Calcium orthophosphates

References

• Shepperd J. The early biological history of calcium phosphates. In: Epinette JA, Manley MT, (Eds.) Fifteen years of clinical experience with hydroxyapatite coatings in joint arthroplasty. Springer, France 2004; 3-8.
   Google Scholar
• Berzelius J. Ueber basische phosphorsaure kalkerde. Ann Chem Pharmac 1845; 53:286 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18450530212
   Google Scholar
• Warington R Jr.. Researches on the phosphates of calcium, and upon the solubility of tricalcic phosphate. J Chem Soc 1866; 19:296 - 318; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/js8661900296
   Google Scholar
• Fresenius R. Ueber die Bestimmung der Phosphorsäure im Phosphorit nebst Mittheilung der Analysen des Phosphorits und Staffelits aus dem Lahnthal. Z Anal Chem 1867; 6:403 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347651
   Google Scholar
• Church AH. New analyses of certain mineral arseniates and phosphates. 1. Apatite; 2. Arseniosiderite; 3. Childrenite; 4. Ehlite; 5. Tyrolite; 6. Wavellite. J Chem Soc 1873; 26:101 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/js8732600101
   Google Scholar
• LWJ. On a fine specimen of apatite from Tyrol, lately in the possession of Mr. Samuel Henson. Nature 1883; 27:608 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/027608a0
   Google Scholar
• Tereg A. Das Verhalten der Calciumphosphate im Organismus der Fleischfresser. Pflüger, Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere. Pflügers Archiv Eur J Physiology 1883; 32:122 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01628854
   Google Scholar
• Mohr C. Ueber die quantitative Bestimmung der zurückgegangenen Phosphorsäure und der Phosphorsäure im Dicalciumphosphat. Z Anal Chem 1884; 23:487 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01360583
   Google Scholar
• Glaser C. Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung des Herrn Carl Mohr über die quantitative Bestimmung der zurückgegangenen Phosphorsäure und der Phosphorsäure im Dicalciumphosphat. Z Anal Chem 1885; 24:180; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01366673
   Google Scholar
• Hutchings WM. Occurrence of apatite in slag. Nature 1887; 36:460; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/036460a0
   Google Scholar
• Hilgenstock G. Eine neue Verbindung von P2O5 und CaO. Stahl und Eisen 1883; 3:498
   Google Scholar
• Hilgenstock G. Das vierbasische Kalkphosphat und die Basicitätsstufe des Silicats in der Thomas-Schlacxke. Stahl und Eisen 1887; 7:557 - 60
   Google Scholar
• Scheibler C. Ueber die Herstellung reicher Kalkphosphate in Verbindung mit einer Verbesserung des Thomasprocesses. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 1886; 19:1883 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.18860190258
   Google Scholar
• Georgievics GV. Über das Verhalten des Tricalciumphosphats gegen Kohlensäure und Eisenhydroxyd. Monatsh Chem 1891; 12:566 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538628
   Google Scholar
• Dreesmann H. Ueber Knochenplombierung. Beitr Klin Chir 1892; 9:804 - 10
   Google Scholar
• Cameron FK. The action of water upon the phosphates of calcium. J Am Chem Soc 1904; 26:1454 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02001a007
   Google Scholar
• Cameron FK, Seidell A. The phosphates of calcium. I. J Am Chem Soc 1905; 27:1503 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01990a005
   Google Scholar
• Cameron FK, Bell JM. The phosphates of calcium. II. J Am Chem Soc 1905; 27:1512 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01990a006
   Google Scholar
• Cameron FK, Bell JM. The phosphates of calcium, III; Superphosphate. J Am Chem Soc 1906; 28:1222 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01975a016
   Google Scholar
• Cameron FK, Bell JM. The phosphates of calcium. IV. J Am Chem Soc 1910; 32:869 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01925a003
   Google Scholar
• Bassett H Jr.. Beiträge zum Studium der Calciumphosphate I. Die Hydrate der Calcium-Hydroorthophosphate. Z Anorg Chem 1907; 53:34 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19070530104
   Google Scholar
• Bassett H Jr.. Beiträge zum Studium der Calciumphosphate II. Die Einwirkung von Ammoniakgas auf Calcium-Hydroorthophosphate Z Anorg Chem 1907; 53:49 - 62
   Google Scholar
• Bassett H Jr.. Beiträge zum Studium der Calciumphosphate III. Das System CaO-P2O5-H2O. Z Anorg Chem 1908; 59:1 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19080590102
   Google Scholar
• Bassett H Jr.. The phosphates of calcium. Part IV. The basic phosphates. J Chem Soc 1917; 111:620 - 42
   Google Scholar
• Lide DR. The CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 2005; 86:2544.
   Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ. Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine. Monographs in Oral Science. Karger, Basel 1991; 15:201.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott JC. Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. Studies in inorganic chemistry; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands 1994; 18:389.
   Google Scholar
• Amjad Z, ed. Calcium phosphates in biological and industrial systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston MA USA 1997; 529.
   Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphates. J Mater Sci 2007; 42:1061 - 95; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1467-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphates in nature, biology and medicine. Materials 2009; 2:399 - 498; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma2020399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohura K, Bohner M, Hardouin P, Lemaître J, Pasquier G, Flautre B. Resorption of, and bone formation from, new beta-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate cements: an in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res 1996; 30:193 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<193::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-M; PMID: 9019484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Bouler JM, LeGeros RZ. Adaptive crystal formation in normal and pathological calcifications in synthetic calcium phosphate and related biomaterials. Int Rev Cytol 1997; 172:129 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)62360-8; PMID: 9102393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantelar E, Lifante G, Calderón T, Meléndrez R, Millán A, Alvarez MA, et al. Optical characterisation of rare earths in natural fluorapatite. J Alloy Comp 2001; 323:851 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01159-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro HB, Guedes KJ, Pinheiro MVB, Greulich-Weber S, Krambrock K. About the blue and green colours in natural fluorapatite. Phys Status Solidi, C Conf Crit Rev 2005; 2:720 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200460274
   Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV, Epple M. Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:3130 - 46; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3130::AID-ANIE3130>3.0.CO;2-1; PMID: 12207375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell D. Apatite: its crystal chemistry, mineralogy, utilization, and geologic and biologic occurrences. Applied Mineralogy. Springer-Verlag: Vienna and New York USA 1973; 5:111.
   Google Scholar
• Becker P. Phosphates and phosphoric acid: raw materials technology and economics of the wet process. Fertilizer science and technology series. Marcel Dekker: New York USA 1989; 2:760.
   Google Scholar
• Smith DK. Calcium phosphate apatites in nature. In: Hydroxyapatite and related materials. Brown PW, Constantz B, Eds. CRC Press Inc.: Boca Raton FL USA 1994; 29-44.
   Google Scholar
• Angelov AI, Levin BV, Chernenko YD. Phosphate ore. A reference book. (in Russian). Nedra Busyness Centre: Moscow 2000; 120.
   Google Scholar
• Cook PJ, Shergold JH, Davidson DF, eds. Phosphate deposits of the world: phosphate rock resources. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge MA USA 2005; 2:600.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang JZ, Guo L, Fischer CJ. Abundance and chemical speciation of phosphorus in sediments of the Mackenzie river delta, the Chukchi sea and the Bering sea: importance of detrital apatite. Aquat Geochem 2010; 16:353 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10498-009-9081-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omelon SJ, Grynpas MD. Relationships between polyphosphate chemistry, biochemistry and apatite biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4694 - 715; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0782527; PMID: 18975924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis I. Phosphorite geochemistry: state-of-the-art and environmental concerns. Eclogae Geol Helv 1994; 87:643 - 700
   Google Scholar
• Glenn CR. Phosphorus and phosphorites: sedimentology and environments of formation. Eclogae Geol Helv 1994; 87:747 - 88
   Google Scholar
• McClellan GH. Mineralogy of carbonate fluorapatites (Francolites). J Geological Soc 1980; 137:675 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.137.6.0675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcarthur JM. Francolite geochemistry-compositional controls during formation, diagenesis, metamorphism and weathering. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1985; 49:23 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90188-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuffert JD, Kastner M, Emanuele G, Jahnke RA. Carbonate-ion substitution in francolite: a new equation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1990; 54:2323 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90058-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Fleet ME. Compositions of the apatite-group minerals: substitution mechanisms and controlling factors. In: Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological and materials importance. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Hughes JM, Kohn M, Rakovan J, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC USA 2002; 48:13-49.
   Google Scholar
• Zanin YN. The classification of calcium phosphates of phosphorites. Lithol Miner Resour 2004; 39:281 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:LIMI.0000027613.56744.c8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AF. Collophane, a much neglected mineral. Am J Sci 1922; 3:269 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s5-3.16.269
   Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky YG, Yarygin VI, Shokarev MM. Colloid calcium phosphate (collophan) in the composition of urinary calculi. Urologiya i Nefrologiya 1977; 42:27 - 32
   Google Scholar
• http://www.mindat.org/min-10072.html (accessed in September 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Elorza J, Astibia H, Murelaga X, Pereda-Suberbiola X. Francolite as a diagenetic mineral in dinosaur and other upper cretaceous reptile bones (Lano, Iberian peninsula): microstructural, petrological and geochemical features. Cretac Res 1999; 20:169 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cres.1999.0144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert B, Álvaro JJ, Chen JY. Microbially mediated phosphatization in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Lagerstätte, South China. Bull Soc Geol Fr 2005; 176:355 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.4.355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao S, Zhang Y, Knoll AH. Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a neoproterozoic phosphorite. Nature 1998; 391:553 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao S, Yuan X, Knoll AH. Eumetazoan fossils in terminal proterozoic phosphorites?. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13684 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.250491697; PMID: 11095754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakhmouradian AR, Medici L. Clinohydroxylapatite: a new apatite-group mineral from northwestern Ontario (Canada), and new data on the extent of Na-S substitution in natural apatites. Eur J Mineral 2006; 18:105 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=9293 (accessed in October 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Klein C. Brushite from the island of Mona (between Haiti and Puerto Rico). Sitzber K Preuss Aka 1901; 720-5.
   Google Scholar
• Merrill GP. On the calcium phosphate in meteoric stones. Am J Sci 1917; 43:322 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-43.256.322
   Google Scholar
• Tyrrell GW. Apatite, nepheline and rare-earth mining in the Kola Peninsula. Nature 1938; 141:354 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/141354a0
   Google Scholar
• Kogarko LN. Problems of the genesis of giant apatite and rare metal deposits of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits 1999; 41:351 - 66
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AK. A remarkable crystal of apatite from Mt. Apatite, Auburn, Maine. Am J Sci 1917; 44:245 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-44.261.245
   Google Scholar
• Hogarth DD. The discovery of apatite on the Lievre River, Quebec. Mineral Rec 1974; 5:178 - 82
   Google Scholar
• van Velthuizen J. Giant fluorapatite crystals: a question of locality. Mineral Rec 1992; 23:459 - 63
   Google Scholar
• Trueman NA. Substitutions for phosphate ions in apatite. Nature 1966; 210:937 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/210937a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilinskaya LG. Organic radicals in natural apatites according to EPR data: potential genetic and paleoclimatic indicators. J Struct Chem 2010; 51:471 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10947-010-0069-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilinskaya LG. A stable perinaphthenyl radical in natural apatites. J Struct Chem 2010; 51:761 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10947-010-0112-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Salcedo S, Vila M, Izquierdo-Barba I, Cicuéndez M, Vallet-Regí M. Biopolymer-coated hydroxyapatite foams: a new antidote for heavy metal intoxication. J Mater Chem 2010; 20:6956 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01260b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White T, Ferraris C, Kim J, Madhavi S. Apatite—an adaptive framework structure. In: Micro- and mesoporous mineral phases. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Ferraris G, Merlino S, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC USA 2005; 57:307-401.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob KD, Reynolds DS. Reduction of tricalcium phosphate by carbon. Ind Eng Chem 1928; 20:1204 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50227a027
   Google Scholar
• Emsley J. The shocking history of phosphorus: a biography of the devil’s element. Pan Books, Macmillan UK 2001; 336.
   Google Scholar
• van der Sluis S, Meszaros Y, Marchee WGJ, Wesselingh HA, van Rosmalen GM. The digestion of phosphate ore in phosphoric acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 1987; 26:2501 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00072a020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Fundamentals of the wet-process phosphoric acid production. 1. Kinetics and mechanism of the phosphate rock dissolution. Ind Eng Chem Res 1996; 35:4328 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie960092u
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Fundamentals of the wet-process phosphoric acid production. 2. kinetics and mechanism of CaSO4·0.5H2O surface crystallization and coating formation. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997; 36:467 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie960219f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Ecological principles of wet-process phosphoric acid technology. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1998; 71:227 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199803)71:3<227::AID-JCTB801>3.0.CO;2-E
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copson RL, Newton RH, Lindsay JD. Superphosphate manufacture—mixing phosphate rook with concentrated phosphoric acid. Ind Eng Chem 1936; 28:923 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50320a012
   Google Scholar
• Newton RH, Copson RL. Superphosphate manufacture—composition of superphosphate made from phosphate rock and concentrated phosphoric acid. Ind Eng Chem 1936; 28:1182 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50322a014
   Google Scholar
• Rossete ALRM, Carneiro JMT, Bendassolli JA, Tavares CRO, Sant’Ana Filho CR. Production of single superphosphate labeled with 34S. Scientia Agricola 2008; 65:91 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162008000100013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magda A, Pode V, Niculescu M, Muntean C, Bandur G, Iovi A. Studies on process of obtaining the fertilizers based on ammonium phosphates with addition of boric acid. Rev Chim Bucharest 2008; 59:1340 - 4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouzeid AZM. Upgrading of phosphate ores—a review. Powder Handling and Processing 2007; 19:92 - 109
   Google Scholar
• Abouzeid AZM. Physical and thermal treatment of phosphate ores—an overview. Int J Miner Process 2008; 85:59 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2007.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey C, Combes C, Drouet C, Sfihi H. Chemical diversity of apatites. Adv Sci Technol 2006; 49:27 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.49.27
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill WC. The fallacy of the calcium-phosphorus product. Kidney Int 2007; 72:792 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002412; PMID: 17609689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ. Formation and transformation of calcium phosphates: relevance to vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 2001; 90:Suppl 3 116 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003920170032; PMID: 11374023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker A, Epple M, Müller KM, Schmitz I. A comparative study of clinically well-characterized human atherosclerotic plaques with histological, chemical, and ultrastructural methods. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:2032 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.09.006; PMID: 15541492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wopenka B, Pasteris JD. A mineralogical perspective on the apatite in bone. Mater Sci Eng C 2005; 25:131 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Valsami-Jones E. Bone and tooth mineralization: why apatite?. Elements 2008; 4:97 - 104; http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.2.97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Hanley EN Jr.. Calcium-containing crystals and osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Orthop 2007; 18:472 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BCO.0b013e32825e1d95
   Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, LeGeros RZ, Mitre D. Crystal dissolution of biological and ceramic apatites. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 45:95 - 103; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02561408; PMID: 2505900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-Thorp JA, van der Merwe NJ. Aspects of the chemistry of modern and fossil biological apatites. J Archaeol Sci 1991; 18:343 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(91)90070-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigi A, Foresti E, Gregorini R, Ripamonti A, Roveri N, Shah JS. The role of magnesium on the structure of biological apatites. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 50:439 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296775; PMID: 1596779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano T, Kaibara K, Tabata Y, Nagata N, Enomoto S, Marukawa E, et al. Unique alignment and texture of biological apatite crystallites in typical calcified tissues analyzed by microbeam X-ray diffractometer system. Bone 2002; 31:479 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00850-5; PMID: 12398943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grynpas MD, Omelon S. Transient precursor strategy or very small biological apatite crystals?. Bone 2007; 41:162 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.04.176; PMID: 17537689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Sasaki K, Ferrara JD, Akiyama K, Sasaki T, Nakano T. Evaluation of preferential alignment of biological apatite (BAp) crystallites in bone using transmission X-ray diffraction optics. J Jpn Ins Metal 2009; 73:786 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishimoto T, Sakamoto T, Nakano T. Orientation of biological apatite in rat calvaria analyzed by microbeam X-ray diffractometer. Mater Sci Forum 2010; 638:576 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.576
   Google Scholar
• Danil’chenko SN, Kulik AN, Bugai AN, Pavlenko PA, Kalinichenko TG, Ul’yanchich NV, et al. Thermally activated diffusion of magnesium from bioapatite crystals. J Appl Spectrosc 2005; 72:899 - 905
   Google Scholar
• Passey BH, Robinson TF, Ayliffe LK, Cerling TE, Sphonheimer M, Dearing MD, et al. Carbon isotopic fractionation between diet, breath and bioapatite in different mammals. J Arch Sci 2005; 32:1459 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneghini C, Dalconi MC, Nuzzo S, Mobilio S, Wenk RH. Rietveld refinement on x-ray diffraction patterns of bioapatite in human fetal bones. Biophys J 2003; 84:2021 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75010-3; PMID: 12609904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagle RA, Schauble EA, Tripati AK, Tütken T, Hulbert RC, Eiler JM. Body temperatures of modern and extinct vertebrates from (13)C-(18)O bond abundances in bioapatite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10377 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911115107; PMID: 20498092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner HCW. Biominerals. Mineral Mag 2005; 69:621 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461056950275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G. Physicochemical and ultrastructural analysis of bone bioactive interface. Biomater Tissue Int 1992; 10:296 - 304
   Google Scholar
• Lowenstam HA, Weiner S. On biomineralization. New York: Oxford University Press 1989; 324.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Wagner HD. Material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu Rev Mater Sci 1998; 28:271 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limeback H. Molecular mechanisms in dental hard tissue mineralization. Curr Opin Dent 1991; 1:826 - 35; PMID: 1666963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Driessens FCM, Verbeeck RMH. Biominerals. CRC Press: Boca Raton FL USA 1990; 440.
   Google Scholar
• Clark NA. The system P2O5-CaO-H2O and the recrystallization of monocalcium phosphate. J Phys Chem 1931; 35:1232 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150323a005
   Google Scholar
• Brown PW. Phase relationships in the ternary system CaO-P2O5-H2O at 25°C. J Am Ceram Soc 1992; 75:17 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05435.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin RI, Brown PW. Phase equilibria among acid calcium phosphates. J Am Ceram Soc 1997; 80:1263 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02973.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreidler ER, Hummel FA. Phase relationships in the system SrO-P2O5 and the influence of water vapor on the formation of Sr4P2O9. Inorg Chem 1967; 6:884 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic50051a007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carayon MT, Lacout JL. Study of the Ca/P atomic ratio of the amorphous phase in plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. J Solid State Chem 2003; 172:339 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00085-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White TJ, ZhiLi D. Structural derivation and crystal chemistry of apatites. Acta Crystallogr B 2003; 59:1 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768102019894; PMID: 12554967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew M, Takagi S. Structures of biological minerals in dental research. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2001; 106:1035 - 44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes JM, Rakovan J. The crystal structure of apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl). In: Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological and materials importance. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Hughes JM, Kohn M, Rakovan J, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2002; 48:1-12.
   Google Scholar
• Wang L, Nancollas GH. Calcium orthophosphates: crystallization and dissolution. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4628 - 69; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0782574; PMID: 18816145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn AK, Bonfield W. A novel method for the simultaneous, titrant-free control of pH and calcium phosphate mass yield. Acc Chem Res 2005; 38:202 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar040234d; PMID: 15766239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León B, Jansen JJ, eds. Thin calcium phosphate coatings for medical implants. Springer: New York USA 2009; 326.
   Google Scholar
• Chow LC. Next generation calcium phosphate-based biomaterials. Dent Mater J 2009; 28:1 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.28.1; PMID: 19280963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa K. Bone substitute fabrication based on dissolution-precipitation reactions. Materials 2010; 3:1138 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma3021138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández E, Gil FJ, Ginebra MP, Driessens FCM, Planell JA, Best SM. Calcium phosphate bone cements for clinical applications. Part I: solution chemistry. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1999; 10:169 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008937507714; PMID: 15348165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell H, Gregory TM, Brown WE. Solubility of Ca5(PO4)3OH in the system Ca(OH)2-H3PO4-H2O at 5, 15, 25 and 37°C. J Res Natl Bur Stand Sect A Phys Chem 1977; 81:273-81.
   Google Scholar
• Pan HB, Darvell BW. Calcium phosphate solubility: the need for re-evaluation. Cryst Growth Des 2009; 9:639 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg801118v
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonchom B. Parallelogram-like microparticles of calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O) obtained by a rapid precipitation route in aqueous and acetone media. J Alloy Comp 2009; 482:199 - 202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.03.157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köster K, Heide H, König R. Resorbierbare Calciumphosphatkeramik im Tierexperiment unter Belastung. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1977; 343:173 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01267989; PMID: 846277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bermúdez O, Boltong MG, Driessens FCM, Planell JA. Optimization of a calcium orthophosphate cement formulation occurring in the combination of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate with calcium oxide. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1994; 5:67 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermúdez O, Boltong MG, Driessens FCM, Planell JA. Development of some calcium phosphate cements from combinations of α-TCP, MCPM and CaO. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1994; 5:160 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessens FCM, Boltong MG, Bermúdez O, Planell JA, Ginebra MP, Fernández E. Effective formulations for the preparation of calcium phosphate bone cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1994; 5:164 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huan Z, Chang J. Novel bioactive composite bone cements based on the beta-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate monohydrate composite cement system. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1253 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.10.006; PMID: 18996779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budavari S, O’Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE, Kinneary JF, eds. The Merck Index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals. Chapman & Hall: USA 1996; 12:1741.
