Integrated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis by EEF2K controls cellular fate and modulates the efficacy of curcumin and velcade against tumor cells

References

• Kim I, Xu W, Reed JC. Cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:1013 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2755; PMID: 19043451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman RJ. Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1211 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.13.10.1211; PMID: 10346810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotamisligil GS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease. Cell 2010; 140:900 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034; PMID: 20303879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB. Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6:439 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1660; PMID: 15928708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Høyer-Hansen M, Jäättelä M. Connecting endoplasmic reticulum stress to autophagy by unfolded protein response and calcium. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1576 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4402200; PMID: 17612585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proud CG. Peptide-chain elongation in eukaryotes. Mol Biol Rep 1994; 19:161 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986958; PMID: 7969104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmer TG, Ward MD, Yurkow EJ, Vyas VH, Kearney TJ, Hait WN. Activity and regulation by growth factors of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III (elongation factor 2-kinase) in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:59 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690012; PMID: 10408694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagaglio DM, Cheng EH, Gorelick FS, Mitsui K, Nairn AC, Hait WN. Phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 in normal and malignant rat glial cells. Cancer Res 1993; 53:Suppl 2260 - 4; PMID: 8485712
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng EH, Gorelick FS, Czernik AJ, Bagaglio DM, Hait WN. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases in rat glioblastoma. Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6:615 - 21; PMID: 7647041
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng Y, Ren X, Zhang Y, Patel R, Sharma A, Wu H, et al. eEF-2 kinase dictates cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis induced by Akt Inhibition, thereby modulating cytotoxicity of novel Akt inhibitor MK-2206. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2654 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2889; PMID: 21307130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce M, Py BF, Ryazanov AG, Minden JS, Long K, Ma D, et al. A pharmacoproteomic approach implicates eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase in ER stress-induced cell death. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:589 - 99; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4402296; PMID: 18188169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Py BF, Boyce M, Yuan J. A critical role of eEF-2K in mediating autophagy in response to multiple cellular stresses. Autophagy 2009; 5:393 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.5.3.7762; PMID: 19221463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellisen LW. Growth control under stress: mTOR regulation through the REDD1-TSC pathway. Cell Cycle 2005; 4:1500 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.4.11.2139; PMID: 16258273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin HO, Seo SK, Woo SH, Kim ES, Lee HC, Yoo DH, et al. SP600125 negatively regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin via ATF4-induced Redd1 expression. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:123 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.035; PMID: 19059405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney ML, Jefferson LS, Kimball SR. ATF4 is necessary and sufficient for ER stress-induced upregulation of REDD1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:451 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.079; PMID: 19114033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin HO, Seo SK, Woo SH, Kim ES, Lee HC, Yoo DH, et al. Activating transcription factor 4 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta negatively regulate the mammalian target of rapamycin via Redd1 expression in response to oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1158 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.015; PMID: 19439225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding HP, Novoa I, Zhang Y, Zeng H, Wek R, Schapira M, et al. Regulated translation initiation controls stress-induced gene expression in mammalian cells. Mol Cell 2000; 6:1099 - 108; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00108-8; PMID: 11106749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vattem KM, Wek RC. Reinitiation involving upstream ORFs regulates ATF4 mRNA translation in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11269 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400541101; PMID: 15277680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy SJ, Gorman AM, Mousavi-Shafaei P, Gupta S, Samali A. Targeting the endoplasmic reticulum-stress response as an anticancer strategy. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:234 - 46; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.064; PMID: 19835867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill DS, Martin S, Armstrong JL, Flockhart R, Tonison JJ, Simpson DG, et al. Combining the endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agents bortezomib and fenretinide as a novel therapeutic strategy for metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1192 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2150; PMID: 19228725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong JL, Corazzari M, Martin S, Pagliarini V, Falasca L, Hill DS, et al. Oncogenic B-RAF signaling in melanoma impairs the therapeutic advantage of autophagy inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2216 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3003; PMID: 21270111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhshi J, Weinstein L, Poksay KS, Nishinaga B, Bredesen DE, Rao RV. Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program in mouse melanoma cells: effect of curcumin. Apoptosis 2008; 13:904 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10495-008-0221-x; PMID: 18493855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Sahra I, Regazzetti C, Robert G, Laurent K, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Auberger P, et al. Metformin, independent of AMPK, induces mTOR inhibition and cell-cycle arrest through REDD1. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4366 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1769; PMID: 21540236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin HO, Seo SK, Kim YS, Woo SH, Lee KH, Yi JY, et al. TXNIP potentiates Redd1-induced mTOR suppression through stabilization of Redd1. Oncogene 2011; 30:3792 - 801; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.102; PMID: 21460850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne GJ, Finn SG, Proud CG. Stimulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase leads to activation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase and to its phosphorylation at a novel site, serine 398. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:12220 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M309773200; PMID: 14709557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne GJ, Proud CG. A novel mTOR-regulated phosphorylation site in elongation factor 2 kinase modulates the activity of the kinase and its binding to calmodulin. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2986 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.7.2986-2997.2004; PMID: 15024086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Li W, Williams M, Terada N, Alessi DR, Proud CG. Regulation of elongation factor 2 kinase by p90(RSK1) and p70 S6 kinase. EMBO J 2001; 20:4370 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/20.16.4370; PMID: 11500364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knebel A, Morrice N, Cohen P. A novel method to identify protein kinase substrates: eEF2 kinase is phosphorylated and inhibited by SAPK4/p38delta. EMBO J 2001; 20:4360 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/20.16.4360; PMID: 11500363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita E, Kouroku Y, Isoai A, Kumagai H, Misutani A, Matsuda C, et al. Two endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) systems for the novel variant of the mutant dysferlin: ubiquitin/proteasome ERAD(I) and autophagy/lysosome ERAD(II). Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:618 - 29; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddm002; PMID: 17331981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouroku Y, Fujita E, Tanida I, Ueno T, Isoai A, Kumagai H, et al. ER stress (PERK/eIF2alpha phosphorylation) mediates the polyglutamine-induced LC3 conversion, an essential step for autophagy formation. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:230 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401984; PMID: 16794605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouschop KM, van den Beucken T, Dubois L, Niessen H, Bussink J, Savelkouls K, et al. The unfolded protein response protects human tumor cells during hypoxia through regulation of the autophagy genes MAP1LC3B and ATG5. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:127 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI40027; PMID: 20038797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding WX, Ni HM, Gao W, Hou YF, Melan MA, Chen X, et al. Differential effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy on cell survival. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:4702 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M609267200; PMID: 17135238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata M, Hino S, Saito A, Morikawa K, Kondo S, Kanemoto S, et al. Autophagy is activated for cell survival after endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9220 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01453-06; PMID: 17030611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Li H, Yasumura D, Cohen HR, Zhang C, Panning B, et al. IRE1 signaling affects cell fate during the unfolded protein response. Science 2007; 318:944 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1146361; PMID: 17991856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Yang JM, Jin S, Zhang H, Hait WN. Elongation factor-2 kinase regulates autophagy in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3015 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1554; PMID: 16540650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar