel precipitates. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.87(2),215–221 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Phillips KM, Ruggio DM, Ashraf-Khorassani M. Analysis of steryl glucosides in foods and dietary supplements by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography. J. Food Lipids12(2),124–140 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Verleyen T, Forcades M, Verhe R, Dewettinck K, Huyghebaert A, De Greyt W. Analysis of free and esterified sterols in vegetable oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.79(2),117–122 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verleyen T, Sosinska U, Ioannidou S et al. Influence of the vegetable oil refining process on free and esterified sterols. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.79(10),947–953 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang H, De Guzman RC, Salley SO, Ng KYS. Formation of insolubles in palm oil-, yellow grease-, and soybean oil-based biodiesel blends after cold soaking at 4°C. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.85(12),1173–1182 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang H, Salley SO, Ng KYS. Fuel properties and precipitate formation at low temperature in soy-, cottonseed-, and poultry fat-based biodiesel blends. Fuel87(13–14),3006–3017 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondioli P, Cortesi N, Mariani C. Identification and quantification of steryl glucosides in biodiesel. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.110(2),120–126 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Van Hoed V, Zyaykina N, De Greyt W, Maes J, Verhe R, Demeestere K. Identification and occurrence of steryl glucosides in palm and soy biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.85(8),701–709 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Plank C, Lorbeer E. Minor components in vegetable oil methyl esters: sterols in rape seed oil methyl ester. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.96(10),379–386 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Ham B, Butler B, Thionville P. Evaluating the isolation and quantification of sterols in seed oils by solid-phase extraction and capillary gas-liquid chromatography. LC GC18(11),1174–1181 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Moreau R, Singh V, Hicks N. Phytosterols in the aleurone layer of corn kernels. Biochem. Soc. Trans.28(6),803–806 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dutta C, Appelqvist L. Saturated sterols (stanols) in unhydrogenated and hydrogenated edible vegetable oils and in cereal lipids. J. Sci. Food Agric.71(5),383–391 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Toivo J, Piironen V, Kaio P, Varo P. Gas chromatographic determination of major sterols in edible oils and fats using solid-phase extraction in sample preparation. Chromatography48(11–12),745–750 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lechner M, Reiter B, Lorbeer E. Determination of tocopherols and sterols in vegetable oils by solid-phase extraction and subsequent capillary gas chromatographic analysis. J. Chromatogr. A857(1–2),231–238 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maatta K, Lampi AM, Petterson J, Fogelfors BM, Piironen V, Kamal-Eldin A. Phytosterol content in seven oat cultivars grown at three locations in Sweden. J. Sci. Food Agric.79(7),1021–1027 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanniekerk PJ, Burger AEC. The estimation of the composition of edible oil mixtures. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.62(3),531–538 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Tang H, De Guzman R, Salley S, Ng KYS. Comparing process efficiency in reducing steryl glucosides in biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.87(3),337–345 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• El-Mallah MH, Hassanein MMM, El-Shami SMM. HPLC evaluation of the minor lipid components of by-products resulting from edible oil processing. Grasas y Aceites57(4),387–393 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Sugawara T, Miyazawa T. Separation and determination of glycolipids from edible plant sources by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Lipids34(11),1231–1237 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murui T, Siew Y. Effect of refining process on the content of sterylglycosides and alcohols in palm oil. J. Japan Oil Chem. Soc.45,683–686 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Moreau R, Whitaker B, Hicks K. Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog. Lipid Res.41,457–500 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiuchi K, Ohta T, Ebine H. High-speed liquid-chromatographic separation of glycerides, fatty-acids, and sterols. J. Chromatogr. Sci.13(10),461–466 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plank C, Lorbeer E. On-line liquid chromatography – gas chromatography for the analysis of free and esterified sterols in vegetable oil methyl esters used as diesel fuel substitutes. J. Chromatogr. A683(1),95–104 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Lechner M, Reiter B, Lorbeer E. Determination of free and esterified sterols in potential new oil seed crops by coupled on-line liquid-chromatography gas-chromatography. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.101(5),171–177 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Pieber B, Schober S, Goebl C, Mittelbach M. Novel sensitive determination of steryl glycosides in biodiesel by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. A1217(42),6555–6561 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff K. Development of a new MALDI-TOF-MS technique for the identification of sterol glucosides. In: Biological and Agricultural Engineering. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D664-11. Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D3242-11. Standard Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D974-11. Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Wang H, Tang H, Wilson J, Salley SO, Ng KYS. Total acid number determination of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.85(11),1083–1086 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Baig A, Ng FTT. Determination of acid number of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.88(2),243–253 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan S, Konar SK, Boocock DGB. Determining the acid number of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.83(6),567–570 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubino M, Aricetti JA. A green method for determination of acid number of biodiesel. J. Brazil. Chem. Soc.22(6),1073–1081 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EN14104. EU Standard. Fat and Oil Derivatives. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME). Determination of Acid Value. Austrian Standards Institute, Vienna, Austria (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Jones JC, Brown JM, Cargill EM, McElligot JMH, Melvin S, Oseruvwoja IS. Measurements of moisture contents of vegetable oils for fuel use: short communication. Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Technol.2(1),83–88 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• He BB, Thompson JC, Routt DW, Van Gerpen JH. Moisture absorption in biodiesel and its petro-diesel blends. Appl. Eng. Agric.23(1),71–76 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira MB, Varanda FR, Marrucho IM, Queimada AJ, Coutinho JAP. Prediction of water solubility in biodiesel with the CPA equation of state. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.47(12),4278–4285 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen JH. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process. Technol.86(10),1097–1107 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D2709. Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• ISO12937. ISO Standard. Petroleum Products – Determination of Water – Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich A. Karl Fischer titration, part 2. Standardization, equipment validation, and control techniques. Am. Lab.26(5),33–33 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Jain S, Sharma MP. Measurement of the oxidation stability of biodiesel using a modified Karl Fischer apparatus. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.88(7),899–905 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Vicentim MP, Sousa MVB, Da Silva VF, Mateus VL, Rodrigues JM, Da Cunha VS. Water content determination in biodiesel: optimization of methodology in coulometric Karl Fischer titration. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ.1477,42–50 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Vicentim MP, Barreto Sousa MV, Fernandes Da Silva V, Mateus VL, Rodrigues JM, Smargaro Da Cunha V. Water content determination in biodiesel: optimization of methodology in coulometric Karl Fischer titration. J. ASTM Int.7(2),JAI102615 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Felgner A, Schlink R, Kirschenbuhler P, Faas B, Isengard HD. Automated Karl Fischer titration for liquid samples water determination in edible oils. Food Chem.106(4),1379–1384 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Mirghani MES, Kabbashi NA, Alam MZ, Qudsieh IY, Alkatib MFR. Rapid method for the determination of moisture content in biodiesel using FTIR spectroscopy. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.88(12),1897–1904 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Felizardo P, Baptista P, Uva MS, Menezes JC, Correia MJN. Monitoring biodiesel fuel quality by near infrared spectroscopy. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc.15(2),97–105 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felizardo P, Baptista P, Menezes JC, Correia MJN. Multivariate near infrared spectroscopy models for predicting methanol and water content in biodiesel. Anal. Chim. Acta595(1–2),107–113 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

▪ Patents

• Lee I, Mayfield J, Pfalzgraf L, Solheim L, Bloomer S: US0151146 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Danzer M, Ely T, Kingery S et al.: US0175091 (2007).
   Google Scholar