   Google Scholar
• Stein HH, Kadzere CT, Kim SW, Miller PS. Influence of dietary phosphorus concentration on the digestibility of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate by growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1861 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-0867; PMID: 18441069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To honor Prof. George Jarvis Brush (1831–1912), an American mineralogist, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira A, Oliveira C, Rocha F. The different phases in the precipitation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. J Cryst Growth 2003; 252:599 - 611; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(03)00899-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira C, Ferreira A, Rocha F. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate precipitation: characterization and crystal growth. Chem Eng Res Des 2007; 85:1655 - 61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivkumar GR, Girija EK, Kalkura SN, Subramanian C. Crystallization and characterization of calcium phosphates: brushite and monetite. Cryst Res Technol 1997; 33:197 - 205; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4079(1998)33:2<197::AID-CRAT197>3.0.CO;2-K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhurambal G, Subha R, Mojumdar SC. Crystallization and thermal characterization of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystals. J Therm Anal Calorim 2009; 96:73 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9841-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDowell H, Brown WE, Sutter JR. Solubility study of calcium hydrogenphosphate. Ion pair formation. Inorg Chem 1971; 10:1638 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic50102a020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landin M, Rowe RC, York P. Structural changes during the dehydration of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. Eur J Pharm Sci 1994; 2:245 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0928-0987(94)90029-9
   Google Scholar
• Curry NA, Jones DW. Crystal structure of brushite, calcium hydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate: a neutron-diffraction investigation. J Chem Soc A Inorg Phys Theoret Chem 1971; 3725-9.
   Google Scholar
• Arsic J, Kaminski D, Poodt P, Vlieg E. Liquid ordering at the brushite-{010}-water interface. Phys Rev B 2004; 69:245406 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.69.245406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan HB, Darvell BW. Solubility of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate by solid titration. Caries Res 2009; 43:254 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000217857; PMID: 19439946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundager-Madsen HE. Optical properties of synthetic crystals of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O). J Cryst Growth 2008; 310:617 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.11.110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu SR, Orme CA. Dynamics of biomineral formation at the near-molecular level. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4784 - 822; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr800322u; PMID: 19006401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurashina K, Kurita H, Hirano M, Kotani A, Klein CP, de Groot K. In vivo study of calcium phosphate cements: implantation of an alpha-tricalcium phosphate/dicalcium phosphate dibasic/tetracalcium phosphate monoxide cement paste. Biomaterials 1997; 18:539 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00162-7; PMID: 9105593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessens FCM, Planell JA, Boltong MG, Khairoun I, Ginebra MP. Osteotransductive bone cements. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 1998; 212:427 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411981534196; PMID: 9852738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi S, Chow LC, Ishikawa K. Formation of hydroxyapatite in new calcium phosphate cements. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1593 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00119-1; PMID: 9830985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto H, Niwa S, Hori M, Hattori T, Sawai K, Aoki S, et al. Mechanical strength of calcium phosphate cement in vivo and in vitro. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1587 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00121-X; PMID: 9830984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crall JJ, Bjerga JM. Effects of DCPD/APF application and prolonged exposure to fluoride on caries-like lesion formation in vitro. J Oral Pathol 1987; 16:488 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1987.tb00678.x; PMID: 3127561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wefel JS, Harless JD. The use of saturated DCPD in remineralization of artificial caries lesions in vitro. J Dent Res 1987; 66:1640 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660110701; PMID: 10872398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenbrouwers PM, Groenendijk E, Tewarie NR, Driessens FCM. Improvement of the caries resistance of human dental roots by a two-step conversion of the root mineral into fluoridated hydroxylapatite. J Dent Res 1988; 67:1254 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670100101; PMID: 3170878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffar A, Blake-Haskins J, Mellberg J. In vivo studies with a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate/MFP system for caries prevention. Int Dent J 1993; 43:Suppl 1 81 - 8; PMID: 8478133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sullivan RJ, Charig A, Blake-Haskins J, Zhang YP, Miller SM, Strannick M, et al. In vivo detection of calcium from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate dentifrices in demineralized human enamel and plaque. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11:380 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110040201; PMID: 9470494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mostashari SM, Haddadi H, Hashempoor Z. Effect of deposited calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate on the flame retardancy imparted to cotton fabric. Asian J Chem 2006; 18:2388 - 90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powditch HI, Bosworth AW. Studies on infant feeding. IX. The availability of dicalcium phosphate when present as a constituent of infant’s food. Boston Med Surg J 1917; 177:864 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM191712201772502
   Google Scholar
• For Moneta (now Monito) Island (archipelago of Puerto Rico), which contains a notable occurrence.
   Google Scholar
• Tas AC. Monetite (CaHPO4) synthesis in ethanol at room temperature. J Am Ceram Soc 2009; 92:2907 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03351.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen GG, Luo GS, Yang LM, Xu JH, Sun Y, Wang JD. Synthesis and size control of CaHPO4 particles in a two-liquid phase micro-mixing process. J Cryst Growth 2005; 279:501 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.02.069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki T, Sivaprakasam K, Tantry J, Suryanarayanan R. Physical characterization of dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and anhydrate. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:905 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21443; PMID: 18563795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshtiagh-Hosseini H, Houssaindokht MR, Chahkandhi M, Youssefi A. Preparation of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, DCPA, through sol-gel process, identification and phase transformation evaluation. J Non-Cryst Solids 2008; 354:3854 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.04.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukase Y, Eanes ED, Takagi S, Chow LC, Brown WE. Setting reactions and compressive strengths of calcium phosphate cements. J Dent Res 1990; 69:1852 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690121201; PMID: 2250090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TenHuisen KS, Brown PW. The formation of hydroxyapatite-ionomer cements at 38 ° C. J Dent Res 1994; 73:598 - 606; PMID: 8163730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández E, Ginebra MP, Boltong MG, Driessens FCM, Ginebra J, De Maeyer EA, et al. Kinetic study of the setting reaction of a calcium phosphate bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res 1996; 32:367 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199611)32:3<367::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-Q; PMID: 8897141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández E, Gil FJ, Best SM, Ginebra MP, Driessens FCM, Planell JA. The cement setting reaction in the CaHPO4-alpha-Ca3(PO4)2 system: an X-ray diffraction study. J Biomed Mater Res 1998; 42:403 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19981205)42:3<403::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-N; PMID: 9788502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández E, Gil FJ, Ginebra MP, Driessens FCM, Planell JA, Best SM. Production and characterization of new calcium phosphate bone cements in the CaHPO4-alpha-Ca3(PO4)2 system: pH, workability and setting times. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1999; 10:223 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008958112257; PMID: 15348155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai TR, Bhaduri SB, Tas AC. A self-setting, monetite (CaHPO4) cement for skeletal repair. Ceram Eng Sci Proc 2006; 27:61 - 9
   Google Scholar
• Sturgeon JL, Brown PW. Effects of carbonate on hydroxyapatite formed from CaHPO(4) and Ca(4)(PO(4))(2)O. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20:1787 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3752-y; PMID: 19536641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, Li W, Yu X, Sun K. Study of the cohesion of TTCP/DCPA phosphate cement through evolution of cohesion time and remaining percentage. J Mater Sci 2009; 44:828 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-3126-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamimi F, Torres J, Bassett D, Barralet J, Cabarcos EL. Resorption of monetite granules in alveolar bone defects in human patients. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2762 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.039; PMID: 20045555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takami K, Machimura H, Takado K, Inagaki M, Kawashima Y. Novel preparation of free flowing spherically granulated dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous for direct tabletting. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996; 44:868 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.44.868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ. Preparation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP): a direct fast method. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37:194 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02554841; PMID: 3924374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigi A, Boanini E, Borghi M, Cojazzi G, Panzavolta S, Roveri N. Synthesis and hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate: effect of sodium polyacrylate. J Inorg Biochem 1999; 75:145 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(99)00047-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakahira A, Aoki S, Sakamoto K, Yamaguchi S. Synthesis and evaluation of various layered octacalcium phosphates by wet-chemical processing. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001; 12:793 - 800; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017968818168; PMID: 15348226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton RM, Liu Y, Cooper PR, Gbureck U, German MJ, Barralet JE. Bone marrow cell gene expression and tissue construct assembly using octacalcium phosphate microscaffolds. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2874 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.031; PMID: 16439012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellano-Jiménez MJ, García-García R, Reyes-Gasga J. Synthesis and hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate and its characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. J Phys Chem Solids 2009; 70:390 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki O. Octacalcium phosphate: osteoconductivity and crystal chemistry. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3379 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.002; PMID: 20371385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyatake N, Kishimoto KN, Anada T, Imaizumi H, Itoi E, Suzuki O. Effect of partial hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate on its osteoconductive characteristics. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1005 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.058; PMID: 19027945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boanini E, Gazzano M, Rubini K, Bigi A. Collapsed octacalcium phosphate stabilized by ionic substitutions. Cryst Growth Des 2010; 10:3612 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg100494f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WE, Mathew M, Tung MS. Crystal chemistry of octacalcium phosphate. Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact 1981; 4:59 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-3535(81)90048-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew M, Brown WE, Schroeder L, Dickens B. Crystal structure of octacalcium bis(hydrogenphosphate) tetrakis(phosphate) pentahydrate, Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4·5H2O. J Crystallogr Spectrosc Res 1988; 18:235 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WE. Octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite: crystal structure of octacalcium phosphate. Nature 1962; 196:1048 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1961048b0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WE, Smith JP, Lehr JR, Frazier AW. Octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite: crystallographic and chemical relations between octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. Nature 1962; 196:1050 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1961050a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan HB, Darvell BW. Solid titration of octacalcium phosphate. Caries Res 2009; 43:322 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000226231; PMID: 19556792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Geros RZ. Variations in the crystalline components of human dental calculus. I. Crystallographic and spectroscopic methods of analysis. J Dent Res 1974; 53:45 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345740530012801; PMID: 4520446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder HE. Formation and inhibition of dental calculus. J Periodontol 1969; 40:643 - 6; PMID: 5260623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow LC, Eanes ED, eds. Octacalcium phosphate. Monographs in Oral Science. Karger: Basel, Switzerland 2001; 18:167.
   Google Scholar
• Kakei M, Sakae T, Yoshikawa M. Electron microscopy of octacalcium phosphate in the dental calculus. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 2009; 58:393 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfp034; PMID: 19561133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WE. Crystal growth of bone mineral. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1966; 44:205 - 20; PMID: 5910250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson DGA, Wood GJ, Barry JC, Featherstone JDB. The structure of (100) defects in carbonated apatite crystallites: a high resolution electron microscope study. Ultramicroscopy 1986; 19:253 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(86)90213-5; PMID: 3765183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iijima M, Nelson DGA, Pan Y, Kreinbrink AT, Adachi M, Goto T, et al. Fluoride analysis of apatite crystals with a central planar OCP inclusion: concerning the role of F- ions on apatite/OCP/apatite structure formation. Calcif Tissue Int 1996; 59:377 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900143; PMID: 8849405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodier-Houllé P, Steuer P, Voegel JC, Cuisinier FJG. First experimental evidence for human dentine crystal formation involving conversion of octacalcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 1998; 54:1377 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444998005769; PMID: 10089513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoba T, Komatsu H, Shimazu Y, Yagishita H, Taya Y. Enamel mineralization and an initial crystalline phase. Connect Tissue Res 1998; 38:129 - 37, discussion 139-45; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03008209809017029; PMID: 11063022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Hernández AG, Fernández ME, Carbajal-de-la-Torre G, García-García R, Reyes-Gasga J. Electron microscopy analysis of the central dark line defect of the human tooth enamel. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 2005; 839:157-62.
   Google Scholar
• Tomazic BB, Brown WE, Schoen FJ. Physicochemical properties of calcific deposits isolated from porcine bioprosthetic heart valves removed from patients following 2-13 years function. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28:35 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820280106; PMID: 8126027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nancollas GH, Wu W. Biomineralization mechanisms: a kinetics and interfacial energy approach. J Cryst Growth 2000; 211:137 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00816-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamakura S, Sasano Y, Homma H, Suzuki O, Kagayama M, Motegi K. Implantation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in rat skull defects enhances bone repair. J Dent Res 1999; 78:1682 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345990780110401; PMID: 10576163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamakura S, Sasano Y, Homma H, Suzuki O, Kagayama M, Motegi K. Implantation of octacalcium phosphate nucleates isolated bone formation in rat skull defects. Oral Dis 2001; 7:259 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.70410.x; PMID: 11575878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargolzaei-Aval F, Sobhani A, Arab MR, Sarani SA, Heydari MH. The efficacy of implant of octacalcium phosphate in combination with bone matrix gelatin (BMG) on bone regeneration in skull defects in rat. Iran J Med Sci 2004; 29:124 - 9
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki O, Kamakura S, Katagiri T, Nakamura M, Zhao B, Honda Y, et al. Bone formation enhanced by implanted octacalcium phosphate involving conversion into Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2671 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.004; PMID: 16413054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki O, Imaizumi H, Kamakura S, Katagiri T. Bone regeneration by synthetic octacalcium phosphate and its role in biological mineralization. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15:305 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708783497283; PMID: 18288986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikawa T, Kashimoto O, Imaizumi H, Kokubun S, Suzuki O. Intramembranous bone tissue response to biodegradable octacalcium phosphate implant. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1756 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.12.008; PMID: 19136321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami Y, Honda Y, Anada T, Shimauchi H, Suzuki O. Comparative study on bone regeneration by synthetic octacalcium phosphate with various granule sizes. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1542 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.023; PMID: 19837192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao J, Jiang W, Zhai H, Pan H, Xu X, Tang R. Structural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviors in one hexagonal single crystal of β-tricalcium phosphate. Cryst Growth Des 2008; 8:2227 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg700808h
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao J, Pan H, Zhai H, Wang J, Li L, Wu J, et al. Controls of tricalcium phosphate single-crystal formation from its amorphous precursor by interfacial energy. Cryst Growth Des 2009; 9:3154 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg801130w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou XJ, Mao KY, Chen DF. Bone formation performance of beta-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone. J Clin Rehabil Tiss Eng Res 2008; 12:9627 - 30
   Google Scholar
• Dickens B, Schroeder LW, Brown WE. Crystallographic studies of the role of Mg as a stabilizing impurity in β-Ca3(PO4)2. I. The crystal structure of pure β-Ca3(PO4)2. J Solid State Chem 1974; 10:232 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(74)90030-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder LW, Dickens B, Brown WE. Crystallographic studies of the role of Mg as a stabilizing impurity in β-Ca3(PO4)2. II. Refinement of Mg-containing β-Ca3(PO4)2. J Solid State Chem 1977; 22:253 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(77)90002-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito A, LeGeros RZ. Magnesium- and zinc-substituted beta-tricalcium phosphates as potential bone substitute biomaterials. Key Eng Mater 2008; 377:85 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.377.85
   Google Scholar
• Kannan S, Goetz-Neunhoeffer F, Neubauer J, Ferreira JMF. Synthesis and structure refinement of zinc-doped β-tricalcium phosphate powders. J Am Ceram Soc 2009; 92:1592 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03093.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan S, Goetz-Neunhoeffer F, Neubauer J, Pina S, Torres PMC, Ferreira JMF. Synthesis and structural characterization of strontium- and magnesium-co-substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:571 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.009; PMID: 19679202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo JC, Sader MS, Moreira EL, Moraes VCA, LeGeros RZ, Soares GA. Maximum substitution of magnesium for calcium sites in Mg-β-TCP structure determined by X-ray powder diffraction with the Rietveld refinement. Mater Chem Phys 2009; 118:337 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.07.064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlinsey RL, Mackey AC. Solid-state preparation and dental application of an organically modified calcium phosphate. J Mater Sci 2009; 44:346 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-3068-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlinsey RL, Mackey AC, Walker ER, Frederick KE. Preparation, characterization and in vitro efficacy of an acid-modified beta-TCP material for dental hard-tissue remineralization. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:969 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.034; PMID: 19716443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlinsey RL, Mackey AC, Walker ER, Frederick KE. Surfactant-modified beta-TCP: structure, properties, and in vitro remineralization of subsurface enamel lesions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21:2009 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4064-y; PMID: 20364363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yashima M, Sakai A, Kamiyama T, Hoshikawa A. Crystal structure analysis of β-tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 by neutron powder diffraction. J Solid State Chem 2003; 175:272 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00279-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X, Stott MJ, Rubio A. α- and β-tricalcium phosphate: a density functional study. Phys Rev B 2003; 68:205205 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.68.205205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang L, Rulis P, Ching WY. Mechanical properties, electronic structure and bonding of alpha- and beta-tricalcium phosphates with surface characterization. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3763 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.03.033; PMID: 20359555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar AR, Kalainathan S. Microhardness studies on calcium hydrogen phosphate (brushite) crystals. Mater Res Bull 2010; 45:1664 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan HB, Darvell BW. Solubility of TTCP and beta-TCP by solid titration. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:671 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.001; PMID: 19414172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Itoh S, Yamamoto N, Okawa A, Nagai A, Yamashita K. Electrical polarization of β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2010; 93:2175 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03710.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodaka T, Debari K, Higashi S. Magnesium-containing crystals in human dental calculus. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 1988; 37:73 - 80; PMID: 3411274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid JD, Andersen ME. Medial calcification (whitlockite) in the aorta. Atherosclerosis 1993; 101:213 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(93)90118-E; PMID: 8379966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotchford CA, Ali SY. Magnesium whitlockite deposition in articular cartilage: a study of 80 specimens from 70 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:339 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.54.5.339; PMID: 7794037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P’ng CH, Boadle R, Horton M, Bilous M, Bonar F. Magnesium whitlockite of the aorta. Pathology 2008; 40:539 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00313020802198044; PMID: 18604748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirtchi AA, Lemaître J, Munting E. Calcium phosphate cements: study of the beta-tricalcium phosphate--dicalcium phosphate--calcite cements. Biomaterials 1990; 11:83 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(90)90121-6; PMID: 2156575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirtchi AA, Lemaître J, Munting E. Calcium phosphate cements: effect of fluorides on the setting and hardening of beta-tricalcium phosphate-dicalcium phosphate-calcite cements. Biomaterials 1991; 12:505 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(91)90150-9; PMID: 1892987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaître J, Munting E, Mirtchi AA. Setting, hardening and resorption of calcium phosphate hydraulic cements. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 1992; 93:163 - 5; PMID: 1323872
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellinger RF, Nery EB, Lynch KL. Histological assessment of periodontal osseous defects following implantation of hydroxyapatite and biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1986; 6:22 - 33; PMID: 3015813
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nery EB, Lynch KL, Hirthe WM, Mueller KH. Bioceramic implants in surgically produced infrabony defects. J Periodontol 1975; 46:328 - 47; PMID: 1056997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metsger DS, Driskell TD, Paulsrud JR. Tricalcium phosphate ceramic--a resorbable bone implant: review and current status. J Am Dent Assoc 1982; 105:1035 - 8; PMID: 6818267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galois L, Mainard D, Delagoutte JP. Beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic as a bone substitute in orthopaedic surgery. Int Orthop 2002; 26:109 - 15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-001-0329-x; PMID: 12078872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogose A, Hotta T, Kawashima H, Kondo N, Gu W, Kamura T, et al. Comparison of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate as bone substitutes after excision of bone tumors. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 72:94 - 101; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30136; PMID: 15376187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horch HH, Sader R, Pautke C, Neff A, Deppe H, Kolk A. Synthetic, pure-phase beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic granules (Cerasorb) for bone regeneration in the reconstructive surgery of the jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:708 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2006.03.017; PMID: 16690249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogose A, Kondo N, Umezu H, Hotta T, Kawashima H, Tokunaga K, et al. Histological assessment in grafts of highly purified beta-tricalcium phosphate (OSferion) in human bones. Biomaterials 2006; 27:1542 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.08.034; PMID: 16165205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamitakahara M, Ohtsuki C, Miyazaki T. Review paper: behavior of ceramic biomaterials derived from tricalcium phosphate in physiological condition. J Biomater Appl 2008; 23:197 - 212; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328208096798; PMID: 18996965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Pei GX, Shan J, Ren GH. New porous beta-tricalcium phosphate as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Clin Rehabil Tiss Eng Res 2008; 12:4563 - 7
   Google Scholar
• Epstein NE. Beta tricalcium phosphate: observation of use in 100 posterolateral lumbar instrumented fusions. Spine J 2009; 9:630 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2009.04.007; PMID: 19501025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shayegan A, Petein M, Vanden Abbeele A. The use of beta-tricalcium phosphate, white MTA, white Portland cement and calcium hydroxide for direct pulp capping of primary pig teeth. Dent Traumatol 2009; 25:413 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.2009.00799.x; PMID: 19519859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güngörmüş C, Kılıç A, Akay MT, Kolankaya D. The effects of maternal exposure to food additive E341 (tricalcium phosphate) on foetal development of rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 29:111 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2009.11.006; PMID: 21787591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner ML, Salminen WF, Larson PR, Barter RA, Kranetz JL, Simon GS. Toxicological review of inorganic phosphates. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:759 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00028-X; PMID: 11434984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokic B, Jankovic-Castvan I, Veljovic DJ, Bucevac D, Obradovic-Djuricic K, Petrovic R, et al. Synthesis and settings behavior of α-TCP from calcium deficient hyroxyapatite obtained by hydrothermal method. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 2007; 9:1904 - 10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurse RW, Welch JB, Gun W. High-temperature phase equilibria in the system dicalcium silicate-tricalcium phosphate. J Chem Soc 1959; 1077 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jr9590001077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langstaff SD, Sayer M, Smith TJN, Pugh SM, Hesp SAM, Thompson WT. Resorbable bioceramics based on stabilized calcium phosphates. Part I: rational design, sample preparation and material characterization. Biomaterials 1999; 20:1727 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00086-1; PMID: 10503974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langstaff SD, Sayer M, Smith TJN, Pugh SM. Resorbable bioceramics based on stabilized calcium phosphates. Part II: evaluation of biological response. Biomaterials 2001; 22:135 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00139-3; PMID: 11101158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer M, Stratilatov AD, Reid JW, Calderin L, Stott MJ, Yin X, et al. Structure and composition of silicon-stabilized tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2003; 24:369 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00327-7; PMID: 12423592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid JW, Pietak AM, Sayer M, Dunfield D, Smith TJN. Phase formation and evolution in the silicon substituted tricalcium phosphate/apatite system. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2887 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.005; PMID: 15603784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid JW, Tuck L, Sayer M, Fargo K, Hendry JA. Synthesis and characterization of single-phase silicon-substituted alpha-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2916 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.007; PMID: 16448694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astala R, Calderin L, Yin X, Stott MJ. Ab initio simulation of Si-doped hydroxyapatite. Chem Mater 2006; 18:413 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm051989x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TenHuisen KS, Brown PW. Formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite from alpha-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 1998; 19:2209 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00131-8; PMID: 9884062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durucan C, Brown PW. alpha-Tricalcium phosphate hydrolysis to hydroxyapatite at and near physiological temperature. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000; 11:365 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008934024440; PMID: 15348018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durucan C, Brown PW. Kinetic model for α-tricalcium phosphate hydrolysis. J Am Ceram Soc 2002; 85:2013 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00397.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camiré CL, Gbureck U, Hirsiger W, Bohner M. Correlating crystallinity and reactivity in an alpha-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2787 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.001; PMID: 15603774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantz BR, Ison IC, Fulmer MT, Poser RD, Smith ST, VanWagoner M, et al. Skeletal repair by in situ formation of the mineral phase of bone. Science 1995; 267:1796 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7892603; PMID: 7892603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagaya M, Goto H, Iinuma M, Wakamatsu N, Tamura Y, Doi Y. Development of self-setting Te-Cp/alpha-TCP cement for pulpotomy. Dent Mater J 2005; 24:555 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.24.555; PMID: 16445018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda M, Takeuchi A, Lin X, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K. Effects of liquid phase on basic properties of alpha-tricalcium phosphate-based apatite cement. Dent Mater J 2008; 27:672 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.27.672; PMID: 18972783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camiré CL, Nevsten P, Lidgren L, McCarthy I. The effect of crystallinity on strength development of alpha-TCP bone substitutes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 79:159 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30526; PMID: 16615072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X, Stott MJ. Theoretical insights into bone grafting Si-stabilized α-tricalcium phosphate. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:24709 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1829995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew M, Schroeder LW, Dickens B, Brown WE. The crystal structure of α-Ca3(PO4)2. Acta Crystallogr B 1977; 33:1325 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567740877006037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X, Stott MJ. Surface and adsorption properties of alpha-tricalcium phosphate. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:124701 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2178800; PMID: 16599712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Amorphous calcium (ortho)phosphates. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:4457 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.06.031; PMID: 20609395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termine JD, Eanes ED. Comparative chemistry of amorphous and apatitic calcium phosphate preparations. Calcif Tissue Res 1972; 10:171 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012548; PMID: 4674170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eanes ED, Termine JD, Nylen MU. An electron microscopic study of the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and its transformation to crystalline apatite. Calcif Tissue Res 1973; 12:143 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013730; PMID: 4710793
