2,105
Views
131
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Brief Report

The requirement of uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) and ULK2 in the regulation of autophagy

&
Pages 689-695 | Received 21 Jun 2010, Accepted 13 Mar 2011, Published online: 01 Jul 2011

References

  • Levine B, Klionsky DJ. Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy. Dev Cell 2004; 6:463 - 477
  • Kuma A, Hatano M, Matsui M, Yamamoto A, Nakaya H, Yoshimori T, et al. The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period. Nature 2004; 432:1032 - 1036
  • Komatsu M, Waguri S, Ueno T, Iwata J, Murata S, Tanida I, et al. Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive autophagy in Atg7-deficient mice. J Cell Biol 2005; 169:425 - 434
  • Ravikumar B, Duden R, Rubinsztein DC. Aggregate-prone proteins with polyglutamine and polyalanine expansions are degraded by autophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:1107 - 1117
  • Ravikumar B, Vacher C, Berger Z, Davies JE, Luo S, Oroz LG, et al. Inhibition of mTOR induces autophagy and reduces toxicity of polyglutamine expansions in fly and mouse models of Huntington disease. Nat Genet 2004; 36:585 - 595
  • Hara T, Nakamura K, Matsui M, Yamamoto A, Nakahara Y, Suzuki-Migishima R, et al. Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice. Nature 2006; 441:885 - 889
  • Komatsu M, Waguri S, Chiba T, Murata S, Iwata J, Tanida I, et al. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature 2006; 441:880 - 884
  • Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell 2008; 132:27 - 42
  • Tsujimoto Y, Shimizu S. Another way to die: autophagic programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1528 - 1534
  • Tsukada M, Ohsumi Y. Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1993; 333:169 - 174
  • Suzuki K, Ohsumi Y. Molecular machinery of autophagosome formation in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2156 - 2161
  • Kabeya Y, Kamada Y, Baba M, Takikawa H, Sasaki M, Ohsumi Y. Atg17 functions in cooperation with Atg1 and Atg13 in yeast autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:2544 - 2553
  • Kamada Y, Funakoshi T, Shintani T, Nagano K, Ohsumi M, Ohsumi Y. Tor-mediated induction of autophagy via an Apg1 protein kinase complex. J Cell Biol 2000; 150:1507 - 1513
  • Hosokawa N, Hara T, Kaizuka T, Kishi C, Takamura A, Miura Y, et al. Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:1981 - 1991
  • Jung CH, Jun CB, Ro SH, Kim YM, Otto NM, Cao J, et al. ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:1992 - 2003
  • Ganley IG, Lam du H, Wang J, Ding X, Chen S, Jiang X. ULK1.ATG13.FIP200 complex mediates mTOR signaling and is essential for autophagy. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12297 - 12305
  • Hara T, Takamura A, Kishi C, Iemura S, Natsume T, Guan JL, et al. FIP200, a ULK-interacting protein, is required for autophagosome formation in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 2008; 181:497 - 510
  • Chan EY, Longatti A, McKnight NC, Tooze SA. Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:157 - 171
  • Kundu M, Lindsten T, Yang CY, Wu J, Zhao F, Zhang J, et al. Ulk1 plays a critical role in the autophagic clearance of mitochondria and ribosomes during reticulocyte maturation. Blood 2008; 112:1493 - 1502
  • Chan EY, Kir S, Tooze SA. siRNA screening of the kinome identifies ULK1 as a multidomain modulator of autophagy. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25464 - 25474
  • Young AR, Chan EY, Hu XW, Köchl R, Crawshaw SG, High S, et al. Starvation and ULK1-dependent cycling of mammalian Atg9 between the TGN and endosomes. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:3888 - 3900
  • Kabeya Y, Mizushima N, Ueno T, Yamamoto A, Kirisako T, Noda T, et al. LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing. EMBO J 2000; 19:5720 - 5728
  • Bjørkøy G, Lamark T, Brech A, Outzen H, Perander M, Overvatn A, et al. p62/SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death. J Cell Biol 2005; 171:603 - 614
  • Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Matsui M, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y. In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:1101 - 1111
  • Contestabile A. Cerebellar granule cells as a model to study mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis or survival in vivo and in vitro. Cerebellum 2002; 1:41 - 55
  • Canu N, Tufi R, Serafino AL, Amadoro G, Ciotti MT, Calissano P. Role of the autophagic-lysosomal system on low potassium-induced apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem 2005; 92:1228 - 1242
  • Boya P, González-Polo RA, Casares N, Perfettini JL, Dessen P, Larochette N, et al. Inhibition of macroautophagy triggers apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1025 - 1040
  • Rich T, Watson CJ, Wyllie A. Apoptosis: the germs of death. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1:69 - 71
  • Pyo JO, Jang MH, Kwon YK, Lee HJ, Jun JI, Woo HN, et al. Essential roles of Atg5 and FADD in autophagic cell death: dissection of autophagic cell death into vacuole formation and cell death. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20722 - 20729
  • Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, et al. Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature 2001; 410:549 - 554
  • Slagsvold HH, Rosseland CM, Jacobs C, Khuong E, Kristoffersen N, Gaarder M, et al. High molecular weight DNA fragments are processed by caspase sensitive or caspase independent pathways in cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res 2003; 984:111 - 121
  • Maycotte P, Guemez-Gamboa A, Moran J. Apoptosis and autophagy in rat cerebellar granule neuron death: Role of reactive oxygen species. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:73 - 85
  • Zhou X, Babu JR, da Silva S, Shu Q, Graef IA, Oliver T, et al. Unc-51-like kinase 1/2-mediated endocytic processes regulate filopodia extension and branching of sensory axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:5842 - 5847
  • Tomoda T, Bhatt RS, Kuroyanagi H, Shirasawa T, Hatten MEA. Mouse serine/threonine kinase homologous to C. elegans UNC51 functions in parallel fiber formation of cerebellar granule neurons. Neuron 1999; 24:833 - 846
  • Chan EY, Longatti A, McKnight NC, Tooze SA. Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:157 - 171
  • Chan EY, Tooze SA. Evolution of Atg1 function and regulation. Autophagy 2009; 5:758 - 765
  • Scott RC, Schuldiner O, Neufeld TP. Role and regulation of starvation-induced autophagy in the Drosophila fat body. Dev Cell 2004; 7:167 - 178
  • Noda T, Ohsumi Y. Tor, a phosphatidylinositol kinase homologue, controls autophagy in yeast. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3963 - 3966
  • Young JE, Martinez RA, La Spada AR. Nutrient deprivation induces neuronal autophagy and implicates reduced insulin signaling in neuroprotective autophagy activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:2363 - 2373
  • Tournier C, Hess P, Yang DD, Xu J, Turner TK, Nimnual A, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870 - 874
  • Courtney MJ, Nicholls DG. Interactions between phospholipase C-coupled and NMDA receptor in cultured cerebellar granule cells: protein kinase C-mediated inhibition of NMDA responses. J Neurochem 1992; 59:983 - 992
  • Kayahara M, Wang X, Tournier C. Selective regulation of c-jun gene expression by the mitogen-activated protein kinases via the TPA-responsive element and the myocyte enhancer factor 2 binding sites. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:3784 - 3792

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.