References
- US EPA. Health Assessment Document For Diesel Engine Exhaust. US EPA, Washington, DC, USA, 669 (2002).
- Mauderly JL. Diesel exhaust. In: Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Effects. Lippmann M (Ed.). Wiley, NY, USA, 193–242 (2000).
- Health Effects Institute. Research Directions To Improve Estimates Of Human Exposure And Risk From Diesel Exhaust. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA (2002).
- Lippmann M, Frampton M, Schwartz J et al. The US Environmental Protection Agency particulate matter health effects research centers program: a midcourse report of status, progress, and plans. Environ. Health Persp.111(8),1074–1092 (2003).
- US EPA. Clean Air Nonroad Diesel Rule. US EPA, Washington, DC, USA (2004).
- Pope CA, Brook RD, Burnett R, Dockery D. How is cardiovascular disease mortality risk affected by duration and intensity of fine particulate matter exposure? An integration of the epidemiologic evidence. Air Qual. Atmos. Health4(1),5–14 (2010).
- Grahame TJ, Schlesinger RB. Cardiovascular health and particulate vehicular emissions. a critical evaluation of the evidence. Air Qual. Atmos. Health3(1),3–27 (2010).
- Attfield MD, Schleiff Pl, Lubin JH et al. The diesel exhaust in miners study. A cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.104,1–15 (2012).
- Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE et al. Lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust. Environ. Health Persp.112(15),1539–1543 (2004).
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Carcinogenic Effects of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA (1988).
- Li R, Ning Z, Cui J et al. Ultra fine particles from diesel engines induce vascular oxidative stress via JNK activation. Free Rad. Biol. Med.46(6),775–782 (2009).
- Li R, Ning Z, Majumdar R et al. Ultrafine particles form diesel vehicle emissions at different driving cycles induce differential vascular pro-inflammatory responses. Implication of chemical components and NF-κB signaling. Part. Fibre Toxicol.7,6 (2010).
- Totlandsdal AI, Cassee FR, Schwarze P, Refsnes M, Lag M. Diesel exhaust particle induce CYP1A1 and pro-inflammatory responses via differential pathways in human bronchial epithelial cells. Part. Fibre Toxicol.7,41 (2010).
- Verma V, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Contribution of transition metals in the reactive oxygen species activity of PM emissions from retrofitted heavy-duty vehicles. Atmos. Environ.44(39),5165–5173 (2010).
- Mazzarella G, Ferraraccio F, Prati MV et al. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on human lung epithelial cells. An in vitro study. Resp. Med.101(6),1155–1162 (2007).
- Akhtar US, Mcwhinney RD, Rastogi N, Abbatt JPD, Evans GJ, Scott JA. Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of ambient and source-related particulate matter (PM) in relation to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine adsorption by particles. Inhal. Toxicol.22(Suppl. 2),37–47 (2010).
- Araujo J. Particulate air pollution, systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and artherosclerosis. Air Qual. Atmos. Health4(1),79–93 (2010).
- Cheung KL, Ntziachristos L, Tzamkiozis T et al. Emissions of particulate trace elements, metals and organic species from gasoline diesel and biodiesel passenger vehicles and their relation to oxidative potential. Aerosol Sci. Technol.44(7),500–513 (2010).
- US EPA. Our Nations’s Air: Status and Trends Through 2010. US EPA, Washington, DC, USA, 32 (2012).
- Pahl G. Biodiesel: Growing a New Energy Economy. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, VT, USA (2005).
- US Department of Energy. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA, 1–69 (2004).
- Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, Polasky S, Tiffany D. Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(30),11206–11210 (2006).
- Crutzen PJ, Mosier AR, Smith KA, Winiwarter W. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atmos. Chem. Phys.8,389–395 (2008).
- Xue J, Grift TE, Hansen AC. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.15,1098–1116 (2011).
- US EPA. A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions Draft Technical Report. US EPA, Washington, DC, USA, 126 (2002).
- McCormick Rl, Williams A, Ireland J, Brimhall M, Hayes RR. Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA (2006).
- LaPuerta M, Armas O, Rodriguez-Fernandez J. Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.34(2),198–223 (2007).
- Di Y, Cheung CS, Huang Z. Comparison of the effect of biodiesel-diesel and ethanol-diesel on the particulate emissions of a direct injection diesel engine. Aerosol Sci. Technol.43(5),455–465 (2009).
- Robbins C, Hoekman SK, Gertler A, Broch A, Natarajan M. Biodistillate Transportation Fuels 2 – Emissions Impacts. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2724. SAE International, Washington, DC, USA, 1–14 (2009).
- Yanowitz J, McCormick Rl. Effect of biodiesel blends on North American heavy-duty diesel engine emissions. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.111(8),763–772 (2009).
- Karavalakis G, Stournas S, Bakeas E. Light vehicle regulated and unregulated emissions from different biodiesels. Sci. Total Environ.407(10),3338–3346 (2009).
- Fontaras G, Karavalakis G, Kousoulidou M et al. Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles. Fuel88(9),1608–1617 (2009).
- Bakeas E, Karavalakis G, Stournas S. Biodiesel emissions profile in modern diesel vehicles. Part 1. Effect of biodiesel origin on the criteria emissions. Sci. Total Environ.409(9),1670–1676 (2011).
- Tsolakis A. Effects of particle size distribution from the diesel engine operating on RME-biodiesel with EGR. Energy Fuels20(4),1418–1424 (2006).
- Chien SM, Huang YJ, Chuang SC, Yang HH. Effects of biodiesel blending on particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions in nano/ultrafine/fine/coarse ranges from diesel engine. Aerosol Air Qual. Res.9(1),18–31 (2009).