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer JL, Eanes ED. A thermodynamic analysis of the amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate transformation. Calcif Tissue Res 1978; 25:59 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010752; PMID: 25699
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer JL, Eanes ED. A thermodynamic analysis of the secondary transition in the spontaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate. Calcif Tissue Res 1978; 25:209 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010771; PMID: 30523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wuthier RE, Rice GS, Wallace JE Jr., Weaver RL, LeGeros RZ, Eanes ED. In vitro precipitation of calcium phosphate under intracellular conditions: formation of brushite from an amorphous precursor in the absence of ATP. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37:401 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02553710; PMID: 3930038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinyaev VA, Shustikova ES, Levchenko LV, Sedunov AA. Synthesis and dehydration of amorphous calcium phosphate. Inorg Mater 2001; 37:619 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017572502092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termine JD, Peckauskas RA, Posner AS. Calcium phosphate formation in vitro. II. Effects of environment on amorphous-crystalline transformation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 140:318 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(70)90072-X; PMID: 4319593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JC. Recent studies of apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. In: Les matériaux en phosphate de calcium. Aspects fondamentaux./Calcium phosphate materials. Fundamentals. Brès E, Hardouin P, Eds. Sauramps Medical: Montpellier, France 1998; 25-66.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Weng W. In vitro synthesis and characterization of amorphous calcium phosphates with various Ca/P atomic ratios. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18:2303 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3132-4; PMID: 17562135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadic D, Peters F, Epple M. Continuous synthesis of amorphous carbonated apatites. Biomaterials 2002; 23:2553 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00390-8; PMID: 12033603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boskey AL, Posner AS. Conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate to microcrystalline hydroxyapatite. A pH-dependent, solution-mediated, solid-solid conversion. J Phys Chem 1973; 77:2313 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100638a011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller L, Dollase WA. X-ray determination of crystalline hydroxyapatite to amorphous calcium-phosphate ratio in plasma sprayed coatings. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 49:244 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(200002)49:2<244::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-H; PMID: 10571912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carayon MT, Lacout JL. Study of the Ca/P atomic ratio of the amorphous phase in plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. J Solid State Chem 2003; 172:339 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00085-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Cheang P, Khor KA. Phase composition and heat of crystallization of amorphous calcium phosphate in ultra-fine radio frequency suspension plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite powders. Acta Mater 2004; 52:1171 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2003.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner AS, Betts F. Synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate and its relation to bone mineral structure. Acc Chem Res 1975; 8:273 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar50092a003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries JE, Hukins DWL, Hasnain SS. Analysis of the EXAFS spectrum of hydroxyapatite. J Phys C Solid State Phys 1986; 19:6859 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/19/34/022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries JE, Hukins DWL, Holt C, Hasnain SS. Conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite investigated by EXAFS spectroscopy. J Cryst Growth 1987; 84:563 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(87)90046-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MG, Simkiss K, Simmons J, Wu LNY, Wuthier RE. Structural studies of a phosphatidyl serine-amorphous calcium phosphate complex. Cell Mol Life Sci 1998; 54:196 - 202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050143; PMID: 9539964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters F, Schwarz K, Epple M. The structure of bone studied with synchrotron X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Thermochim Acta 2000; 361:131 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00554-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner AS, Betts F, Blumenthal NC. Formation and structure of synthetic and bone hydroxyapatite. Progr Cryst Growth Char 1980; 3:49 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-3535(80)90011-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boskey AL. Amorphous calcium phosphate: the contention of bone. J Dent Res 1997; 76:1433 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760080501; PMID: 9240379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuma K, Ito A. Cluster growth model for hydroxyapatite. Chem Mater 1998; 10:3346 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm980062c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrtic D, Hailer AW, Takagi S, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Quantitative assessment of the efficacy of amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites in remineralizing caries-like lesions artificially produced in bovine enamel. J Dent Res 1996; 75:1679 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750091001; PMID: 8952621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Improved properties of amorphous calcium phosphate fillers in remineralizing resin composites. Dent Mater 1996; 12:295 - 301; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(96)80037-6; PMID: 9170997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED. Amorphous calcium phosphate-based bioactive polymeric composites for mineralized tissue regeneration. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2003; 108:167 - 82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrtic D, Antonucci JM, Eanes ED, Eichmiller FC, Schumacher GE. Physicochemical evaluation of bioactive polymeric composites based on hybrid amorphous calcium phosphates. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 53:381 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(2000)53:4<381::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-H; PMID: 10898879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller C, Siedler M, Peters F, Epple M. Functionally graded materials of biodegradable polyesters and bone-like calcium phosphates for bone replacement. Ceram Transact 2001; 114:97 - 108
   Google Scholar
• Linhart W, Peters F, Lehmann W, Schwarz K, Schilling AF, Amling M, et al. Biologically and chemically optimized composites of carbonated apatite and polyglycolide as bone substitution materials. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 54:162 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(200102)54:2<162::AID-JBM2>3.0.CO;2-3; PMID: 11093175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadic D, Beckmann F, Schwarz K, Epple M. A novel method to produce hydroxyapatite objects with interconnecting porosity that avoids sintering. Biomaterials 2004; 25:3335 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.007; PMID: 14980428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadic D, Epple M. Amorphous calcium phosphates as bone substitution materials. Eur J Trauma 2002; 28:136 - 7
   Google Scholar
• Eanes ED. Amorphous calcium phosphate. In: Octacalcium phosphate. Monographs in Oral Science. Chow LC, Eanes ED, Eds. Karger: Basel, Switzerland 2001; 18:130-47.
   Google Scholar
• Combes C, Rey C. Amorphous calcium phosphates: synthesis, properties and uses in biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3362 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.017; PMID: 20167295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha A, Nayar S, Agrawal A, Bhattacharyya D, Ramachandrarao P. Synthesis of nanosized and microporous precipitated hydroxyapatite in synthetic polymers and biopolymers. J Am Ceram Soc 2003; 86:357 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb00024.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer I, Jacobsohn O, Niazov T, Werckmann J, Iliescu M, Richard-Plouet M, et al. Manganese in precipitated hydroxyapatites. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003; 1445 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200390188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallet-Regí M, Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM, Salinas AJ. Synthesis and characterisation of calcium deficient apatite. Solid State Ion 1997; 101-103:1279 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00213-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddharthan A, Seshadri SK, Sampath Kumar TS. Microwave accelerated synthesis of nanosized calcium deficient hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004; 15:1279 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-004-5735-3; PMID: 15747179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchens SA, Benson RS, Evans BR, O’Neill HM, Rawn CJ. Biomimetic synthesis of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in a natural hydrogel. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4661 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.032; PMID: 16713623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brès EF, Duhoo T, Leroy N, Lemaitre J. Evidence of a transient phase during the hydrolysis of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde/Mater. Res Adv Tech 2005; 96:503 - 6
   Google Scholar
• Lecomte A, Gautier H, Bouler JM, Gouyette A, Pegon Y, Daculsi G, et al. Biphasic calcium phosphate: a comparative study of interconnected porosity in two ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 84:1 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30569; PMID: 17907206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tancret F, Bouler JM, Chamousset J, Minois LM. Modelling the mechanical properties of microporous and macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2006; 26:3647 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouler JM, Trécant M, Delécrin J, Royer J, Passuti N, Daculsi G. Macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: influence of five synthesis parameters on compressive strength. J Biomed Mater Res 1996; 32:603 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199612)32:4<603::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-E; PMID: 8953150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen W, Li Y, Fan S, Weng J, Zhang X. Biological evaluation of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic vertebral laminae. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1387 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00014-3; PMID: 9758038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G. Biphasic calcium phosphate concept applied to artificial bone, implant coating and injectable bone substitute. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1473 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00061-1; PMID: 9794521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Weiss P, Bouler JM, Gauthier O, Millot F, Aguado E. Biphasic calcium phosphate/hydrosoluble polymer composites: a new concept for bone and dental substitution biomaterials. Bone 1999; 25:Suppl 59S - 61S; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00135-0; PMID: 10458277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ, Lin S, Rohanizadeh R, Mijares D, LeGeros JP. Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics: preparation, properties and applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003; 14:201 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022872421333; PMID: 15348465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Laboux O, Malard O, Weiss P. Current state of the art of biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003; 14:195 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022842404495; PMID: 15348464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam I, Asahina I, Ohmamiuda K, Enomoto S. Comparative study of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics impregnated with rhBMP-2 as bone substitutes. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 54:129 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(200101)54:1<129::AID-JBM16>3.0.CO;2-D; PMID: 11077412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G. Biphasic calcium phosphate granules concept for injectable and mouldable bone substitute. Adv Sci Technol 2006; 49:9 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.49.9
   Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Baroth S, LeGeros RZ. 20 years of biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics development and applications. Ceram Eng Sci Proc 2010; 30:45 - 58
   Google Scholar
• Lobo SE, Arinzeh TL. Biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. Materials 2010; 3:815 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma3020815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkina EI, Dorozhkin SV. Mechanism of the solid-state transformation of a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) into biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) at elevated temperatures. Chem Mater 2002; 14:4267 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0203060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Mechanism of solid-state conversion of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite to diphase calcium phosphate. Russ Chem Bull (Int. Ed.) 2003; 52:2369-75.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM. Studies on calcium deficient apatites structure by means of MAS-NMR spectroscopy. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005; 16:393 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-6977-4; PMID: 15875247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RM, Elliott JC, Dowker SEP. Formate incorporation in the structure of Ca-deficient apatite: Rietveld structure refinement. J Solid State Chem 2003; 174:132 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00188-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahn D, Hochrein O. On the composition and atomic arrangement of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite: an ab-initio analysis. J Solid State Chem 2008; 181:1712 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2008.03.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PW, Martin RI. An analysis of hydroxyapatite surface layer formation. J Phys Chem B 1999; 103:1671 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp982554i
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honghui Z, Hui L, Linghong G. Molecular and crystal structure characterization of calcium-deficient apatite. Key Eng Mater 2007; 330-332:119 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.330-332.119
   Google Scholar
• Viswanath B, Shastry VV, Ramamurty U, Ravishankar N. Effect of calcium deficiency on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite crystals. Acta Mater 2010; 58:4841 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortier A, Lemaître J, Rodrique L, Rouxhet PG. Synthesis and thermal behavior of well-crystallized calcium-deficient phosphate apatite. J Solid State Chem 1989; 78:215 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(89)90099-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanjean J, McGrellis S, Rouchaud JC, Fedoroff M, Rondeau A, Perocheau S, et al. A crystallographic study of the sorption of cadmium on calcium hydroxyapatites: incidence of cationic vacancies. J Solid State Chem 1996; 126:195 - 201; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1996.0329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RM, Elliott JC, Dowker SEP, Rodriguez-Lorenzo LM. Rietveld refinements and spectroscopic studies of the structure of Ca-deficient apatite. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1317 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.038; PMID: 15475062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanova TI, Frank-Kamenetskaya OV, Kol’tsov AB, Ugolkov VL. Crystal structure of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite thermal decomposition. J Solid State Chem 2001; 160:340 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jssc.2000.9238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga K. Theoretical investigation of the defect formation mechanism relevant to nonstoichiometry in hydroxyapatite. Phys Rev B 2008; 77:104106 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.104106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois B, Laboux O, Obadia L, Gauthier O, Betti E, Aguado E, et al. Calcium-deficient apatite: a first in vivo study concerning bone ingrowth. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 65:402 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10518; PMID: 12746888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu TY, Chen SY, Liu DM, Liou SC. On the study of BSA-loaded calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite nano-carriers for controlled drug delivery. J Control Release 2005; 107:112 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.05.025; PMID: 15982777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchida T, Yoshioka T, Sakuma S, Takeguchi T, Ueda W. Synthesis of biogasoline from ethanol over hydroxyapatite catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008; 47:1443 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0711731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JC, Mackie PE, Young RA. Monoclinic hydroxyapatite. Science 1973; 180:1055 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4090.1055; PMID: 17806580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangavittal N, Landa-Cánovas AR, González-Calbet JM, Vallet-Regí M. Structural study and stability of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate: two important bioceramics. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 51:660 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(20000915)51:4<660::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-B; PMID: 10880114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Fenton RR, Hunter BA, Kennedy BJ. Powder diffraction studies of synthetic calcium and lead apatites. Aust J Chem 2000; 53:679 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH00060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay MI, Young RA, Posner AS. Crystal structure of hydroxyapatite. Nature 1964; 204:1050 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041050a0; PMID: 14243377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treboux G, Layrolle P, Kanzaki N, Onuma K, Ito A. Existence of Posner’s cluster in vacuum. J Phys Chem A 2000; 104:5111 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp994399t
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore RS, Katz JL. Elastic properties of apatites. J Mater Sci 1982; 17:1131 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderin L, Stott MJ, Rubio A. Electronic and crystallographic structure of apatites. Phys Rev B 2003; 67:134106 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.67.134106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rulis P, Ouyang L, Ching WY. Electronic structure and bonding in calcium apatite crystals: hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, chlorapatite and bromapatite. Phys Rev B 2004; 70:155104 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.155104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyders R, Music D, Sigumonrong D, Schelnberger B, Jensen J, Schneider JM. Experimental and ab initio study of the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite. Appl Phys Lett 2007; 90:193902 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2738386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching WY, Rulis P, Misra A. Ab initio elastic properties and tensile strength of crystalline hydroxyapatite. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:3067 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.04.030; PMID: 19442769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treboux G, Layrolle P, Kanzaki N, Onuma K, Ito A. Symmetry of Posner’s cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2000; 122:8323 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja994286n
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X, Stott MJ. Biological calcium phosphates and Posner’s cluster. J Chem Phys 2003; 118:3717 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1539093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzaki N, Treboux G, Onuma K, Tsutsumi S, Ito A. Calcium phosphate clusters. Biomaterials 2001; 22:2921 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00039-4; PMID: 11561898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderin L, Dunfield D, Stott MJ. Shell-model study of the lattice dynamics of hydroxyapatite. Phys Rev B 2005; 72:224304 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.224304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Iwasaki T, Nakamura M, Nagai A, Katayama K, Yamashita K. Polarization and microstructural effects of ceramic hydroxyapatite electrets. J Appl Phys 2010; 107:014107 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3265429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Iwasaki T, Katayama K, Hojo J, Yamashita K. Effect of ionic polarization on crystal structure of hydroxyapatite ceramic with hydroxide nonstoichiometry. J Jpn Soc Powder and Powder Metall 2010; 57:520 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.57.520
   Google Scholar
• Tofail SAM, Baldisserri C, Haverty D, McMonagle JB, Erhart J. Pyroelectric surface charge in hydroxyapatite ceramics. J Appl Phys 2009; 106:106104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3262628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata K, Yamamoto T. First-principles calculations of the elastic properties of hydroxyapatite doped with divalent ions. J Ceram Soc Jpn 2010; 118:548 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.118.548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga K, Kuwabara A. First-principles study of vacancy formation in hydroxyapatite. Phys Rev B 2007; 75:14102 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.014102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw NH. Computer simulations of structures and properties of the biomaterial hydroxyapatite. J Mater Chem 2010; 20:5376 - 89; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b921400c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corno M, Rimola A, Bolis V, Ugliengo P. Hydroxyapatite as a key biomaterial: quantum-mechanical simulation of its surfaces in interaction with biomolecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:6309 - 29; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c002146f; PMID: 20485772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Briak-Benabdeslam H, Ginebra MP, Vert M, Boudeville P, Briak-Ben El. Wet or dry mechanochemical synthesis of calcium phosphates? Influence of the water content on DCPD-CaO reaction kinetics. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:378 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2007.07.003; PMID: 17827078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ, LeGeros JP. Dense hydroxyapatite. In: An introduction to bioceramics. Hench LL, Wilson J, Eds. World Scientific: London UK 1993; 139-80.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Lorenzo LM, Vallet-Regí M. Controlled crystallization of calcium phosphate apatites. Chem Mater 2000; 12:2460 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm001033g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazalbou S, Combes C, Eichert D, Rey C. Adaptive physico-chemistry of bio-related calcium phosphates. J Mater Chem 2004; 14:2148 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b401318b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markovic M, Fowler BO, Tung MS. Preparation and comprehensive characterization of a calcium hydroxyapatite reference material. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2004; 109:553 - 68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioku K, Kawachi G, Sasaki S, Fujimori H, Goto S. Hydrothermal preparation of tailored hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci 2006; 41:1341 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-7338-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito N, Kamitakahara M, Murakami S, Watanabe N, Ioku K. Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite from octacalcium phosphate. J Ceram Soc Jpn 2010; 118:762 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.118.762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layrolle P, Lebugle A. Characterization and reactivity of nanosized calcium phosphates prepared in anhydrous ethanol. Chem Mater 1994; 6:1996 - 2004; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00047a019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layrolle P, Lebugle A. Synthesis in pure ethanol and characterization of nanosized calcium phosphate fluoroapatite. Chem Mater 1996; 8:134 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm950326k
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeong B, Junmin X, Wang J. Mechanochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite from calcium oxide and brushite. J Am Ceram Soc 2001; 84:465 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00681.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy DM, Linnehan SK. Hydroxyapatite formed from coral skeletal carbonate by hydrothermal exchange. Nature 1974; 247:220 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247220a0; PMID: 4149289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Nissan B. Natural bioceramics: from coral to bone and beyond. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2003; 7:283 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Nissan B, Milev A, Vago R. Morphology of sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4971 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.006; PMID: 15109858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JC, Young RA. Conversion of single crystals of chlorapatite into single crystals of hydroxyapatite. Nature 1967; 214:904 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/214904b0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao J, Jiang W, Pan H, Xu X, Tang R. Preparation of large-sized hydroxyapatite single crystals using homogeneous releasing controls. J Cryst Growth 2007; 308:151 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallet-Regí M, Gutierrez Rios MT, Alonso MP, de Frutos MI, Nicolopoulos S. Hydroxyapatite particles synthesized by pyrolysis of an aerosol. J Solid State Chem 1994; 112:58 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1994.1264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montero ML, Sáenz A, Rodríguez JG, Arenas J, Castaño VM. Electrochemical synthesis of nanosized hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci 2006; 41:2141 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-5231-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar AR, Kalainathan S. Growth and characterization of nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite at physiological conditions. Cryst Res Technol 2008; 43:640 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalita SJ, Bhardwaj A, Bhatt HA. Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate ceramics in biomedical engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 2007; 27:441 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melikhov IV, Komarov VF, Severin AV, Bozhevolnov VE, Rudin VN. Two-dimensional crystalline hydroxyapatite. Dokl Phys Chem 2000; 373:125 - 8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvorova EI, Buffat PA. Electron diffraction and HRTEM characterization of calcium phosphate precipitation from aqueous solutions under biomineralization conditions. Eur Cell Mater 2001; 1:27 - 42; PMID: 14562263
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suvorova EI, Buffat PA. Model of the mechanism of Ca loss by bones under microgravity and earth conditions. J Biomed Mater Res 2002; 63:424 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10256; PMID: 12115751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uematsu K, Takagi M, Honda T, Uchida N, Saito K. Transparent hydroxyapatite prepared by hot isostatic pressing of filter cake. J Am Ceram Soc 1989; 72:1476 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb07680.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takikawa K, Akao M. Fabrication of transparent hydroxyapatite and application to bone marrow derived cell/hydroxyapatite interaction observation in vivo. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1996; 7:439 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe Y, Ikoma T, Monkawa A, Suetsugu Y, Yamada H, Tanaka J, et al. Fabrication of transparent hydroxyapatite sintered body with high crystal orientation by pulse electric current sintering. J Am Ceram Soc 2005; 88:243 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00041.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotobuki N, Ioku K, Kawagoe D, Fujimori H, Goto S, Ohgushi H. Observation of osteogenic differentiation cascade of living mesenchymal stem cells on transparent hydroxyapatite ceramics. Biomaterials 2005; 26:779 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.03.020; PMID: 15350783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff A, Posner AS. Preparation of pure hydroxyapatite crystals. Science 1956; 124:583 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.124.3222.583-a; PMID: 17807921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ, LeGeros JP, Daculsi G, Kijkowska R. Calcium phosphate biomaterials: preparation, properties and biodegradation. In: Encyclopedic handbook of biomaterials and bioengineering. Part A: Materials. Wise DL, Trantolo DJ, Altobelli DE, Yaszemski MJ, Gresser JD, Schwartz ER, Eds., Marcel Dekker: New York USA 1995; 2:1429-63.
   Google Scholar
• Narasaraju TSB, Phebe DE. Some physico-chemical aspects of hydroxylapatite. J Mater Sci 1996; 31:1 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlovskii VP, Barinov SM. Hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-matrix materials: a survey. Russ J Inorg Chem 2001; 46:129 - 49
   Google Scholar
• Riman RE, Suchanek WL, Byrappa K, Chen CW, Shuk P, Oakes CS. Solution synthesis of hydroxyapatite designer particulates. Solid State Ion 2002; 151:393 - 402; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00545-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlovskii VP, Komlev VS, Barinov SM. Hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-based ceramics. Inorg Mater 2002; 38:973 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020585800572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pena J, Vallet-Regí M. Hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and biphasic materials prepared by a liquid mix technique. J Eur Ceram Soc 2003; 23:1687 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00369-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsopoulos S. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: a review study on the analytical methods. J Biomed Mater Res 2002; 62:600 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10280; PMID: 12221709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton J, Malik KR, Darr JA, Rehman IU. Recent developments in processing and surface modification of hydroxyapatite. Adv Appl Ceramics 2006; 105:113 - 39; http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174367606X102278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakovan J. Growth and surface properties of apatite. In: Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological and materials importance. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Hughes JM, Kohn M, Rakovan J, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2002; 48:51-86.
   Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. A review on the dissolution models of calcium apatites. Prog Cryst Growth Charact 2002; 44:45 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8974(02)00004-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchanek W, Yoshimura M. Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants. J Mater Res 1998; 13:94 - 117; http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1998.0015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willmann G. Coating of implants with hydroxyapatite-material connections between bone and metal. Adv Eng Mater 1999; 1:95 - 105; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(199910)1:2<95::AID-ADEM95>3.0.CO;2-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Berndt CC, Gross KA, Kucuk A. Material fundamentals and clinical performance of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings: a review. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 58:570 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.1056; PMID: 11505433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong JL, Chan DCN. Hydroxyapatites and their use as coatings in dental implants: a review. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 1999; 28:667 - 707
   Google Scholar
• Geesink RG. Osteoconductive coatings for total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002; 395:53 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200202000-00007; PMID: 11937866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hench LL. Bioceramics: from concept to clinic. J Am Ceram Soc 1991; 74:1487 - 510; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hench LL. Bioceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 1998; 81:1705 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02540.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey A, Mukhopadhyay AK, Gangadharan S, Sinha MK, Basu D. Characterization of microplasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coating. J. Thermal Spray Technol 2009; 18:578 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9386-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangano C, Piattelli A, Perrotti V, Iezzi G. Dense hydroxyapatite inserted into postextraction sockets: a histologic and histomorphometric 20-year case report. J Periodontol 2008; 79:929 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.070245; PMID: 18454673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson W. Chromatography of insulin on calcium phosphate columns. Nature 1956; 178:994 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/178994b0; PMID: 13378507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi G. Chromatography of nucleic acids on hydroxyapatite. Nature 1965; 206:779 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/206779a0; PMID: 5840127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Z, Duan X, Locklin RM, Quijano M, Dobson RL, Triffitt JT, et al. Evaluation of the relative mineral-binding affinities of clinically-relevant bisphosphonates by using hydroxyapatite-column chromatography and adsorption isotherms combined with mass spectrometric analysis. Bone 2008; 42:90 - 1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.172; PMID: 17997377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand M, Rampalli S, Chaturvedi CP, Dilworth FJ. Analysis of epigenetic modifications of chromatin at specific gene loci by native chromatin immunoprecipitation of nucleosomes isolated using hydroxyapatite chromatography. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:398 - 409; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.8; PMID: 18323811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshitake T, Kobayashi S, Ogawa T, Okuyama T. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of guanidine denatured proteins: 1. Guanidine containing phosphate buffer system. Chromatography 2006; 27:19 - 26
   Google Scholar
• Smith GP, Gingrich TR. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of phage-display virions. Biotechniques 2005; 39:879 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000112032; PMID: 16382907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbauer A, Hahn R, Deinhofer K, Luo P. Performance and characterization of a nanophased porous hydroxyapatite for protein chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 87:364 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.20121; PMID: 15281111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doonan S. Chromatography on hydroxyapatite. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 244:191 - 4; PMID: 14970557
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings LJ, Snyder MA, Brisack K. Protein chromatography on hydroxyapatite columns. Methods Enzymol 2009; 463:387 - 404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(09)63024-X; PMID: 19892184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon P. Monoclonal antibody purification with hydroxyapatite. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:287 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.017; PMID: 19491046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palazzo B, Sidoti MC, Roveri N, Tampieri A, Sandri M, Bertolazzi L, et al. Controlled drug delivery from porous hydroxyapatite grafts: an experimental and theoretical approach. Mater Sci Eng C 2005; 25:207 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palazzo B, Iafisco M, Laforgia M, Margiotta N, Natile G, Bianchi CL, et al. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite-drug nanocrystals as potential bone substitutes with antitumor drug delivery properties. Adv Funct Mater 2007; 17:2180 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200600361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang SH, Jin AM, Lü RF, Wang XD, Wang YF, Yu B, et al. Preparation and in vivo release experiment of nano-hydroxyapatite/gentamicin drug delivery system. J Clin Rehabil Tiss Eng Res 2007; 11:3573 - 6
   Google Scholar
• Ye F, Guo H, Zhang H, He X. Polymeric micelle-templated synthesis of hydroxyapatite hollow nanoparticles for a drug delivery system. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2212 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.014; PMID: 20004747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niwa M, Sato T, Li W, Aoki H, Aoki H, Daisaku T. Polishing and whitening properties of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001; 12:277 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008927502523; PMID: 15348313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BI, Jeong SH, Jang SO, Kim KN, Kwon HK, Park YD. Tooth whitening effect of toothpastes containing nano-hydroxyapatite. Key Eng Mater 2006; 309-311:541 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.309-311.541
   Google Scholar
• Pietrasik J, Szustakiewicz K, Zaborski M, Haberko K. Hydroxyapatite: an environmentally friendly filler for elastomers. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst (Phila Pa) 2008; 483:172 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400801904880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailliez S, Nzihou A, Bèche E, Flamant G. Removal of lead (Pb) by hydroxyapatite sorbent. Process Saf Environ Prot 2004; 82:175 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758204322972816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corami A, Mignardi S, Ferrini V. Cadmium removal from single- and multi-metal (Cd + Pb + Zn + Cu) solutions by sorption on hydroxyapatite. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 317:402 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.09.075; PMID: 17949731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phonthammachai N, Ziyi Z, Jun G, Fan HY, White TJ. Synthesis of high performance hydroxyapatite-gold catalysts for CO oxidation. Gold Bull 2008; 41:42 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03215622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Huang ZL, Liu Y, He QJ. Preparation and characterization of a novel solid base catalyst hydroxyapatite loaded with strontium. Catal Commun 2008; 9:516 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2007.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez MI, Romero-Sarria F, Centeno MA, Odriozola JA. Gold/hydroxyapatite catalysts. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity to CO oxidation. Appl Catal B 2009; 87:245 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, White T, Li P, He C, Han YF. Hydroxyapatite foam as a catalyst for formaldehyde combustion at room temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13172 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1058923; PMID: 20815345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot K, Wolke JGC, Jansen JA. Calcium phosphate coatings for medical implants. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 1998; 212:137 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411981533917; PMID: 9612005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross KA, Berndt CC. Biomedical application of apatites. In: Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological and materials importance. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Hughes JM, Kohn M, Rakovan J, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2002; 48:631-72.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraz MP, Monteiro FJ, Manuel CM. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: a review of preparation methodologies. J Appl Biomater. Biomech 2004; 2:74 - 80
   Google Scholar
• Damien E, Revell PA. Coralline hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute: A review of experimental studies and biomedical applications. J Appl Biomater Biomech 2004; 2:65 - 73; PMID: 20803439
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoki H. Science and medical applications of hydroxyapatite. JAAS: Tokyo, Japan 1991; 245.
   Google Scholar
• Busch S, Dolhaine H, Duchesne A, Heinz S, Hochrein O, Laeri F, et al. Biomimetic morphogenesis of fluorapatite-gelatin composites: fractal growth, the question of intrinsic electric fields, core/shell assemblies, hollow spheres and reorganization of denatured collagen. Eur J Inorg Chem 1999; 1643 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0682(199910)1999:10<1643::AID-EJIC1643>3.0.CO;2-J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kniep R, Busch S. Biomimetic growth and self-assembly of fluorapatite aggregates by diffusion into denatured collagen matrices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996; 35:2624 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199626241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godiebel C, Simon P, Buder J, Tlatlik H, Kniep R. Phase formation and morphology of calcium phosphate-gelatine-composites grown by double diffusion technique: the influence of fluoride. J Mater Chem 2004; 14:2225 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b403503h
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prymak O, Sokolova V, Peitsch T, Epple M. The crystallization of fluoroapatite dumbbells from supersaturated aqueous solution. Cryst Growth Des 2006; 6:498 - 506; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg050428f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlatlik H, Simon P, Kawska A, Zahn D, Kniep R. Biomimetic fluorapatite-gelatine nanocomposites: pre-structuring of gelatine matrices by ion impregnation and its effect on form development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1905 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200503610; PMID: 16493717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon P, Zahn D, Lichte H, Kniep R. Intrinsic electric dipole fields and the induction of hierarchical form developments in fluorapatite-gelatine nanocomposites: a general principle for morphogenesis of biominerals?. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1911 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504465; PMID: 16493721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YJ, Tseng YH, Chan JCC. Morphology control of fluorapatite crystallites by citrate ions. Cryst Growth Des 2010; 10:4240 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg100859m
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. A hierarchical structure for apatite crystals. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18:363 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0701-x; PMID: 17323170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehmel M. On the structure of apatite. I. Z Kristallogr 1930; 75:323 - 31
   Google Scholar
• Naray-Szabo S. The structure of apatite (CaF)Ca4(PO4)3. Z Kristallogr 1930; 75:387 - 98
   Google Scholar
• Sudarsanan K, Mackie PE, Young RA. Comparison of synthetic and mineral fluorapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F, in crystallographic detail. Mater Res Bull 1972; 7:1331 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(72)90113-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barinov SM, Shvorneva LI, Ferro D, Fadeeva IV, Tumanov SV. Solid solution formation at the sintering of hydroxyapatite-fluorapatite ceramics. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2004; 5:537 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2004.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikcevic I, Jokanovic V, Mitric M, Nedic Z, Makovec D, Uskokovic D. Mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured fluorapatite/fluorhydroxyapatite and carbonated fluorapatite/fluorhydroxyapatite. J Solid State Chem 2004; 177:2565 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2004.03.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng K, Weng W, Qu H, Du P, Shen G, Han G, et al. Sol-gel preparation and in vitro test of fluorapatite/hydroxyapatite films. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004; 69:33 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.20027; PMID: 15015207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM, Hart JN, Gross KA. Influence of fluorine in the synthesis of apatites. Synthesis of solid solutions of hydroxy-fluorapatite. Biomaterials 2003; 24:3777 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00259-X; PMID: 12818550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei M, Evans JH, Bostrom T, Grøndahl L. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite, fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003; 14:311 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022975730730; PMID: 15348455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Kerebel LM. Ultrastructural study and comparative analysis of fluoride content of enameloid in sea-water and fresh-water sharks. Arch Oral Biol 1980; 25:145 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(80)90013-8; PMID: 6930954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Kerebel LM, Kerebel B. Effects of fluoride on human enamel and selachian enameloid in vitro: a high-resolution TEM and electron diffraction study. Calcif Tissue Int 1981; 33:9 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409406; PMID: 6780160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Dove PM. An overview of biomineralization processes and the problem of the vital effect. In: Biomineralization. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Dove PM, de Yoreo JJ, Weiner S, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2003; 54:1-29.
   Google Scholar
• Dahm S, Risnes S. A comparative infrared spectroscopic study of hydroxide and carbonate absorption bands in spectra of shark enameloid, shark dentin, and a geological apatite. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 65:459 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900733; PMID: 10594165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr A, Kemp A, Tibbetts I, Truss R, Drennan J. Microstructure of pharyngeal tooth enameloid in the parrotfish Scarus rivulatus (Pisces: Scaridae). J Microsc 2006; 221:8 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01526.x; PMID: 16438685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévêque I, Cusack M, Davis SA, Mann S. Promotion of fluorapatite crystallization by soluble-matrix proteins from Lingula anatina shells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:885 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200353115; PMID: 14767966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heling I, Heindel R, Merin B. Calcium-fluorapatite. A new material for bone implants. J Oral Implantol 1981; 9:548 - 55; PMID: 6951058
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busch S, Schwarz U, Kniep R. Morphogenesis and structure of human teeth in relation to biomimetically grown fluorapatite-gelatine composites. Chem Mater 2001; 13:3260 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0110728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kniep R, Simon P. Fluorapatite-gelatine-nanocomposites: self-organized morphogenesis, real structure and relations to natural hard materials. Top Curr Chem 2006; 270:73 - 125; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/128_053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanov BI, Pashev PS, Hristov JH, Markovska IG. Bioactive fluorapatite-containing glass ceramics. Ceram Int 2009; 35:1651 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savarino L, Fini M, Ciapetti G, Cenni E, Granchi D, Baldini N, et al. Biologic effects of surface roughness and fluorhydroxyapatite coating on osteointegration in external fixation systems: an in vivo experimental study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 66:652 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10018; PMID: 12918049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitkovic M, Noaman MSM, Palou MT, Jantová S. Potential applications of fluorhydroxyapatite as biomaterials in medicine. Cent Eur J Chem 2009; 7:246 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0010-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaari K, Ayed FB, Bouaziz J, Bouzouita K. Elaboration and characterization of fluorapatite ceramic with controlled porosity. Mater Chem Phys 2009; 113:219 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibby JK, Bubb NL, Wood DJ, Mummery PM. Fluorapatite-mullite glass sputter coated Ti6Al4V for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005; 16:379 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-6975-6; PMID: 15875245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon BH, Kim HW, Lee SH, Bae CJ, Koh YH, Kong YM, et al. Stability and cellular responses to fluorapatite-collagen composites. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2957 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.062; PMID: 15603790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gineste L, Gineste M, Ranz X, Ellefterion A, Guilhem A, Rouquet N, et al. Degradation of hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and fluorhydroxyapatite coatings of dental implants in dogs. J Biomed Mater Res 1999; 48:224 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:3<224::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-A; PMID: 10398025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhadang KA, Gross KA. Influence of fluorapatite on the properties of thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4935 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.043; PMID: 15109854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross KA, Bhadang KA. Sintered hydroxyfluorapatites. Part III: sintering and resultant mechanical properties of sintered blends of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite. Biomaterials 2004; 25:1395 - 405; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.051; PMID: 14643614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barinov SM, Rustichelli F, Orlovskii VP, Lodini A, Oscarsson S, Firstov SA, et al. Influence of fluorapatite minor additions on behavior of hydroxyapatite ceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004; 15:291 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSM.0000015490.32304.f4; PMID: 15335002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agathopoulos S, Tulyaganov DU, Marques PAAP, Ferro MC, Fernandes MH, Correia RN. The fluorapatite-anorthite system in biomedicine. Biomaterials 2003; 24:1317 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00468-4; PMID: 12527274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu H, Wei M. The effect of fluoride contents in fluoridated hydroxyapatite on osteoblast behavior. Acta Biomater 2006; 2:113 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2005.09.003; PMID: 16701866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhadang KA, Holding CA, Thissen H, McLean KM, Forsythe JS, Haynes DR. Biological responses of human osteoblasts and osteoclasts to flame-sprayed coatings of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite blends. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1575 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.029; PMID: 19857609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theiszova M, Jantova S, Letasiova S, Palou M, Cipak L. Cytotoxicity of hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and fluor-hydroxyapatite: a comparative in vitro study. Neoplasma 2008; 55:312 - 6; PMID: 18505342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An L, Zhang L, Zou J. Fluorapatite: an effective solid base catalyst for Michael addition of indole/pyrrole to nitroalkenes under solventless condition. Chin J Chem 2009; 27:2223 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.200990373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross KA, Berndt CC, Dinnebier R, Stephens P. Oxyapatite in hydroxyapatite coatings. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1998; 33:3985 - 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberius-Henning P, Adolfsson E, Grins J, Fitch A. Triclinic oxy-hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci 2001; 36:663 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004876622105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van’t Hoen C, Rheinberger V, Höland W, Apel E. Crystallization of oxyapatite in glass-ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2007; 27:1579 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw NH, Bowe JR, Rabone JAL. A computational investigation of stoichiometric and calcium-deficient oxy- and hydroxy-apatites. Faraday Discuss 2007; 134:195 - 214, discussion 215-33, 415-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b602012g; PMID: 17326570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff EJ. Orthophosphates—VII. Thermodynamical considerations concerning the stability of oxyapatite, Ca10O(PO4)6, in aqueous media. J Inorg Nucl Chem 1972; 34:853 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(72)80059-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To honor Gustav Hilgenstock (1844–1913), a German metallurgist, who first discovered it in Thomas slags nearly 120 years ago [12 and 13].