- Jung H, Kittelson D, Zachariah M. Characteristics of SME biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation. Environ. Sci. Technol.40(16),4949–4955 (2006).
- Chen YC, Wu CH. Emissions of submicron particles from a direct injection diesel engine by using biodiesel. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Toxic Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.37(5),829–843 (2002).
- Kittleson DB. Engines and nanoparticles: a review. J. Aerosol Sci.29(5),575–588 (1998).
- Gangwar J, Gupta T, Gupta S, Agarwal AK. Emissions from diesel versus biodiesel fuel used in a CRDI SUV engine: PM mass and chemical composition. Inhal. Toxicol.23(8),449–458 (2011).
- Betha R, Balasubramanian R. Emissions of particulate-bound elements from stationary diesel engine: characterization and risk assessment. Atmos. Environ.45(30),5273–5281 (2011).
- Jalava PI, Tapanainen M, Kuuspalo K et al. Toxicological effects of emission particles from fossil- and biodiesel-fueled diesel engine with and without DOC/POC catalytic converter. Inhal. Toxicol.22(Suppl. 2),48–58 (2010).
- Graboski MS, McCormick RL. Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.24(2),125–164 (1998).
- Graboski MS, McCormick Rl, Alleman Tl, Herring AM. The Effect of Biodiesel Composition on Engine Emissions from a DDC Series 60 Diesel Engine. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA (2003).
- Knothe G, Sharp CA, Ryan TWI. Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel, neat methyl esters, and alkanes in a new technology engine. Energy Fuels20(1),403–408 (2006).
- Ballesteros R, Hernandez JJ, Lyons LL. An experimental study of the influence of biofuel origin on particle-associated PAH emissions. Atmos. Environ.44(7),930–938 (2010).
- Swanson KJ, Kado NY, Funk WE, Pleil JE, Madden MC, Ghio AJ. Release of the pro-inflammatory markers by BEAS-2B cells following in vitro exposure to biodiesel extracts. Open Toxicol. J.3,8–15 (2009).
- Brito JM, Belotti L, Toledo AC et al. Acute cardiovascular and inflammatory toxicity induced by inhalation of diesel and biodiesel exhaust particles. Toxicol. Sci.116(1),67–78 (2010).
- Swanson KJ, Madden MC, Ghio AJ. Biodiesel exhaust: the need for health effects research. Environ. Health Perspect.115(4),496–499 (2007).
- Ott WR, Steinemann AC, Wallace LA. Exposure Analysis. CRC Taylor & Francis, NY, USA (2007).
- Pronk A, Coble J, Stewart PA. Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: a literature review. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol.19(5),443–457 (2009).
- Shah SD, Cocker DR III, Miller JW, Norbeck JM. Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines. Environ. Sci. Technol.38(9),2544–2550 (2004).
- Shi JP, Mark D, Harrison RM. Characterization of particles from a current technology heavy-duty diesel engine. Environ. Sci. Technol.34(5),748–755 (2000).
- Frey HC, Kim K, Pang S-H, Rasdorf WJ, Lewis P. Characterization of real-world activity, fuel use, and emissions for selected motor graders fueled with petroleum diesel and B20 biodiesel. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.58(10),1274–1287 (2008).
- Bugarski AD, Cauda EG, Janisko SJ, Hummer JA, Patts LD. Aerosols emitted in underground mine air by diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.60,237–244 (2010).
- Zaebst DD, Clapp DE, Blade LM et al. Quantitative determination of trucking industry workers exposures to diesel exhaust particles. Am. Industrial Hygiene Assoc. J.52(12),529–541 (1991).
- Ramachandran G, Paulsen D, Watts W, Kittleson DB. Mass, surface area and number metrics in diesel occupational exposure assessment. J. Environ. Monitor.7(7),728–735 (2005).
- Kinney Pl, Aggarwal M, Northridge ME, Janssen NAH, Shepard P. Airborne concentrations of PM2.5 and diesel exhaust particles on Harlem sidewalks: a community-based pilot study. Environ. Health Persp.108(3),213–218 (2000).
- Traviss N, Thelen BA, Ingalls JK, Treadwell MD. Biodiesel versus diesel: a pilot study comparing exhaust exposures for employees at a rural municipal facility. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.60(9),1026–1033 (2010).
- Traviss N, Thelen BA, Ingalls JK, Treadwell MD. Evaluation of biodiesel’s impact on real-world occupational and environmental particulate matter exposures at a municipal facility in Keene, NH. Air Qual. Atmos. Health5(1),101–114 (2011).
- Mcdonald JD, Zielinska B, Sagebiel JC, McDaniel MR. Characterization of fine particle material in ambient air and personal samples from an underground mine. Aerosol Sci. Technol.36,1033–1044 (2002).
- Cantrell BK, Watts WF. Diesel exhaust aerosol: review of occupational exposure. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hygiene12(12),1019–1027 (1997).
- Groves J, Cain JR. A survey of exposure to diesel engine exhaust emissions in the work place. Ann. Occup. Hygiene44(6),435–437 (1999).
- Garshick E, Smith TJ, Laden F. Quantitative assessment of lung cancer risk from diesel exhaust exposure in the US trucking industry: a feasibility study. In: Research Directions To Improve Estimates Of Human Exposure And Risk From Diesel Exhaust. Health Effects Institute Diesel Epidemiology Working Group, BA, USA, 115–149 (2002).
- Wheatley AD, Sadhra S. Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust fumes. Ann. Occup. Hygiene48(4),369–376 (2004).
- Whittaker LS, Macintosh DL, Williams PL. Employee exposure to diesel exhaust in the electric utility industry. Am. Indust. Hygiene Assoc. J.60(5),635–640 (1999).