   Google Scholar
• Kai D, Fan H, Li D, Zhu X, Zhang X. Preparation of tetracalcium phosphate and the effect on the properties of calcium phosphate cement. Mater Sci Forum 2009; 610-613:1356 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.610-613.1356
   Google Scholar
• Brown WE, Epstein EF. Crystallography of tetracalcium phosphate. J Res Nat Bur Stand A 1965; 69:547 - 51
   Google Scholar
• Romeo HE, Fanovich MA. Synthesis of tetracalcium phosphate from mechanochemically activated reactants and assessment as a component of bone cements. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19:2751 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3403-8; PMID: 18305903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalota S, Tas AC, Bhaduri SB. Synthesis of HA-seeded TTCP (Ca4(PO4)2O) powders at 1,230°C from Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O and NH4H2PO4. J Am Ceram Soc 2005; 88:3353 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00623.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseke C, Gbureck U. Tetracalcium phosphate: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3815 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.020; PMID: 20438869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin I, Brown PW. Hydration of tetracalcium phosphate. Adv Chem Res 1993; 5:115 - 25
   Google Scholar
• Fernández E, Gil FJ, Ginebra MP, Driessens FCM, Planell JA, Best SM. Calcium phosphate bone cements for clinical applications. Part II: precipitate formation during setting reactions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1999; 10:177 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008989525461; PMID: 15348166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens B, Brown WE, Kruger GJ, Stewart JM. Ca4(PO4)2O, tetracalcium diphosphate monoxide, crystal structures and relationships to Ca5(PO4)3OH and K3Na(SO4)2. Acta Crystallogr B 1973; 29:2046 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567740873006102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jillavenatesa A, Condrate RA Sr.. The infrared and Raman spectra of tetracalcium phosphate (Ca4(PO4)2O). Spectrosc Lett 1997; 30:1561 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00387019708006744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Biphasic, triphasic and multiphasic calcium orthophosphates. Acta Biomater 2012; In press PMID: 21945826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano T, Kaibara K, Umakoshi Y, Imazato S, Ogata K, Ehara A, et al. Change in microstructure and solubility improvement of HAp ceramics by heat-treatment in a vacuum. Mater Trans 2002; 43:3105 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.3105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiba W, Imazato S, Takahashi Y, Yoshioka S, Ebisu S, Nakano T. Efficacy of polyphasic calcium phosphates as a direct pulp capping material. J Dent 2010; 38:828 - 37; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2010.06.016; PMID: 20615446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan L, Li Y, Weng W, Cheng K, Song C, Du P, et al. Preparation of submicron biphasic α-TCP/HA powders. Key Eng Mater 2006; 309-311:219 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.309-311.219
   Google Scholar
• Kui C. Slip casting derived α-TCP/HA biphasic ceramics. Key Eng Mater 2007; 330-332:51 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.330-332.51
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Sálcedo S, Arcos D, Vallet-Regí M. Upgrading calcium phosphate scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Key Eng Mater 2008; 377:19 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.377.19
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Kong F, Weng W. Preparation and characterization of novel biphasic calcium phosphate powders (alpha-TCP/HA) derived from carbonated amorphous calcium phosphates. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 89:508 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31242; PMID: 18937266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi M, Ohtsuki C, Kitamura M, Kamitakahara M, Ogata S, Miyazaki T, et al. Fabrication and chemical durability of porous bodies consisting of biphasic tricalcium phosphates. Phosphorus Res Bull 2004; 17:95 - 100
   Google Scholar
• Kamitakahara M, Ohtsuki C, Oishi M, Ogata S, Miyazaki T, Tanihara M. Preparation of porous biphasic tricalcium phosphate and its in vivo behavior. Key Eng Mater 2005; 284-286:281 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.284-286.281
   Google Scholar
• Wang R, Weng W, Deng X, Cheng K, Liu X, Du P, et al. Dissolution behavior of submicron biphasic tricalcium phosphate powders. Key Eng Mater 2006; 309-311:223 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.309-311.223
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Weng W, Tam KC. Novel highly biodegradable biphasic tricalcium phosphates composed of alpha-tricalcium phosphate and beta-tricalcium phosphate. Acta Biomater 2007; 3:251 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2006.07.003; PMID: 16979393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Li D, Weng W. In vitro dissolution behavior of biphasic tricalcium phosphate composite powders composed of α-tricalcium phosphate and β-tricalcium phosphate. Key Eng Mater 2008; 368-372:1206 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.368-372.1206
   Google Scholar
• Vani R, Girija EK, Elayaraja K, Prakash Parthiban S, Kesavamoorthy R, Narayana Kalkura S. Hydrothermal synthesis of porous triphasic hydroxyapatite/(alpha and beta) tricalcium phosphate. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20:Suppl 1 S43 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3480-8; PMID: 18560768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Huang W, Sun L, Wang Q, He A, Han CC. Phase transition from α-TCP into β-TCP in TCP/HA composites. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 2010; 7:184 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02384.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell D, Posner AS. Carbonate in Apatites. Science 1961; 134:213 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.134.3473.213; PMID: 17818721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapanta-LeGeros R. Effect of carbonate on the lattice parameters of apatite. Nature 1965; 206:403 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/206403a0; PMID: 5835710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legeros RZ, Trautz OR, Legeros JP, Klein E, Shirra WP. Apatite crystallites: effects of carbonate on morphology. Science 1967; 155:1409 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3768.1409; PMID: 17839613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astala R, Stott MJ. First principles investigation of mineral component of bone: CO3 substitutions in hydroxyapatite. Chem Mater 2005; 17:4125 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm050523b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafon JP, Champion E, Bernache-Assollant D. Processing of AB-type carbonated hydroxyapatite Ca10-x(PO4)(6-x)(CO3)(x)(OH)(2-x-2y)(CO3)(y) ceramics with controlled composition. J Eur Ceram Soc 2008; 28:139 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonegawa T, Ikoma T, Yoshioka T, Hanagata N, Tanaka J. Crystal structure refinement of A-type carbonate apatite by X-ray powder diffraction. J Mater Sci 2010; 45:2419 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4209-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahia FBH, Jemal M. Synthesis, structural analysis and thermochemistry of B-type carbonate apatites. Thermochim Acta 2010; 50:22 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2010.03.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan S, Rebelo A, Lemos AF, Barba A, Ferreira JMF. Synthesis and mechanical behaviour of chlorapatite and chlorapatite/β-TCP composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 2007; 27:2287 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshima K, Yubuta K, Ooi S, Suzuki T, Shishido T, Oishi S. Environmentally friendly growth of calcium chlorapatite whiskers from a sodium chloride flux. Cryst Growth Des 2006; 6:2538 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg0603671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Tuñón E, Franco J, Dacuña B, Zaragoza G, Guitián F. Chlorapatite conversion to hydroxyapatite under high temperature hydrothermal conditions. Mater Sci Forum 2010; 636-637:9 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.636-637.9
   Google Scholar
• Kannan S, Goetz-Neunhoeffer F, Neubauer J, Ferreira JMF. Ionic substitutions in biphasic hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate mixtures: structural analysis by Rietveld refinement. J Am Ceram Soc 2008; 91:1 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02117.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boanini E, Gazzano M, Bigi A. Ionic substitutions in calcium phosphates synthesized at low temperature. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1882 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.041; PMID: 20040384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushpakanth S, Srinivasan B, Sastry TP, Mandal AB. Biocompatible and antibacterial properties of silver-doped hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2008; 4:62 - 6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Yin QS, Zhang Y, Xia H, Ai FZ, Jiao YP, et al. Determination of antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility of silver-loaded coral hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21:2453 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4101-x; PMID: 20526656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TN, Feng QL, Kim JO, Wu J, Wang H, Chen GC, et al. Antimicrobial effects of metal ions (Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+) in hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1998; 9:129 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811501734; PMID: 15348901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S, Assi P, Marycel B, Correa M, Liberato W, Brito V. Yttrium 90-hydroxyapatite, a new radioisotope for chronic synovitis in hemophilia. Haemophilia 2008; 14:77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinol M, Vallabhajosula S, Goldsmith SJ, Klein MJ, Deutsch KF, Chinen LK, et al. Chemistry and biological behavior of samarium-153 and rhenium-186-labeled hydroxyapatite particles: potential radiopharmaceuticals for radiation synovectomy. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:1536 - 42; PMID: 8394883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argüelles MG, Berlanga ISL, Torres EA. Preparation of 153Sm-particles for radiosynovectomy. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1999; 240:509 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02349404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Duffy EK, Clunie GP, Lui D, Edwards JC, Ell PJ. Double blind glucocorticoid controlled trial of samarium-153 particulate hydroxyapatite radiation synovectomy for chronic knee synovitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58:554 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.58.9.554; PMID: 10460188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallet-Regí M, González-Calbet JM. Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissues. Prog Solid State Chem 2004; 32:1 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer LC, Newcomb CJ, Kaltz SR, Spoerke ED, Stupp SI. Biomimetic systems for hydroxyapatite mineralization inspired by bone and enamel. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4754 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr8004422; PMID: 19006400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grynpas MD, Hancock RG, Greenwood C, Turnquist J, Kessler MJ. The effects of diet, age, and sex on the mineral content of primate bones. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52:399 - 405; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310206; PMID: 8504378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JC. Calcium phosphate biominerals. In: Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological and materials importance. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Hughes JM, Kohn M, Rakovan J, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2002; 48:13-49.
   Google Scholar
• Boskey AL. Assessment of bone mineral and matrix using backscatter electron imaging and FTIR imaging. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2006; 4:71 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-006-0005-6; PMID: 16822406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt LE, la Mer VK, Chown HB. Studies in calcification. I. The solubility product of secondary and tertiary calcium phosphate under various conditions. J Biol Chem 1925; 64:509 - 65
   Google Scholar
• Holt LE, la Mer VK, Chown HB. Studies in calcification. II. Delayed equilibrium between the calcium phosphates and its biological significance. J Biol Chem 1925; 64:567 - 78
   Google Scholar
• Gassmann T. The preparation of a complex salt corresponding to apatite-typhus and its relations to the constitution of bones. HSZ Physiol Chem 1913; 83:403 - 8
   Google Scholar
• de Jong WF. La substance minérale dans les os. Recl Trav Chim Pays Bas 1926; 45:445 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19260450613
   Google Scholar
• Bredig MA. The apatite structure of inorganic bone and tooth substance. HS Z Physiol Chem 1933; 216:239 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bchm2.1933.216.5-6.239
   Google Scholar
• Taylor NW, Sheard C. Microscopic and X-ray investigations on the calcification of tissue. J Biol Chem 1929; 81:479 - 93
   Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Traub W, Wagner HD. Lamellar bone: structure-function relations. J Struct Biol 1999; 126:241 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1999.4107; PMID: 10475685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matkovic V. Calcium metabolism and calcium requirements during skeletal modeling and consolidation of bone mass. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54:Suppl 245S - 60S; PMID: 2053570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power ML, Heaney RP, Kalkwarf HJ, Pitkin RM, Repke JT, Tsang RC, et al. The role of calcium in health and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181:1560 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70404-7; PMID: 10601943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones FH. Teeth and bones: application of surface science to dental materials and related biomaterials. Surf Sci Rep 2001; 42:75 - 205; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(00)00011-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveridge N. Bone: more than a stick. J Anim Sci 1999; 77:Suppl 2 190 - 6; PMID: 15526795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale JP, Lewis D. Pole figures of the orientation of apatite in bones. Nature 1971; 232:334 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/232334a0; PMID: 5094837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currey JD. Bones: structure and mechanics. Princeton Univercity Press: Princeton USA 2002; 456.
   Google Scholar
• Rho JY, Kuhn-Spearing L, Zioupos P. Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med Eng Phys 1998; 20:92 - 102; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(98)00007-1; PMID: 9679227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann S. Biomimetic materials chemistry. VCH, Weinheim, Germany 1996; 400.
   Google Scholar
• Hancox NM. Biology of bone. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA USA 1972; 199.
   Google Scholar
• Martin RB. Bone as a ceramic composite material. Mater Sci Forum 1999; 7:5 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.293.5
   Google Scholar
• Tzaphlidou M. Bone architecture: collagen structure and calcium/phosphorus maps. J Biol Phys 2008; 34:39 - 49; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10867-008-9115-y; PMID: 19669491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison KS, Siminoski K, Adachi JD, Hanley DA, Goltzman D, Hodsman AB, et al. Bone strength: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 36:22 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.04.002; PMID: 16887465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measurements of bone: a tutorial. Bone 1993; 14:595 - 608; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(93)90081-K; PMID: 8274302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currey JD. Tensile yield in compact bone is determined by strain, post-yield behaviour by mineral content. J Biomech 2004; 37:549 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.08.008; PMID: 14996567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currey JD, Brear K, Zioupos P. Notch sensitivity of mammalian mineralized tissues in impact. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:517 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2634; PMID: 15129962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JC, Eriksson C. Piezoelectric properties of dry and wet bone. Nature 1970; 227:491 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/227491a0; PMID: 5428466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang SB. Pyroelectric effect in bone and tendon. Nature 1966; 212:704 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/212704a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes V. Radiocarbon: analysis of inorganic carbon of fossil bone and enamel. Science 1968; 161:687 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.161.3842.687; PMID: 4298852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rensberger JM, Watabe M. Fine structure of bone in dinosaurs, birds and mammals. Nature 2000; 406:619 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35020550; PMID: 10949300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodny Y, Luz B, Sander M, Clemens WA. Dinosaur bones: fossils or pseudomorphs? The pitfalls of physiology reconstruction from apatitic fossils. Palaeo 1996; 126:161 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00112-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueman CN, Tuross N. Trace elements in recent and fossil bone apatite. In: Phosphates: geochemical, geobiological and materials importance. Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Hughes JM, Kohn M, Rakovan J, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2002; 48:489-522.
   Google Scholar
• Currey JD, Brear K. Hardness, Young’s modulus and yield stress in mammalian mineralized tissues. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1990; 1:14 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WE, Chow LC. Chemical properties of bone mineral. Annu Rev Mater Sci 1976; 6:213 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.06.080176.001241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakes R. Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature 1993; 361:511 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361511a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers MA, Lin AYM, Seki Y, Chen PY, Kad BK, Bodde S. Structural biological composites: an overview. JOM 2006; 58:36 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0138-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl DA, Czernuszka JT. Collagen-hydroxyapatite composites for hard tissue repair. Eur Cell Mater 2006; 11:43 - 56; PMID: 16568401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey C, Combes C, Drouet C, Glimcher MJ. Bone mineral: update on chemical composition and structure. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:1013 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0860-y; PMID: 19340505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt JC. The deposition of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in bone and in areas of calcification. Arch Surg Chicago 1925; 10:983 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1925.01120120171007
   Google Scholar
• Olszta MJ, Cheng X, Jee SS, Kumar R, Kim YY, Kaufman MJ, et al. Bone structure and formation: a new perspective. Mater Sci Eng Rep 2007; 58:77 - 116; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2007.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boskey AL. Mineralization of bones and teeth. Elements 2007; 3:385 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.3.6.385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glimcher MJ. Bone: nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation. In: Medical Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Series: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Sahai N, Schoonen MAA, Eds. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington DC, USA 2006; 64:223-82.
   Google Scholar
• Boskey AL, Roy R. Cell culture systems for studies of bone and tooth mineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4716 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0782473; PMID: 18800815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui FZ, Li Y, Ge J. Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites. Mater Sci Eng Rep 2007; 57:1 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2007.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boskey AL, Coleman R. Aging and bone. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1333 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510377791; PMID: 20924069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers MA, Chen PY, Lin AYM, Seki Y. Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Prog Mater Sci 2008; 53:1 - 206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee MD, Addison WN, Kaartinen MT. Hierarchies of extracellular matrix and mineral organization in bone of the craniofacial complex and skeleton. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 181:176 - 88; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000091379; PMID: 16612083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currey JD. Materials science. Hierarchies in biomineral structures. Science 2005; 309:253 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1113954; PMID: 16002605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantner GE, Rabinovych O, Schitter G, Thurner P, Kindt JH, Finch MM, et al. Hierarchical interconnections in the nano-composite material bone: fibrillar cross-links resist fracture on several length scales. Compos Sci Technol 2006; 66:1202 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog Mater Sci 2007; 52:1263 - 334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasiou KA, Zhu C, Lanctot DR, Agrawal CM, Wang X. Fundamentals of biomechanics in tissue engineering of bone. Tissue Eng 2000; 6:361 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107632700418083; PMID: 10992433
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikolov S, Raabe D. Hierarchical modeling of the elastic properties of bone at submicron scales: the role of extrafibrillar mineralization. Biophys J 2008; 94:4220 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.125567; PMID: 18310256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta HS, Wagermaier W, Zickler GA, Raz-Ben Aroush D, Funari SS, Roschger P, et al. Nanoscale deformation mechanisms in bone. Nano Lett 2005; 5:2108 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl051584b; PMID: 16218747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterlik H, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. From brittle to ductile fracture of bone. Nat Mater 2006; 5:52 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1545; PMID: 16341218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruppel ME, Miller LM, Burr DB. The effect of the microscopic and nanoscale structure on bone fragility. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:1251 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-008-0579-1; PMID: 18317862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratzl P, Gupta HS, Paschalis EP, Roschger P. Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen-mineral nano-composite in bone. J Mater Chem 2004; 14:2115 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b402005g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino AA, Becker RO. Evidence for direct physical bonding between the collagen fibres and apatite cystals in bone. Nature 1967; 213:697 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/213697a0; PMID: 4291695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppell SJ, Tong W, Katz JL, Kuhn L, Glimcher MJ. Shape and size of isolated bone mineralites measured using atomic force microscopy. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:1027 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00034-1; PMID: 11781001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark SM, Iball J. Orientation of apatite crystals in bone. Nature 1954; 174:399 - 400; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/174399a0; PMID: 13194002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin MA, Jasiuk I, Taylor J, Rubin J, Ganey T, Apkarian RP. TEM analysis of the nanostructure of normal and osteoporotic human trabecular bone. Bone 2003; 33:270 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00194-7; PMID: 13678767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su X, Sun K, Cui FZ, Landis WJ. Organization of apatite crystals in human woven bone. Bone 2003; 32:150 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00945-6; PMID: 12633787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratzl P, Fratzl-Zelman N, Klaushofer K, Vogl G, Koller K. Nucleation and growth of mineral crystals in bone studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 48:407 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02556454; PMID: 2070275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis WJ, Hodgens KJ, Arena J, Song MJ, McEwen BF. Structural relations between collagen and mineral in bone as determined by high voltage electron microscopic tomography. Microsc Res Tech 1996; 33:192 - 202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19960201)33:2<192::AID-JEMT9>3.0.CO;2-V; PMID: 8845518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen VB, Hobbs LW, Spector M. The ultrastructure of anorganic bovine bone and selected synthetic hyroxyapatites used as bone graft substitute materials. Biomaterials 2002; 23:921 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00204-6; PMID: 11771712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato K. Inorganic-organic interfacial interactions in hydroxyapatite mineralization processes. Top Curr Chem 2006; 270:127 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/128_075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartgerink JD, Beniash E, Stupp SI. Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science 2001; 294:1684 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1063187; PMID: 11721046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger C, Zhou HW, Wang H, Sics I, Hsiao BS, Chu B, et al. Lateral packing of mineral crystals in bone collagen fibrils. Biophys J 2008; 95:1985 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.128355; PMID: 18359799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YY, Rawal A, Schmidt-Rohr K. Strongly bound citrate stabilizes the apatite nanocrystals in bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22425 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009219107; PMID: 21127269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie B, Nancollas GH. How to control the size and morphology of apatite nanocrystals in bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22369 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017493108; PMID: 21169505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane NJ, Popescu V, Morris MD, Steenhuis P, Ignelzi MA Jr.. Raman spectroscopic evidence for octacalcium phosphate and other transient mineral species deposited during intramembranous mineralization. Bone 2006; 39:434 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.059; PMID: 16627026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George A, Veis A. Phosphorylated proteins and control over apatite nucleation, crystal growth, and inhibition. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4670 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0782729; PMID: 18831570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall BK, ed. Cartilage: structure, function and biochemistry. Academic Press: New York USA 1983; 385.
   Google Scholar
• Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, Seibel MJ. Dynamics of bone and cartilage metabolism. Academic Press: New York USA 1999; 672.
   Google Scholar
• Hall BK, ed. Bones and cartilage: developmental skeletal biology. Academic Press: New York USA 2005; 792.
   Google Scholar
• Marino AA, Becker RO. Evidence for epitaxy in the formation of collagen and apatite. Nature 1970; 226:652 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/226652a0; PMID: 4315552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jodaikin A, Weiner S, Talmon Y, Grossman E, Traub W. Mineral-organic matrix relations in tooth enamel. Int J Biol Macromol 1988; 10:349 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(88)90027-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham AG, Moradian-Oldak J, Diekwisch TGH, Lyaruu DM, Wright JT, Bringas P Jr., et al. Evidence for amelogenin “nanospheres” as functional components of secretory-stage enamel matrix. J Struct Biol 1995; 115:50 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1995.1029; PMID: 7577231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ, Pan CM, Suga S, Watabe N. Crystallo-chemical properties of apatite in atremate brachiopod shells. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37:98 - 100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02557687; PMID: 3922605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iijima M, Moriwaki Y. Orientation of apatite and organic matrix in Lingula unguis shell. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 47:237 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02555925; PMID: 2242496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A, Cusack M, Buckman JO, Stachel T. Siliceous tablets in the larval shells of apatitic discinid brachiopods. Science 1998; 279:2094 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5359.2094; PMID: 9516107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohanizadeh R, LeGeros RZ. Mineral phase in linguloid brachiopod shell: Lingula adamsi. Lethaia 2007; 40:61 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2006.00006.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano T, Ishimoto T, Lee JW, Umakoshi Y. Preferential orientation of biological apatite crystallite in original, regenerated and diseased cortical bones. J Ceram Soc Jpn 2008; 116:313 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.116.313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano T, Ishimoto T, Umakoshi Y, Tabata Y. Variation in bone quality during regenerative process. Mater Sci Forum 2007; 539-543:675 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.539-543.675
   Google Scholar
• Suvorova EI, Petrenko PP, Buffat PA. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy for evaluation of order/disorder in bone structure. Scanning 2007; 29:162 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.20058; PMID: 17598178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock SR, Blackburn D, Gradassi M, Simon HG. Bone formation during forelimb regeneration: a microtomography (microCT) analysis. Dev Dyn 2003; 226:410 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.10241; PMID: 12557219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum SL. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 2000; 289:1504 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5484.1504; PMID: 10968780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodan GA, Martin TJ. Therapeutic approaches to bone diseases. Science 2000; 289:1508 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5484.1508; PMID: 10968781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling AF, Filke S, Brink S, Korbmacher H, Amling M, Rueger JM. Osteoclasts and biomaterials. Eur J Trauma 2006; 32:107 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00068-006-6043-1
   Google Scholar
• Bonar LC, Shimizu M, Roberts JE, Griffin RG, Glimcher MJ. Structural and composition studies on the mineral of newly formed dental enamel: a chemical, x-ray diffraction, and 31P and proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6:1167 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650061105; PMID: 1666806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biltz RM, Pellegrino ED. The hydroxyl content of calcified tissue mineral. Calcif Tissue Res 1971; 7:259 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02062614; PMID: 5106030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rey C, Renugopalakrishnan V, Collins B, Glimcher MJ. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the carbonate ions in bone mineral during aging. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49:251 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02556214; PMID: 1760769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey C, Miquel JL, Facchini L, Legrand AP, Glimcher MJ. Hydroxyl groups in bone mineral. Bone 1995; 16:583 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(95)00101-I; PMID: 7654473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loong CK, Rey C, Kuhn LT, Combes C, Wu Y, Chen SH, et al. Evidence of hydroxyl-ion deficiency in bone apatites: an inelastic neutron-scattering study. Bone 2000; 26:599 - 602; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00273-8; PMID: 10831931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho G, Wu Y, Ackerman JL. Detection of hydroxyl ions in bone mineral by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Science 2003; 300:1123 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1078470; PMID: 12750514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung MS, Brown WE. An intermediate state in hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphate. Calcif Tissue Int 1983; 35:783 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405124; PMID: 6652554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung MS, Brown WE. The role of octacalcium phosphate in subcutaneous heterotopic calcification. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37:329 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02554883; PMID: 3926285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WE, Eidelman N, Tomazic BB. Octacalcium phosphate as a precursor in biomineral formation. Adv Dent Res 1987; 1:306 - 13; PMID: 3504181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siew C, Gruninger SE, Chow LC, Brown WE. Procedure for the study of acidic calcium phosphate precursor phases in enamel mineral formation. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 50:144 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298792; PMID: 1315187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng YH, Mou CY, Chan JCC. Solid-state NMR study of the transformation of octacalcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite: a mechanistic model for central dark line formation. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6909 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja060336u; PMID: 16719471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eanes ED, Gillessen IH, Posner AS. Intermediate states in the precipitation of hydroxyapatite. Nature 1965; 208:365 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/208365a0; PMID: 5885449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termine JD, Posner AS. Infrared analysis of rat bone: age dependency of amorphous and crystalline mineral fractions. Science 1966; 153:1523 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.153.3743.1523; PMID: 5917783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termine JD, Posner AS. Infra-red determinaion of the percentage of crystallinity in apatitic calcium phosphates. Nature 1966; 211:268 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/211268a0; PMID: 5965547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper RA, Posner AS. Measurement of non-crystalline calcium phosphate in bone mineral. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1966; 122:137 - 42; PMID: 5944858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner AS. Crystal chemistry of bone mineral. Physiol Rev 1969; 49:760 - 92; PMID: 4898602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner AS. Bone mineral on the molecular level. Fed Proc 1973; 32:1933 - 7; PMID: 4579969
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boskey AL, Posner AS. Formation of hydroxyapatite at low supersaturation. J Phys Chem 1976; 80:40 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100542a009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner AS. “The chemistry of bone mineral”. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 1978; 39:126 - 44; PMID: 111746
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glimcher MJ, Bonar LC, Grynpas MD, Landis WJ, Roufosse AH. Recent studies of bone mineral: is the amorphous calcium phosphate theory valid?. J Cryst Growth 1981; 53:100 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(81)90058-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer JL, Eanes ED. A thermodynamic analysis of the amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate transformation. Calcif Tissue Res 1978; 25:59 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010752; PMID: 25699
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer JL, Eanes ED. A thermodynamic analysis of the secondary transition in the spontaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate. Calcif Tissue Res 1978; 25:209 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010771; PMID: 30523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Politi Y, Arad T, Klein E, Weiner S, Addadi L. Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient amorphous calcium carbonate phase. Science 2004; 306:1161 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102289; PMID: 15539597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Sagi I, Addadi L. Structural biology. Choosing the crystallization path less traveled. Science 2005; 309:1027 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114920; PMID: 16099970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner S. Transient precursor strategy in mineral formation of bone. Bone 2006; 39:431 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.058; PMID: 16581322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekounov Y, Petrov OE. Bone resembling apatite by amorphous-to-crystalline transition driven self-organisation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19:753 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3085-7; PMID: 17619976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gower LB. Biomimetic model systems for investigating the amorphous precursor pathway and its role in biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4551 - 627; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr800443h; PMID: 19006398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Mahamid J, Politi Y, Ma Y, Addadi L. Overview of the amorphous precursor phase strategy in biomineralization. Front Mater Sci China 2009; 3:104 8.
   Google Scholar
• Mahamid J, Sharir A, Addadi L, Weiner S. Amorphous calcium phosphate is a major component of the forming fin bones of zebrafish: Indications for an amorphous precursor phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12748 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803354105; PMID: 18753619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahamid J, Aichmayer B, Shimoni E, Ziblat R, Li C, Siegel S, et al. Mapping amorphous calcium phosphate transformation into crystalline mineral from the cell to the bone in zebrafish fin rays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6316 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914218107; PMID: 20308589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nudelman F, Pieterse K, George A, Bomans PHH, Friedrich H, Brylka LJ, et al. The role of collagen in bone apatite formation in the presence of hydroxyapatite nucleation inhibitors. Nat Mater 2010; 9:1004 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2875; PMID: 20972429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cölfen H. Biomineralization: A crystal-clear view. Nat Mater 2010; 9:960 - 1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2911; PMID: 21102512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahar ND, Hong SI, Kohn DH. Micro- and nano-structural analyses of damage in bone. Micron 2005; 36:617 - 29; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2005.07.006; PMID: 16169739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Martin TJ. Principles of Bone Biology. Academic Press: New York USA 2008; 3:1900.
   Google Scholar
• Burnell JM, Teubner EJ, Miller AG. Normal maturational changes in bone matrix, mineral, and crystal size in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 1980; 31:13 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407162; PMID: 6770970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner S, Traub W. Organization of hydroxyapatite crystals within collagen fibrils. FEBS Lett 1986; 206:262 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(86)80993-0; PMID: 3019771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanschin RG, Stern WB. X-ray diffraction studies on the lattice perfection of human bone apatite (Crista iliaca). Bone 1995; 16:Suppl 355S - 63S; PMID: 7626325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino ED, Biltz RM. Mineralization in the chick embryo. I. Monohydrogen phosphate and carbonate relationships during maturation of the bone crystal complex. Calcif Tissue Res 1972; 10:128 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012542; PMID: 4343465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Legros R, Balmain N, Bonel G. Age-related changes in mineral of rat and bovine cortical bone. Calcif Tissue Int 1987; 41:137 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02563793; PMID: 3117340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey C, Hina A, Tofighi A, Glimcher MJ. Maturation of poorly crystalline apatites: chemical and structural aspect in vivo and in vitro behavior. Cell Mater 1995; 5:345 - 56
   Google Scholar
• Verdelis K, Lukashova L, Wright JT, Mendelsohn R, Peterson MGE, Doty S, et al. Maturational changes in dentin mineral properties. Bone 2007; 40:1399 - 407; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.12.061; PMID: 17289453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerramshetty JS, Lind C, Akkus O. The compositional and physicochemical homogeneity of male femoral cortex increases after the sixth decade. Bone 2006; 39:1236 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.002; PMID: 16860007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn LT, Grynpas MD, Rey CC, Wu Y, Ackerman JL, Glimcher MJ. A comparison of the physical and chemical differences between cancellous and cortical bovine bone mineral at two ages. Calcif Tissue Int 2008; 83:146 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-008-9164-z; PMID: 18685796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly E, Boskey AL, Baker SP, van der Meulen MC. Effects of tissue age on bone tissue material composition and nanomechanical properties in the rat cortex. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:1048 - 56; PMID: 19301272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstam HA. Minerals formed by organisms. Science 1981; 211:1126 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7008198; PMID: 7008198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstam HA, Weiner S. Mineralization by organisms and the evolution of biomineralization. In: Biomineralization and biological metal accumulation. Westbroek P, de Jong EW, (Eds.) D Reidel Pub Co Dordrecht, Holland 1983; 191-203.
   Google Scholar
• Plate U, Tkotz T, Wiesmann HP, Stratmann U, Joos U, Höhling HJ. Early mineralization of matrix vesicles in the epiphyseal growth plate. J Microsc 1996; 183:102 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1996.67430.x; PMID: 8760406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratmann U, Schaarschmidt K, Wiesmann HP, Plate U, Höhling HJ. Mineralization during matrix-vesicle-mediated mantle dentine formation in molars of albino rats: a microanalytical and ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res 1996; 284:223 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050582; PMID: 8625389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnen-Dechent W, Schinke T, Trindl A, Müller-Esterl W, Sablitzky F, Kaiser S, et al. Cloning and targeted deletion of the mouse fetuin gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:31496 - 503; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.50.31496; PMID: 9395485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinke T, McKee MD, Karsenty G. Extracellular matrix calcification: where is the action?. Nat Genet 1999; 21:150 - 1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/5928; PMID: 9988260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnen-Dechent W, Schäfer G, Heiss A, Grötzinger J. Systemic inhibition of spontaneous calcification by the serum protein a2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin. Z Kardiol 2001; 90:4756; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003920170042
   Google Scholar
• Avery JK. Oral development and histology. Thieme Medical Publishers Inc.: New York USA 2001; 3:435.
   Google Scholar
• ten Cate AR. Oral histology: development, structure and function. Mosby-Year Book. Saint Louis USA 1998; 5:497
   Google Scholar
• Xue J, Zhang L, Zou L, Liao Y, Li J, Xiao L, et al. High-resolution X-ray microdiffraction analysis of natural teeth. J Synchrotron Radiat 2008; 15:235 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049508003397; PMID: 18421147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaft M, Shoval S, Panczer G, Nathan Y, Champagnon B, Garapon C. Luminescence of uranium and rare-earth elements in apatite of fossil fish teeth. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl 1996; 126:187 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00079-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CM, Zhang Q, Bai S, Wang CS. [FTIR and XRD analysis of hydroxyapatite from fossil human and animal teeth in Jinsha Relict, Chengdu]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2007; 27:2448 - 52; PMID: 18330282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho SP, Yu B, Yun W, Marshall GW, Ryder MI, Marshall SJ. Structure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of human and rat cementum and its interface with root dentin. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:707 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.08.013; PMID: 18829402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosshardt DD, Selvig KA. Dental cementum: the dynamic tissue covering of the root. Periodontol 2000 1997; 13:41 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00095.x; PMID: 9567923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SP, Senkyrikova P, Marshall GW, Yun W, Wang Y, Karan K, et al. Structure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of coronal cementum in human deciduous molars. Dent Mater 2009; 25:1195 - 204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.04.005; PMID: 19464049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Li M, Liu Z, Guo Y, Hasegawa T, Masuki H, et al. Histological review of the human cellular cementum with special reference to an alternating lamellar pattern. Odontology 2010; 98:102 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-010-0134-3; PMID: 20652787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis HC, Beniash E, Fowler CE. Role of macromolecular assembly of enamel matrix proteins in enamel formation. J Dent Res 2006; 85:775 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500902; PMID: 16931858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira A, Hancock R, Limeback H, Schwartz M, Grynpas MD. How does fluoride concentration in the tooth affect apatite crystal size?. J Dent Res 2003; 82:909 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308201112; PMID: 14578504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui FZ, Ge J. New observations of the hierarchical structure of human enamel, from nanoscale to microscale. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2007; 1:185 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.21; PMID: 18038410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandt KD. Probing the future in functional soft drinks on the nanometre scale—towards tooth friendly soft drinks. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006; 17:263 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Chen Y, Orr BG, Holl MM, Majoros I, Clarkson BH. Nanoscale probing of the enamel nanorod surface using polyamidoamine dendrimers. Langmuir 2004; 20:4168 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0303005; PMID: 15969412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnholm E. The amelogenesis of human teeth as revealed by electron microscopy. II. The development of the enamel crystallites. J Ultrastruct Res 1962; 6:249 - 303; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(62)80036-7; PMID: 14493689
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nylen MU, Eanes ED, Omnell KA. Crystal growth in rat enamel. J Cell Biol 1963; 18:109 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.18.1.109; PMID: 13939321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miake Y, Shimoda S, Fukae M, Aoba T. Epitaxial overgrowth of apatite crystals on the thin-ribbon precursor at early stages of porcine enamel mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53:249 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320910; PMID: 8275353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daculsi G, Menanteau J, Kerebel LM, Mitre D. Length and shape of enamel crystals. Calcif Tissue Int 1984; 36:550 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405364; PMID: 6441627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jodaikin A, Weiner S, Traub W. Enamel rod relations in the developing rat incisor. J Ultrastruct Res 1984; 89:324 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(84)80048-9; PMID: 6544893
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brès EF, Hutchison JL. Surface structure study of biological calcium phosphate apatite crystals from human tooth enamel. J Biomed Mater Res 2002; 63:433 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10254; PMID: 12115752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder L, Frank RM. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of adult human peritubular dentine. Cell Tissue Res 1985; 242:449 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214561; PMID: 4053174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brès EF, Voegel JC, Frank RM. High-resolution electron microscopy of human enamel crystals. J Microsc 1990; 160:183 - 201; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb03057.x; PMID: 1963451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson C, Connell S, Kirkham J, Shorea R, Smith A. Dental enamel—a biological ceramic: regular substructures in enamel hydroxyapatite crystals revealed by atomic force microscopy. J Mater Chem 2004; 14:2242 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b401154f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warf RD, Watson RR. Calcium phosphate—nutrition in prevention of early childhood dental caries. In: Wild-type food in health promotion and disease prevention: the Columbus concept. de Meester F, Watson RR, Eds. Humana Press: Totowa NJ, USA 2008; 343-53.
   Google Scholar
• Simmer JP, Fincham AG. Molecular mechanisms of dental enamel formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995; 6:84 - 108; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411950060020701; PMID: 7548623
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diekwisch TG, Berman BJ, Gentner S, Slavkin HC. Initial enamel crystals are not spatially associated with mineralized dentine. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 279:149 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300701; PMID: 7895256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoba T. Recent observations on enamel crystal formation during mammalian amelogenesis. Anat Rec 1996; 245:208 - 18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<208::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-S; PMID: 8769664
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beniash E, Metzler RA, Lam RSK, Gilbert PUPA. Transient amorphous calcium phosphate in forming enamel. J Struct Biol 2009; 166:133 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2009.02.001; PMID: 19217943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CE. Cellular and chemical events during enamel maturation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998; 9:128 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411980090020101; PMID: 9603233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sydney-Zax M, Mayer I, Deutsch D. Carbonate content in developing human and bovine enamel. J Dent Res 1991; 70:913 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345910700051001; PMID: 2022774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey C, Renugopalakrishnan V, Shimizu M, Collins B, Glimcher MJ. A resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the environment of the CO3(2-) ion in the mineral phase of enamel during its formation and maturation. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49:259 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02556215; PMID: 1760770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi T, Ogasawara T, Tagami J, Akao M, Kuboki Y, Nagai N, et al. pH and carbonate levels in developing enamel. Connect Tissue Res 1998; 38:181 - 7, discussion 201-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03008209809017035; PMID: 11063026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstam HA, Weiner S. Transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to crystalline dahillite in the radular teeth of chitons. Science 1985; 227:51 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4682.51; PMID: 17810022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvig KA. Periodic lattice images of hydroxyapatite crystals in human bone and dental hard tissues. Calcif Tissue Res 1970; 6:227 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02196203; PMID: 5500676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selvig KA. Electron microscopy of dental enamel: analysis of crystal lattice images. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1973; 137:271 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307434; PMID: 4692958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuisinier FJG, Steuer P, Senger B, Voegel JC, Frank RM. Human amelogenesis: high resolution electron microscopy of nanometer-sized particles. Cell Tissue Res 1993; 273:175 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304624; PMID: 8395984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuisinier FJG, Steuer P, Brisson A, Voegel JC. High resolution electron microscopy study of crystal growth mechanisms in chicken bone composites. J Cryst Growth 1995; 156:443 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(95)00237-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houllé P, Voegel JC, Schultz P, Steuer P, Cuisinier FJG. High resolution electron microscopy: structure and growth mechanisms of human dentin crystals. J Dent Res 1997; 76:895 - 904; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760041101; PMID: 9126186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann S. Molecular tectonics in biomineralization and biomimetic materials chemistry. Nature 1993; 365:499 - 505; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365499a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkham J, Zhang J, Brookes SJ, Shore RC, Wood SR, Smith DA, et al. Evidence for charge domains on developing enamel crystal surfaces. J Dent Res 2000; 79:1943 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345000790120401; PMID: 11201043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TM, Tafforeau P. New visions of dental tissue research: tooth development, chemistry and structure. Evol Anthropol 2008; 17:213 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky H, Nanci A. Stereo electron microscopy of enamel crystallites. J Dent Res 1982; 61:Spec No 1504 - 14; PMID: 6958709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky H. Organization of crystals in enamel. Anat Rec 1989; 224:242 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092240214; PMID: 2672889
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu C, Yao X, Walker MP, Wang Y. Chemical/molecular structure of the dentin-enamel junction is dependent on the intratooth location. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 84:221 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-008-9212-8; PMID: 19152060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault AL, Robinson BW. The dentino-enamel junction: a structural and microanalytical study of early mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 45:111 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02561410; PMID: 2505895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi Y. High resolution electron microscopy in the dentino-enamel junction. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 1992; 41:387 - 91; PMID: 1487691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi Y. High resolution electron microscopic study on the human dentine crystal. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 1993; 42:141 - 6; PMID: 8397271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodier-Houllé P, Steuer P, Meyer JM, Bigeard L, Cuisinier FJG. High-resolution electron-microscopic study of the relationship between human enamel and dentin crystals at the dentinoenamel junction. Cell Tissue Res 2000; 301:389 - 95; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410000241; PMID: 10994784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano Y, Hanaizumi Y, Ohshima H. Occurrence of amorphous and crystalline mineral deposits at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface of incisors in the calcium-loaded rat: implication of novel calcium binding domains. Anat Rec 1996; 245:174 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199606)245:2<174::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-X; PMID: 8769662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong W, Warshawsky H. Lattice fringe continuity in the absence of crystal continuity in enamel. Adv Dent Res 1996; 10:232 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374960100021901; PMID: 9206342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang R, Hu Y, Ng C. Microstructure and interfacial fracture at the cementum-enamel junctions in equine and bovine teeth. J Mater Res 2006; 21:2146 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SP, Goodis H, Balooch M, Nonomura G, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. The effect of sample preparation technique on determination of structure and nanomechanical properties of human cementum hard tissue. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4847 - 57; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.047; PMID: 15120532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paine ML, White SN, Luo W, Fong H, Sarikaya M, Snead ML. Regulated gene expression dictates enamel structure and tooth function. Matrix Biol 2001; 20:273 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0945-053X(01)00153-6; PMID: 11566262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finke M, Parker DM, Jandt KD. Influence of soft drinks on the thickness and morphology of in situ acquired pellicle layer on enamel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 251:263 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2002.8428; PMID: 16290729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour ME, Parker DM, Jandt KD. Enamel dissolution as a function of solution degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite: a nanoindentation study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 265:9 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00087-0; PMID: 12927157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippert F, Parker DM, Jandt KD. Susceptibility of deciduous and permanent enamel to dietary acid-induced erosion studied with atomic force microscopy nanoindentation. Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112:61 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-8836.2004.00095.x; PMID: 14871195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour ME, Parker DM, Allen GC, Jandt KD. Human enamel erosion in constant composition citric acid solutions as a function of degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite. J Oral Rehabil 2005; 32:16 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01365.x; PMID: 15634296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ. Calcium phosphates in demineralization and remineralization processes. J Clin Dent 1999; 10:65 - 73
   Google Scholar
• Walker G, Cai F, Shen P, Reynolds C, Ward B, Fone C, et al. Increased remineralization of tooth enamel by milk containing added casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J Dairy Res 2006; 73:74 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029905001482; PMID: 16433964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippert F, Parker DM, Jandt KD. In situ remineralisation of surface softened human enamel studied with AFM nanoindentation. Surf Sci 2004; 553:105 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.01.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippert F, Parker DM, Jandt KD. In vitro demineralization/remineralization cycles at human tooth enamel surfaces investigated by AFM and nanoindentation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 280:442 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.016; PMID: 15533417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippert F, Parker DM, Jandt KD. Toothbrush abrasion of surface softened enamel studied with tapping mode AFM and AFM nanoindentation. Caries Res 2004; 38:464 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079628; PMID: 15316191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannig C, Hannig M. Natural enamel wear--a physiological source of hydroxylapatite nanoparticles for biofilm management and tooth repair?. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:670 - 2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.007; PMID: 19962245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch S. Regeneration of human tooth enamel. Angew Chew Int Ed 2004; 43:1428-31.
   Google Scholar
• Onuma K, Yamagishi K, Oyane A. Nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals for nondestructive repair of early caries lesions. J Cryst Growth 2005; 282:199 - 207; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.04.085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Feng Z. Preparation and characterization of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate coating on enamel. Mater Lett 2007; 61:3923 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.12.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Pan H, Tao J, Xu X, Mao C, Gu X, et al. Repair of enamel by using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as the building blocks. J Mater Chem 2008; 18:4079 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b806090h
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane NJ, Saranathan S, Cai F, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. Enamel subsurface lesion remineralisation with casein phosphopeptide stabilised solutions of calcium, phosphate and fluoride. Caries Res 2008; 42:88 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000113161; PMID: 18204252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Xia C, Zhang Z, Deng X, Wei S, Zheng G, et al. Direct growth of human enamel-like calcium phosphate microstructures on human tooth. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2009; 9:1361 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.C157; PMID: 19441525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roveri N, Battistella E, Bianchi CL, Foltran I, Foresti E, Iafisco M, et al. Surface enamel remineralization: biomimetic apatite nanocrystals and fluoride ions different effects. J Nanomater 2009; •••:746383
   Google Scholar
• Roveri N, Foresti E, Lelli M, Lesci IG. Recent advancements in preventing teeth health hazard: the daily use of hydroxyapatite instead of fluoride. Recent Patents on Biomed. Eng 2009; 2:197 - 215
   Google Scholar
• Yin Y, Yun S, Fang J, Chen H. Chemical regeneration of human tooth enamel under near-physiological conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009; 21:5892 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b911407f; PMID: 19787132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters MC, Bresciani E, Barata TJE, Fagundes TC, Navarro RL, Navarro MFL, et al. In vivo dentin remineralization by calcium-phosphate cement. J Dent Res 2010; 89:286 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034509360155; PMID: 20139340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini G, Procaccini M, Manzoli L, Giuliodori F, Lorenzini A, Putignano A. A double-blind randomized-controlled trial comparing the desensitizing efficacy of a new dentifrice containing carbonate/hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and a sodium fluoride/potassium nitrate dentifrice. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:510 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01558.x; PMID: 20507374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal T, Amasyali M, Koyuturk AE, Ozcan S, Sagdic D. Amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composites. Do they prevent demineralisation around orthodontic brackets?. Aust Orthod J 2010; 26:10 - 5; PMID: 20575193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sá Roriz Fonteles C, Zero DT, Moss ME, Fu J. Fluoride concentrations in enamel and dentin of primary teeth after pre- and postnatal fluoride exposure. Caries Res 2005; 39:505 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000088187; PMID: 16251796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand A, Krieger C, Attin R, Hellwig E, Attin T. Fluoride uptake and resistance to further demineralisation of demineralised enamel after application of differently concentrated acidulated sodium fluoride gels. Clin Oral Investig 2005; 9:52 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-005-0306-7; PMID: 15726445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waszkiel D, Opalko K, Lagocka R, Chlubek D. Fluoride and magnesium content in superficial enamel layers of teeth with erosions. Fluoride 2004; 37:271 - 7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira APGF, Hancock R, Dumitriu M, Schwartz M, Limeback H, Grynpas MD. How does fluoride affect dentin microhardness and mineralization?. J Dent Res 2005; 84:951 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508401015; PMID: 16183797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessens FCM. Relation between apatite solubility and anti-cariogenic effect of fluoride. Nature 1973; 243:420 - 1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/243420a0; PMID: 4743638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno EC, Kresak M, Zahradnik RT. Fluoridated hydroxyapatite solubility and caries formation. Nature 1974; 247:64 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247064a0; PMID: 4462607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClendon JF. Fluorapatite and teeth. Science 1966; 151:151; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.151.3707.151-b; PMID: 17746322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Klocke A, Mihailova B, Tosheva L, Bismayer U. New insights into structural alteration of enamel apatite induced by citric acid and sodium fluoride solutions. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8840 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp802492d; PMID: 18588337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H. Deer antlers - a model of mammalian appendage regeneration: an extensive review. Gerontology 2011; 57:53 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000300565; PMID: 20332600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price J, Faucheux C, Allen S. Deer antlers as a model of Mammalian regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 67:1 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0070-2153(05)67001-9; PMID: 15949530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue Z, Deng X, Feng H. The mechanisms of deer antlers development and regeneration. J Econ Animal 2005; 9:46 - 9
   Google Scholar
• Zhao L, Yue Z, Zhang X, Deng X. The deer antlers endochondral ossification and its regulation mechanisms. J Econ Animal 2006; 10:238 - 41
   Google Scholar
• Landete-Castillejos T, Garcia A, Gallego L. Body weight, early growth and antler size influence antler bone mineral composition of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Bone 2007; 40:230 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.07.009; PMID: 16949898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley J. The relative size of antlers of deer. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1931; 72:819 - 64
   Google Scholar
• Kierdorf U, Li C, Price JS. Improbable appendages: Deer antler renewal as a unique case of mammalian regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:535 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.011; PMID: 19084608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen PY, Stokes AG, McKittrick J. Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Acta Biomater 2009; 5:693 - 706; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.011; PMID: 18951859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zioupos P, Wang XT, Currey JD. Experimental and theoretical quantification of the development of damage in fatigue tests of bone and antler. J Biomech 1996; 29:989 - 1002; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(96)00001-2; PMID: 8817365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landete-Castillejos T, Currey JD, Estevez JA, Gaspar-López E, Garcia A, Gallego L. Influence of physiological effort of growth and chemical composition on antler bone mechanical properties. Bone 2007; 41:794 - 803; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.013; PMID: 17822969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans LA, McCutcheon AL, Dennis GR, Mulley RC, Wilson MA. Pore size analysis of fallow deer (Dama dama) antler bone. J Mater Sci 2005; 40:5733 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1118-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhtar R, Daymond MR, Almer JD, Mummery PM. Elastic strains in antler trabecular bone determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:1677 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.05.008; PMID: 18555757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currey JD, Landete-Castillejos T, Estevez J, Ceacero F, Olguin A, Garcia A, et al. The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:3985 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.032292; PMID: 19946076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss RJ. Deer antlers regeneration, function and evolution. Academic Press: New York USA 1983; 316.
   Google Scholar
• Bubenik GA, Bubenik AB, eds. Horns, pronghorns and antlers: evolution, morphology, physiology and social significance. Springer: New York USA 1990; 562.
   Google Scholar
• Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H. Antlers as biomonitors of environmental pollution by lead and fluoride: a review. Eur J Wildl Res 2005; 51:137 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0093-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barling PM, Gupta DK, Lim CEL. Involvement of phosphodiesterase I in mineralization: histochemical studies using antler from red deer (Cervus elaphus) as a model. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 65:384 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900718; PMID: 10541765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barling PM, Chong KW. The involvement of phosphohydrolases in mineralization: studies on enzymatic activities extracted from red deer antler. Calcif Tissue Int 1999; 65:232 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900689; PMID: 10441657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H. The fluoride content of antlers as an indicator of fluoride exposure in red deer (Cervus elaphus): a historical biomonitoring study. Fluoride 2000; 33:92 - 4
   Google Scholar
• Pathak NN, Pattanaik AK, Patra RC, Arora BM. Mineral composition of antlers of three deer species reared in captivity. Small Rumin Res 2001; 42:61 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00218-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuxia Y, Rui D, Wang Y, Wang S. Calcium and phosphors contents of three-branched and two-branched antler and ossificational antler from sika deer. J Econ Animal 2002; 6:6 - 8
   Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Rhyu MR. Sectional composition of minerals in domestic deer antler. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol 2000; 32:31 - 6
   Google Scholar
• Li C, Suttie JM, Clark DE. Histological examination of antler regeneration in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2005; 282:163 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20148; PMID: 15641024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meister W. Changes in biological structure of the long bones of white-tailed deer during the growth of antlers. Anat Rec 1956; 124:709 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091240407; PMID: 13327279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muir PD, Sykes AR, Barrell GK. Calcium metabolism in red deer (Cervus elaphus) offered herbages during antlerogenesis: kinetic and stable balance studies. J Agric Sci Camb 1987; 109:357 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600080783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter BJ, Andrews RN, Barrell GK. Bone turnover associated with antler growth in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Anat Rec 1999; 256:14 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990901)256:1<14::AID-AR3>3.0.CO;2-A; PMID: 10456981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bubenik GA, Bubenik PG. Palmated antlers of moose may serve as a parabolic reflector of sounds. Eur J Wildl Res 2008; 54:533 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-007-0165-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landete-Castillejos T, Estevez JA, Martínez A, Ceacero F, Garcia A, Gallego L. Does chemical composition of antler bone reflect the physiological effort made to grow it?. Bone 2007; 40:1095 - 102; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.11.022; PMID: 17239669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baciut M, Baciut G, Simon V, Albon C, Coman V, Prodan P, et al. Investigation of deer antler as a potential bone regenerating biomaterial. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 2007; 9:2547 - 50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31:607 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9531176; PMID: 9531176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazama JJ, Amizuka N, Fukagawa M. Ectopic calcification as abnormal biomineralization. Ther Apher Dial 2006; 10:34 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00438.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackarell WW, Moore B, Thomas WT. On the presence of insoluble salts of calcium (oxalate and phosphate) in renal calculi in large amount in a preponderating number of cases, and the bearing of this finding upon calcium metabolism in gout and allied conditions. Biochem J 1911; 5:161 - 80; PMID: 16742149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frondel C, Prien EL. Carbonate-apatite and hydroxylapatite in urinary calculi. Science 1942; 95:431; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.95.2469.431; PMID: 17842588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frondel C, Prien EL. Deposition of calcium phosphates accompanying senile degeneration and disease. Science 1946; 103:326; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.103.2672.326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancaccio D, Cozzolino M. The mechanism of calcium deposition in soft tissues. Contrib Nephrol 2005; 149:279 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000085689; PMID: 15876851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff AK, Reichard R. A soft-tissue calcification: differential diagnosis and pathogenesis. J Forensic Sci 2006; 51:493 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00109.x; PMID: 16696695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittmann S, Günther MW, Ulus H. Tumoral calcinosis of the gluteal region in a child: case report with overview of different soft-tissue calcifications. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:E4 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(03)00289-6; PMID: 12891514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy ES, McCarthy GM. Basic calcium phosphate crystals: pathways to joint degeneration. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 18:187 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bor.0000209433.43978.a8; PMID: 16462527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giachelli CM. Vascular calcification mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:2959 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000145894.57533.C4; PMID: 15579497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukagawa M, Kazama JJ, Fukagawa M. The making of a bone in blood vessels: from the soft shell to the hard bone. Kidney Int 2007; 72:533 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002440; PMID: 17713562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achilles W. Crystallization in gel matrices: a new experimental model of calcium stone formation. Contrib Nephrol 1987; 58:59 - 64; PMID: 3691148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Achilles W, Jöckel U, Schaper A, Burk M, Riedmiller H. In vitro formation of “urinary stones”: generation of spherulites of calcium phosphate in gel and overgrowth with calcium oxalate using a new flow model of crystallization. Scanning Microsc 1995; 9:577 - 85, discussion 585-6; PMID: 8714750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross AE, Handa S, Lingeman JE, Matlaga BR. Kidney stones during pregnancy: an investigation into stone composition. Urol Res 2008; 36:99 - 102; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00240-008-0138-4; PMID: 18470509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringdén I, Tiselius HG. Composition and clinically determined hardness of urinary tract stones. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2007; 41:316 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365590601154551; PMID: 17763224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen AT, Rowles SL. Magnesium whitlockite, a major constituent of dental calculus. Acta Odontol Scand 1957; 16:121 - 39; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016355709041096
   Google Scholar
• Le May O, Kaqueler JC, Kodaka T. Electron probe micro-analysis of human dental pulp stones. Scanning Microsc 1993; 7:267 - 71, discussion 271-2; PMID: 8316798
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kodaka T, Hirayama A, Mori R, Sano T. Spherulitic brushite stone in the dental pulp of a cow. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 1998; 47:57 - 65; PMID: 9602527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashizaki J, Ban S, Nakagaki H, Okumura A, Yoshii S, Robinson C. Site specific mineral composition and microstructure of human supra-gingival dental calculus. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:168 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.09.003; PMID: 17964529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelentsov EL, Moroz TN, Kolmogorov YP, Tolmachev VE, Dragun GN, Palchik NA, et al. The elemental SRXRF analysis and mineral composition of human salivary stones. NIM A 2001; 470:417 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01088-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortlepp JR, Schmitz F, Mevissen V, Weiss S, Huster J, Dronskowski R, et al. The amount of calcium-deficient hexagonal hydroxyapatite in aortic valves is influenced by gender and associated with genetic polymorphisms in patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 2004; 25:514 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.006; PMID: 15039132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KM. Cellular mechanism of calcification and its prevention in glutaraldehyde treated vascular tissue. Z Kardiol 2001; 90:Suppl 3 99 - 105; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003920170050; PMID: 11374041
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomazic BB. Physiochemical principles of cardiovascular calcification. Z Kardiol 2001; 90:Suppl 3 68 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003920170046; PMID: 11374037
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marra SP, Daghlian CP, Fillinger MF, Kennedy FE. Elemental composition, morphology and mechanical properties of calcified deposits obtained from abdominal aortic aneurysms. Acta Biomater 2006; 2:515 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2006.05.003; PMID: 16839827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick LA, Turner RT, Ritman ER. Endochondral bone formation in the heart: a possible mechanism of coronary calcification. Endocrinology 2003; 144:2214 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-0170; PMID: 12746277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvorova EI, Buffat PA. Pathological mineralization of cardiac valves: causes and mechanism. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2005; 15:355 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v15.i4.30; PMID: 16022646
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giachelli CM. Ectopic calcification: new concepts in cellular regulation. Z Kardiol 2001; 90:Suppl 3 31 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003920170039; PMID: 11374030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glasmacher B, Nellen E, Reul H, Rau G. In vitro hemocompatibility testing of new materials for mechanical heart valves. Materialwiss Werkstofftech 1999; 30:806 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4052(199912)30:12<806::AID-MAWE806>3.0.CO;2-F
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deiwick M, Glasmacher B, Pettenazzo E, Hammel D, Castellón W, Thiene G, et al. Primary tissue failure of bioprostheses: new evidence from in vitro tests. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 49:78 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-11711; PMID: 11339456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettenazzo E, Deiwick M, Thiene G, Molin G, Glasmacher B, Martignago F, et al. Dynamic in vitro calcification of bioprosthetic porcine valves: evidence of apatite crystallization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121:500 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2001.112464; PMID: 11241085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Calcification of tissue heart valve substitutes: progress toward understanding and prevention. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79:1072 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.06.033; PMID: 15734452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sensui K, Saitoh S, Kametani K, Makino K, Ohira M, Kimura T, et al. Property analysis of ectopic calcification in the carpal tunnel identification of apatite crystals: a case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2003; 123:442 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-003-0574-0; PMID: 14574607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CJ, Choi SK. Analysis of aqueous humor calcium and phosphate from cataract eyes with and without diabetes mellitus. Korean J Ophthalmol 2007; 21:90 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2007.21.2.90; PMID: 17592239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mccarty DJ Jr., Hogan JM, Gatter RA, Grossman M. Studies on pathological calcifications in human cartilage. I. Prevalence and types of crystal deposits in the menisci of two hundred fifteen cadavera. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1966; 48:309 - 25; PMID: 5932916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird DF, Mucalo MR, Yokogawa Y. Growth of calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca-HAp) on cholesterol and cholestanol crystals from a simulated body fluid: A possible insight into the pathological calcifications associated with atherosclerosis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 295:348 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.09.013; PMID: 16229855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock SR, Ignatiev K, Lee PL, Abbott K, Pachman LM. Pathological calcification in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM): microCT and synchrotron x-ray diffraction reveal hydroxyapatite with varied microstructures. Connect Tissue Res 2004; 45:248 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03008200490903066; PMID: 15763934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachman LM, Boskey AL. Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in juvenile dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2006; 8:236 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11926-996-0031-5; PMID: 16901083
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hale EK. Metastatic calcification. Dermatology Online J 2003; 9:2 (http://dermatology.cdlib.org/94/NYU/Nov2001/3.html)—accessed in October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Alkan O, Tokmak N, Demir S, Yildirim T. Metastatic pulmonary calcification in a patient with chronic renal failure. J Radiology Case Reports 2009; 3:14 - 7
   Google Scholar
• Grech P, Ell PJ, Martin TJ, Barrington NA, Martin TJ. Diagnosis in metabolic bone disease. Hodder Arnold H&S: USA 1998; 300.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr W. Apatite diseases. The pathological substrate in dependence of tissue processing and in consideration of pathogenesis. Aktuelle Rheumatol 2003; 28:53 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorospe M, Fadare O. Gastric mucosal calcinosis: clinicopathologic considerations. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14:224 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAP.0b013e31805048ea; PMID: 17452819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois LA, Gray DK, Tweedie EJ. Surgical images: soft tissue. Calcinosis cutis. Can J Surg 2007; 50:217 - 8; PMID: 17568495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher E. Familial tumoral calcinosis: from characterization of a rare phenotype to the pathogenesis of ectopic calcification. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:652 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.337; PMID: 19865099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White DJ. Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Eur J Oral Sci 1997; 105:508 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00238.x; PMID: 9395117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciftçioğlu N, McKay DS. Pathological calcification and replicating calcifying-nanoparticles: general approach and correlation. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:490 - 9; PMID: 20094006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomazic BB. Characterization of mineral phases in cardiovascular calcification. In: Hydroxyapatite and related materials. Brown PW, Constantz B, Eds. CRC Press: Boca Raton FL, USA 1994; 93-116.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RS, Kayser MV, Ali SY. Calcium phosphate microcrystal deposition in the human intervertebral disc. J Anat 2006; 208:13 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00504.x; PMID: 16420375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal AK. Update in calcium deposition diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007; 19:158 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e3280145289; PMID: 17278931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagier R, Baud CA. Magnesium whitlockite, a calcium phosphate crystal of special interest in pathology. Pathol Res Pract 2003; 199:329 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0344-0338-00425; PMID: 12908523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesson JA, Ward MD. Pathological biomineralization of kidney stones. Elements 2007; 3:415 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.3.6.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes CW, Conway WF. Calcium hydroxyapatite deposition disease. Radiographics: a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America Inc. 1990; 10:1031-48.
   Google Scholar
• Best JA, Shapiro RD, Kalmar J, Westesson PL. Hydroxyapatite deposition disease of the temporomandibular joint in a patient with renal failure. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997; 55:1316 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(97)90192-0; PMID: 9371127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia GM, McCord GC, Kumar R. Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2003; 7:187 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-43229; PMID: 14593560
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melrose J, Burkhardt D, Taylor TKF, Dillon CT, Read R, Cake M, et al. Calcification in the ovine intervertebral disc: a model of hydroxyapatite deposition disease. Eur Spine J 2009; 18:479 - 89; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0871-y; PMID: 19165512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGeros RZ, Orly I, LeGeros JP, Gomez C, Kazimiroff J, Tarpley T, et al. Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalyses of the crystalline components of human and animal dental calculi. Scanning Microsc 1988; 2:345 - 56; PMID: 3368765
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grases F, Llobera A. Experimental model to study sedimentary kidney stones. Micron 1998; 29:105 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-4328(98)00006-7; PMID: 9684348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieske JC, Norris R, Toback FG. Adhesion of hydroxyapatite crystals to anionic sites on the surface of renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 1997; 273:224 - 33
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch T. Determinants of pathological mineralization. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 18:174 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bor.0000209431.59226.46; PMID: 16462525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giachelli CM. Ectopic calcification: gathering hard facts about soft tissue mineralization. Am J Pathol 1999; 154:671 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8; PMID: 10079244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch T. Physiological and pathological mineralization: a complex multifactorial process. Curr Opin Orthop 2007; 18:425 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BCO.0b013e3282e6f3de
   Google Scholar
• Speer MY, Giachelli CM. Regulation of cardiovascular calcification. Cardiovasc Pathol 2004; 13:63 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-8807(03)00130-3; PMID: 15033154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giachelli CM. Inducers and inhibitors of biomineralization: lessons from pathological calcification. Orthod Craniofac Res 2005; 8:229 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2005.00345.x; PMID: 16238602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giachelli CM, Speer MY, Li X, Rajachar RM, Yang H. Regulation of vascular calcification: roles of phosphate and osteopontin. Circ Res 2005; 96:717 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000161997.24797.c0; PMID: 15831823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt CP, Odenwald T, Ritz E. Calcium, calcium regulatory hormones, and calcimimetics: impact on cardiovascular mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:Suppl 2 S78 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005121338; PMID: 16565253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azari F, Vali H, Guerquin-Kern JL, Wu TD, Croisy A, Sears SK, et al. Intracellular precipitation of hydroxyapatite mineral and implications for pathologic calcification. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:468 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2008.03.003; PMID: 18424074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stayton PS, Drobny GP, Shaw WJ, Long JR, Gilbert M. Molecular recognition at the protein-hydroxyapatite interface. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14:370 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400507; PMID: 14530305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doherty TM, Fitzpatrick LA, Inoue D, Qiao JH, Fishbein MC, Detrano RC, et al. Molecular, endocrine, and genetic mechanisms of arterial calcification. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:629 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2003-0015; PMID: 15294885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey A, Bomans PHH, Müller FA, Will J, Frederik PM, de With G, et al. The role of prenucleation clusters in surface-induced calcium phosphate crystallization. Nat Mater 2010; 9:1010 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2900; PMID: 21076415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamas GA, Ackermann A. Clinical evaluation of chelation therapy: is there any wheat amidst the chaff?. Am Heart J 2000; 140:4 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2000.107549; PMID: 10874253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudtson ML, Wyse DG, Galbraith PD, Brant R, Hildebrand K, Paterson D, et al, Program to Assess Alternative Treatment Strategies to Achieve Cardiac Health (PATCH) Investigators. Chelation therapy for ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 287:481 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.4.481; PMID: 11798370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich H, Koutsoukos PG, Demadis KD, Pokrovsky OS. Principles of demineralization: modern strategies for the isolation of organic frameworks. Part I. Common definitions and history. Micron 2008; 39:1062 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2008.02.004; PMID: 18403210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich H, Koutsoukos PG, Demadis KD, Pokrovsky OS. Principles of demineralization: modern strategies for the isolation of organic frameworks. Part II. Decalcification. Micron 2009; 40:169 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2008.06.004; PMID: 18804381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green D, Walsh D, Mann S, Oreffo ROC. The potential of biomimesis in bone tissue engineering: lessons from the design and synthesis of invertebrate skeletons. Bone 2002; 30:810 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00727-5; PMID: 12052446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke DE, de Markey CA, le Quesne PW, Cook JM. Biomimetic synthesis of the bis-indole alkaloid macralstonine. J Chem Soc Chem Communic 1972; 1346-7.
   Google Scholar
• Breslow R. Centenary lecture: biomimetic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 1972; 1:553 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/cs9720100553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benyus JM. Biomimicry: innovation inspired by nature. William Morrow, New York 1997; 308.
   Google Scholar
• Watt JC. The behavior of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate (bone salts) precipitated in various media, with applications to bone formation. Biol Bull 1923; 44:280 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1536715
   Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV, Dorozhkina EI, Epple M. A model system to provide a good in vitro simulation of biological mineralization. Cryst Growth Des 2004; 4:389 - 95; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg034066s
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo-Barba I, Salinas AJ, Vallet-RegI M. Effect of the continuous solution exchange on the in vitro reactivity of a CaO-SiO(2) sol-gel glass. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 51:191 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(200008)51:2<191::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-T; PMID: 10825218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallet-Regí M, Perez-Pariente J, Izquierdo-Barba I, Salinas AJ. Compositional variations in the calcium phosphate layer growth on gel glasses soaked in a simulated body fluid. Chem Mater 2000; 12:3770 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm001068g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsoukos P, Amjad Z, Tomson MB, Nancollas GH. Crystallization of calcium phosphates: a constant composition study. J Am Chem Soc 1980; 102:1553 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00525a015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomson MB, Nancollas GH. Mineralization kinetics: a constant composition approach. Science 1978; 200:1059 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.200.4345.1059; PMID: 17740700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjubala I, Scheler S, Bössert J, Jandt KD. Mineralisation of chitosan scaffolds with nano-apatite formation by double diffusion technique. Acta Biomater 2006; 2:75 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2005.09.007; PMID: 16701861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai HQ, Li QL, Zhou J, Tang J, Chen H. Biomimetic synthesis and cytocompatibility of agar-hydroxyapatite composites. J Clin Rehabil Tiss Eng Res 2010; 14:410 - 4
   Google Scholar
• Yokoi T, Kawashita M, Kikuta K, Ohtsuki C. Biomimetic mineralization of calcium phosphate crystals in polyacrylamide hydrogel: effect of concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions on crystalline phases and morphology. Mater Sci Eng C 2010; 30:154 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2009.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadjadi MS, Meskinfam M, Sadeghi B, Jazdarreh H, Zare K. In situ biomimetic synthesis, characterization and in vitro investigation of bone-like nanohydroxyapatite in starch matrix. Mater Chem Phys 2010; 124:217 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV, Dorozhkina EI. The influence of bovine serum albumin on the crystallization of calcium phosphates from a revised simulated body fluid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003; 215:191 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00438-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkina EI, Dorozhkin SV. In vitro crystallization of carbonateapatite on cholesterol from a modified simulated body fluid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003; 223:231 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00221-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV, Dorozhkina EI, Epple M. Precipitation of carbonateapatite from a revised simulated body fluid in the presence of glucose. J Appl Biomater Biomech 2003; 1:200 - 8; PMID: 20803458
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV, Dorozhkina EI. In vitro simulation of vascular calcification by the controlled crystallization of amorphous calcium phosphates onto porous cholesterol. J Mater Sci 2005; 40:6417 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-2154-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. In vitro mineralization of silicon containing calcium phosphate bioceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2007; 90:244 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01368.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker A, Epple M. A high-throughput crystallisation device to study biomineralisation in vitro. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 2005; 873:1-10.
   Google Scholar
• Krings M, Kanellopoulou D, Mavrilas D, Glasmacher B. In vitro pH-controlled calcification of biological heart valve prostheses. Materialwiss Werkstofftech 2006; 37:432 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.200600010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LJ, Guan XY, Yin HY, Moradian-Oldak J, Nancollas GH. Mimicking the self-organized microstructure of tooth enamel. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2008; 112:5892 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp077105+; PMID: 19169386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howland J, Kramer B. Calcium and phosphorus in the serum in relation to rickets. Am J Dis Child 1921; 22:105 - 19
   Google Scholar
• Tisdall FF. The effects of ultra violet rays on the calcium and inorganic phosphate content of the blood serum of rachitic infants. Can Med Assoc J 1922; 12:536 - 8; PMID: 20314169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanks JH, Wallace RE. Relation of oxygen and temperature in the preservation of tissues by refrigeration. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1949; 71:196 - 200; PMID: 18134009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata Y, Takashima H, Yamamoto H, Miyazaki T. Functionally gradient bonelike hydroxyapatite coating on a titanium metal substrate created by a discharging method in HBSS without organic molecules. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004; 19:177 - 83; PMID: 15101587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques PAAP, Serro AP, Saramago BJ, Fernandes AC, Magalhães MCF, Correia RN. Mineralisation of two phosphate ceramics in HBSS: role of albumin. Biomaterials 2003; 24:451 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00358-7; PMID: 12423600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopikrishna V, Baweja PS, Venkateshbabu N, Thomas T, Kandaswamy D. Comparison of coconut water, propolis, HBSS, and milk on PDL cell survival. J Endod 2008; 34:587 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.01.018; PMID: 18436040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanawa T, Asami K, Asaoka K. Repassivation of titanium and surface oxide film regenerated in simulated bioliquid. J Biomed Mater Res 1998; 40:530 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980615)40:4<530::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-G; PMID: 9599028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha LA, Anza E, Costa AM, Oliveira FJ, Silva RF. Electrochemical behavior of Ti/Al2O3 interfaces produced by diffusion bonding. Mater Res 2003; 6:439 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392003000400002
   Google Scholar
• Meuleman N, Tondreau T, Delforge A, Dejeneffe M, Massy M, Libertalis M, et al. Human marrow mesenchymal stem cell culture: serum-free medium allows better expansion than classical alpha-MEM medium. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:309 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00611.x; PMID: 16519702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazaki Y, Gotoh E. Corrosion fatigue properties of metallic biomaterials in Eagle’s medium. Mater Trans 2002; 43:2949 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.2949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho MJ, Cabral AT, Fernande MH. Human bone cell cultures in biocompatibility testing. Part I: osteoblastic differentiation of serially passaged human bone marrow cells cultured in alpha-MEM and in DMEM. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1087 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00284-7; PMID: 10817260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel S, Tas AC. Brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) to octacalcium phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4·5H2O) transformation in DMEM solutions at 36.5°C. Mater Sci Eng C 2010; 30:245 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2009.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Lee IS, Zhang SM, Yang HC. Biomimetic apatite formation on calcium phosphate-coated titanium in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline solution containing CaCl(2) with and without fibronectin. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2274 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.033; PMID: 19962459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao YB, Weng WJ, Deng XL, Cheng K, Liu XG, Du PY, et al. Surface morphology variations of porous nano-calcium phosphate/poly(L-lactic acid) composites in PBS. Key Eng Mater 2006; 309-11:569 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.309-311.569
   Google Scholar
• Lewis AC, Kilburn MR, Papageorgiou I, Allen GC, Case CP. Effect of synovial fluid, phosphate-buffered saline solution, and water on the dissolution and corrosion properties of CoCrMo alloys as used in orthopedic implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 73:456 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30368; PMID: 15900610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent 2001; 85:162 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2001.113778; PMID: 11208206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preetha A, Banerjee R. Comparison of artificial saliva substitutes. Trends Biomater Artif Organs 2005; 18:178 - 86
   Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Sato T, Niwa M, Aoki H. Precipitation of octacalcium phosphates on artificial enamel in artificial saliva. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006; 17:1173 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0545-4; PMID: 17122933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grases F, Ramis M, Costa-Bauzá A. Effects of phytate and pyrophosphate on brushite and hydroxyapatite crystallization. Comparison with the action of other polyphosphates. Urol Res 2000; 28:136 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050152; PMID: 10850638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenness R, Koops J. Preparation and properties of a salt solution which simulates milk ultrafiltrate. Neth Milk Dairy J 1962; 16:153 - 64
   Google Scholar
• Spanos N, Patis A, Kanellopoulou D, Andritsos N, Koutsoukos PG. Precipitation of calcium phosphate from simulated milk ultrafiltrate solutions. Cryst Growth Des 2007; 7:25 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg050361w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao R, van Halsema FED, Temminghoff EJM, van Leeuwen HP, van Valenberg HJF, Eisner MD, et al. Modelling ion composition in simulated milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF). I: Influence of calcium phosphate precipitation. Food Chem 2010; 122:700 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao R, van Halsema FED, Temminghoff EJM, van Leeuwen HP, van Valenberg HJF, Eisner MD, et al. Modelling ion composition in simulated milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF). II. Influence of pH, ionic strength and polyphosphates. Food Chem 2010; 122:710 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokubo T, Kushitani H, Sakka S, Kitsugi T, Yamamuro T. Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W. J Biomed Mater Res 1990; 24:721 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820240607; PMID: 2361964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu X, Leng Y. Theoretical analysis of calcium phosphate precipitation in simulated body fluid. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1097 - 108; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.05.034; PMID: 15451629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas AC. Synthesis of biomimetic Ca-hydroxyapatite powders at 37 ° C in synthetic body fluids. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1429 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00019-3; PMID: 10872772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi E, Tampieri A, Celotti G, Langenati R, Sandri M, Sprio S. Nucleation of biomimetic apatite in synthetic body fluids: dense and porous scaffold development. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2835 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.010; PMID: 15603779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalota S, Bhaduri SB, Tas AC. Using a synthetic body fluid (SBF) solution of 27 mM HCO3- to make bone substitutes more osteointegrative. Mater Sci Eng C 2008; 28:129 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.058
   Google Scholar
• Kim HM, Miyazaki T, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Revised simulated body fluid. In: Bioceramics 13, Giannini S, Moroni A, Eds. Trans Tech Publ.: Switzerland 2001; 192:47-50.
   Google Scholar
• Oyane A, Kim HM, Furuya T, Kokubo T, Miyazaki T, Nakamura T. Preparation and assessment of revised simulated body fluids. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 65:188 - 95; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10482; PMID: 12734811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller L, Müller FA. Preparation of SBF with different HCO3- content and its influence on the composition of biomimetic apatites. Acta Biomater 2006; 2:181 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2005.11.001; PMID: 16701876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu K, Yang XJ, Cai YL, Cui ZD, Wei Q. Preparation of bone-like composite coating using a modified simulated body fluid with high Ca and P concentrations. Surf Coat Tech 2006; 201:1902 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.02.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen Z, Wu C, Dai C, Yang F. Corrosion behaviors of Mg and its alloys with different Al contents in a modified simulated body fluid. J Alloy Comp 2009; 488:392 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.08.147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemelli E, Resende CX, de Almeida Soares GD. Nucleation and growth of octacalcium phosphate on treated titanium by immersion in a simplified simulated body fluid. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21:2035 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-4074-9; PMID: 20390323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokubo T, Takadama H. How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2907 - 15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017; PMID: 16448693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohner M, Lemaitre J. Can bioactivity be tested in vitro with SBF solution?. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2175 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.008; PMID: 19176246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HM. Ceramic bioactivity and related biomimetic strategy. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2003; 7:289 - 99; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques PAAP, Magalhães MCF, Correia RN. Inorganic plasma with physiological CO2/HCO3- buffer. Biomaterials 2003; 24:1541 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00539-2; PMID: 12559814
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorozhkina EI, Dorozhkin SV. Surface mineralisation of hydroxyapatite in modified simulated body fluid (mSBF) with higher amounts of hydrogencarbonate ions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2002; 210:41 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00217-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques PAAP, Cachinho SCP, Magalhães MCF, Correia RN, Fernandes MHV. Mineralization of bioceramics in simulated plasma with physiological CO2/HCO3- buffer and albumin. J Mater Chem 2004; 14:1861 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b403495c
   Google Scholar
• Pasinli A, Yuksel M, Celik E, Sener S, Tas AC. A new approach in biomimetic synthesis of calcium phosphate coatings using lactic acid-Na lactate buffered body fluid solution. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2282 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.013; PMID: 20004750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun T, Wang M. Electrochemical deposition of apatite/collagen composite coating on NiTi shape memory alloy and coating properties. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 2010; 1239:141-6.
   Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV, Dorozhkina EI. Crystallization from a milk-based revised simulated body fluid. Biomed Mater 2007; 2:87 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/2/2/005; PMID: 18458440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyaji F, Kim HM, Handa S, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Bonelike apatite coating on organic polymers: novel nucleation process using sodium silicate solution. Biomaterials 1999; 20:913 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00235-X; PMID: 10353645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HM, Kishimoto K, Miyaji F, Kokubo T, Yao T, Suetsugu Y, et al. Composition and structure of apatite formed on organic polymer in simulated body fluid with a high content of carbonate ion. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000; 11:421 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008935924847; PMID: 15348007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrere F, van Blitterswijk CA, de Groot K, Layrolle P. Influence of ionic strength and carbonate on the Ca-P coating formation from SBFx5 solution. Biomaterials 2002; 23:1921 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00318-0; PMID: 11996032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrere F, van BC, de GK, Layrolle P. Nucleation of biomimetic Ca-P coatings on ti6A14V from a SBF x 5 solution: influence of magnesium. Biomaterials 2002; 23:2211 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00354-4; PMID: 11962662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas AC, Bhaduri SB. Rapid coating of Ti6Al4V at room temperature with a calcium phosphate solution similar to 10x simulated body fluid. J Mater Res 2004; 19:2742 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2004.0349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkina EI, Dorozhkin SV. Structure and properties of the precipitates formed from condensed solutions of the revised simulated body fluid. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 67:578 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10127; PMID: 14566800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato K. Mechanism of hydroxyapatite mineralization in biological systems. J Ceram Soc Jpn 2007; 115:124 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.115.124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompe W, Lampenscherf S, Rößler S, Scharnweber D, Weis K, Worch H, et al. Functionally graded bioceramics. Mater Sci Forum 1999; 308-11:325 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.308-311.325
   Google Scholar
• Fan Y, Duan K, Wang R. A composite coating by electrolysis-induced collagen self-assembly and calcium phosphate mineralization. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1623 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.019; PMID: 15576136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi M, Itoh S, Ichinose S, Shinomiya K, Tanaka J. Self-organization mechanism in a bone-like hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite synthesized in vitro and its biological reaction in vivo. Biomaterials 2001; 22:1705 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00305-7; PMID: 11396873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi K, Goda T, Takeuchi N, Einaga H, Tanabe T. Preparation of collagen/calcium phosphate multilayer sheet using enzymatic mineralization. Biomaterials 2004; 25:5481 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.12.057; PMID: 15142729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Huang ZL, Liao SS, Cui FZ. Nucleation sites of calcium phosphate crystals during collagen mineralization. J Am Ceram Soc 2003; 86:1052 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03422.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tampieri A, Celotti G, Landi E, Sandri M, Roveri N, Falini G. Biologically inspired synthesis of bone-like composite: self-assembled collagen fibers/hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 67:618 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10039; PMID: 14566805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Yang C, Chen X, Zhao N. Biomimetic formation of hydroxyapatite/collagen matrix composite. Adv Eng Mater 2006; 8:97 - 100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.200500220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lickorish D, Ramshaw JAM, Werkmeister JA, Glattauer V, Howlett CR. Collagen-hydroxyapatite composite prepared by biomimetic process. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 68:19 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.20031; PMID: 14661245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunoki S, Ikoma T, Monkawa A, Ohta K, Tanaka J. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite gel. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2007; 7:818 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.504; PMID: 17450839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassif N, Gobeaux F, Seto J, Belamie E, Davidson P, Panine P, et al. Self-assembled collagen-apatite matrix with bone-like hierarchy. Chem Mater 2010; 22:3307 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm903594n
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao F, Yin Y, Lu WW, Leong JC, Zhang W, Zhang J, et al. Preparation and histological evaluation of biomimetic three-dimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 2002; 23:3227 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00077-7; PMID: 12102194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HW, Kim HE, Salih V. Stimulation of osteoblast responses to biomimetic nanocomposites of gelatin-hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5221 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.047; PMID: 15792549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HW, Knowles JC, Kim HE. Porous scaffolds of gelatin-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites obtained by biomimetic approach: characterization and antibiotic drug release. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 74:686 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30236; PMID: 15988752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Li QL, Zen Q, Li G, Jiang H, Liu L, et al. Biomimetic mineralization and bioactivity of phosphorylated chitosan. Key Eng Mater 2005; 288-9:429 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.288-289.429
   Google Scholar
• Li QL, Chen Z, Ou G, Liu L, Jiang H, Zeng Q, et al. Biomimetic synthesis of apatite-polyelectrolyte complex (chitosan-phosphorylated chitosan) hydrogel as an osteoblast carrier. Key Eng Mater 2005; 288-9:75 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.288-289.75
   Google Scholar
• Stupp SI, Ciegler GW. Organoapatites: materials for artificial bone. I. Synthesis and microstructure. J Biomed Mater Res 1992; 26:169 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820260204; PMID: 1569112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp SI, Braun PV. Molecular manipulation of microstructures: biomaterials, ceramics, and semiconductors. Science 1997; 277:1242 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5330.1242; PMID: 9271562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp SI, Mejicano GC, Hanson JA. Organoapatites: materials for artificial bone. II. Hardening reactions and properties. J Biomed Mater Res 1993; 27:289 - 99; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820270303; PMID: 8360199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp SI, Hanson JA, Eurell JA, Ciegler GW, Johnson A. Organoapatites: materials for artificial bone. III. Biological testing. J Biomed Mater Res 1993; 27:301 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820270304; PMID: 8360200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Layrolle P, de Bruijn J, van Blitterswijk CA, de Groot K. Biomimetic coprecipitation of calcium phosphate and bovine serum albumin on titanium alloy. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 57:327 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<327::AID-JBM1175>3.0.CO;2-J; PMID: 11523027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Layrolle P, Stigter M, de Groot K. Biomimetic and electrolytic calcium phosphate coatings on titanium alloy: physicochemical characteristics and cell attachment. Biomaterials 2004; 25:583 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00559-3; PMID: 14607496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Leng Y. Electrochemical activation of titanium for biomimetic coating of calcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2005; 26:3853 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.057; PMID: 15626433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigi A, Boanini E, Bracci B, Facchini A, Panzavolta S, Segatti F, et al. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium: a new fast biomimetic method. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4085 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.034; PMID: 15664635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HM, Himeno T, Kawashita M, Lee JH, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Surface potential change in bioactive titanium metal during the process of apatite formation in simulated body fluid. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 67:1305 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.20039; PMID: 14624517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allegrini S Jr., Rumpel E, Kauschke E, Fanghänel J, König B Jr.. Hydroxyapatite grafting promotes new bone formation and osseointegration of smooth titanium implants. Ann Anat 2006; 188:143 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2005.08.019; PMID: 16551011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnould C, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Multifunctional hybrid coating on titanium towards hydroxyapatite growth: electrodeposition of tantalum and its molecular functionalization with organophosphonic acids films. Electrochim Acta 2008; 53:5632 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwatsubo T, Kusumocahyo SP, Kanamori T, Shinbo T. Mineralization of hydroxyapatite on a polymer substrate in a solution supersaturated by polyelectrolyte. J Appl Polym Sci 2006; 100:1465 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.23496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodin A, Gustafsson L, Gatenholm P. Surface-engineered bacterial cellulose as template for crystallization of calcium phosphate. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2006; 17:435 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856206776374106; PMID: 16768294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toworfe GK, Composto RJ, Shapiro IM, Ducheyne P. Nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate on amine-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl-silane self-assembled monolayers. Biomaterials 2006; 27:631 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.06.017; PMID: 16081155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storrie H, Stupp SI. Cellular response to zinc-containing organoapatite: an in vitro study of proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and biomineralization. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5492 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.043; PMID: 15860205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hench LL. Biomaterials: a forecast for the future. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1419 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00133-1; PMID: 9794512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JR, Hench LL. Regeneration of trabecular bone using porous ceramics. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2003; 7:301 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith LG, Naughton G. Tissue engineering--current challenges and expanding opportunities. Science 2002; 295:1009 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069210; PMID: 11834815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hench LL, Polak JM. Third-generation biomedical materials. Science 2002; 295:1014 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067404; PMID: 11834817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratner BD, Bryant SJ. Biomaterials: where we have been and where we are going. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 6:41 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027; PMID: 15255762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouet C, Largeot C, Raimbeaux G, Estournès C, Dechambre G, Combes C, et al. Bioceramics: spark plasma sintering (SPS) of calcium phosphates. Adv Sci Technol 2006; 49:45 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.49.45
   Google Scholar
• Anderson JM. The future of biomedical materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006; 17:1025 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0439-5; PMID: 17122914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White AA, Best SM, Kinloch IA. Hydroxyapatite—carbon nanotube composites for biomedical applications: a review. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 2007; 4:1 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02113.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kealley C, Elcombe M, van Riessen A, Ben-Nissan B. Development of carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics. Physica B 2006; 385-6:496 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balani K, Anderson R, Laha T, Andara M, Tercero J, Crumpler E, et al. Plasma-sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings and their interaction with human osteoblasts in vitro. Biomaterials 2007; 28:618 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.013; PMID: 17007921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorozhkin SV. Green chemical synthesis of calcium phosphate bioceramics. J Appl Biomater Biomech 2008; 6:104 - 9; PMID: 20740453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salinas AJ, Vallet-Regí M. Evolution of ceramics with medical applications. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007; 633:1762 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200700278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Okazaki M, Nakahira A, Sasaki J, Egusa H, Sohmura T. Modification of apatite materials for bone tissue engineering and drug delivery carriers. Curr Med Chem 2007; 14:2726 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707782023208; PMID: 17979722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima Y, Ikoma T, Tanaka J, Hoshi K, Ishihara T, Ogawa Y, et al. Injectable porous hydroxyapatite microparticles as a new carrier for protein and lipophilic drugs. J Control Release 2006; 110:260 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.051; PMID: 16313993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginebra MP, Traykova T, Planell JA. Calcium phosphate cements as bone drug delivery systems: a review. J Control Release 2006; 113:102 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.04.007; PMID: 16740332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginebra MP, Traykova T, Planell JA. Calcium phosphate cements: competitive drug carriers for the musculoskeletal system?. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2171 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.023; PMID: 16332349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan J, Lei J, Yu C, Tu B, Zhao D. Hard-templating synthesis of a novel rod-like nanoporous calcium phosphate bioceramics and their capacity as antibiotic carriers. Mater Chem Phys 2007; 103:489 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.02.069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrère F, Mahmood TA, de Groot K, van Blitterswijk CA. Advanced biomaterials for skeletal tissue regeneration: instructive and smart functions. Mater Sci Eng Rep 2008; 59:38 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2007.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudo A, Hasegawa M, Fukuda A, Uchida A. Treatment of infected hip arthroplasty with antibiotic-impregnated calcium hydroxyapatite. J Arthroplasty 2008; 23:145 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2006.09.009; PMID: 18165045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verron E, Khairoun I, Guicheux J, Bouler JM. Calcium phosphate biomaterials as bone drug delivery systems: a review. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:547 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2010.05.003; PMID: 20546919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernike E, Montjovent MO, Liu Y, Wismeijer D, Hunziker EB, Siebenrock KA, et al. VEGF incorporated into calcium phosphate ceramics promotes vascularisation and bone formation in vivo. Eur Cell Mater 2010; 19:30 - 40; PMID: 20178096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang PJ, Wynn-Jones G, Grover LM. A calcium phosphate cryogel for alkaline phosphatase encapsulation. J Mater Sci 2010; 45:5257 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4568-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DF. The Williams dictionary of biomaterials. Liverpool University Press: Liverpool UK 1999; 368.
   Google Scholar
• Kohane DS, Langer R. Biocompatibility and drug delivery systems. Chem Sci 2010; 1:441 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0sc00203h
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frondel C. Whitlockite: a new calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2. Am Mineral 1941; 26:145 - 52
   Google Scholar
• Frondel C. Mineralogy of the calcium phosphates in insular phosphate rock. Am Mineral 1943; 28:215 - 32
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Ito A, Sogo Y, Wang X, LeGeros RZ. Solubility of Mg-containing beta-tricalcium phosphate at 25 ° C. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:508 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.06.010; PMID: 18644755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo C, Gopal R. The crystal structure of whitlockite from the Palermo Quarry. Am Mineral 1975; 60:120 - 33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/whitlockite.pdf (accessed in October 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Knowles JC, Callcut S, Georgiou G. Characterisation of the rheological properties and zeta potential of a range of hydroxyapatite powders. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1387 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00032-6; PMID: 10850933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Prakash KH, Cheang P, Khor KA. Temperature driven morphological changes of chemically precipitated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Langmuir 2004; 20:5196 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la049304f; PMID: 15986652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung YM, Lee JC, Yang JW. Crystallization and sintering characteristics of chemically precipitated hydroxyapatite nanopowder. J Cryst Growth 2004; 262:467 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitesides GM, Grzybowski B. Self-assembly at all scales. Science 2002; 295:2418 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1070821; PMID: 11923529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid JW, Hendry JA. Rapid, accurate phase quantification of multiphase calcium phosphate materials using Rietveld refinement. J Appl Cryst 2006; 39:536 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889806020395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AF. Dahllite from Tonopah, Nevada; Voelckerite, a new basic calcium phosphate; comments on the chemical composition of apatite and phosphorite. Z Krystallogr Mineral 1912; 52:209 - 17
   Google Scholar
• Schaller WT. The probable identity of podolite with dahllite. Am J Sci 1910; 30:309 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-30.179.309
   Google Scholar
• Schaller WT. On the likely identity of podolite and dahllite. Z Krystallogr Mineral 1910; 48:559 - 61
   Google Scholar
• Stanic V, Dimitrijevic S, Antic-Stankovic J, Mitric M, Jokic B, Plecaš IB, et al. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of copper and zinc-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders. Appl Surf Sci 2010; 256:6083 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.03.124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Ho J, Ooi CP. Antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity studies of copper (II) and titanium (IV) substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng C 2010; 30:1137 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.03.124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar