The S492R EGFR ectodomain mutation is never detected in KRAS wild-type colorectal carcinoma before exposure to EGFR monoclonal antibodies

References

• Normanno N, Tejpar S, Morgillo F, De Luca A, Van Cutsem E, Ciardiello F. Implications for KRAS status and EGFR-targeted therapies in metastatic CRC. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6:519 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.111; PMID: 19636327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normanno N, De Luca A, Bianco C, Strizzi L, Mancino M, Maiello MR, Carotenuto A, De Feo G, Caponigro F, Salomon DS. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cancer. Gene 2006; 366:2 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.018; PMID: 16377102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Roock W, De Vriendt V, Normanno N, Ciardiello F, Tejpar S. KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and PTEN mutations: implications for targeted therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12:594 - 603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70209-6; PMID: 21163703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciardiello F, Normanno N. HER2 signaling and resistance to the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab: a further step toward personalized medicine for patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov 2011; 1:472 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0261; PMID: 22586650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Roock W, Claes B, Bernasconi D, De Schutter J, Biesmans B, Fountzilas G, Kalogeras KT, Kotoula V, Papamichael D, Laurent-Puig P, et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:753 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70130-3; PMID: 20619739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters M, Oliner KS, Parker A, Siena S, Van Cutsem E, Huang J, Humblet Y, Van Laethem JL, André T, Wiezorek J, et al. Massively parallel tumor multigene sequencing to evaluate response to panitumumab in a randomized phase III study of metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1902 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1913; PMID: 23325582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douillard J-Y, Oliner KS, Siena S, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M, Humblet Y, Bodoky G, Cunningham D, Jassem J, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1023 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1305275; PMID: 24024839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Nicolantonio F, Martini M, Molinari F, Sartore-Bianchi A, Arena S, Saletti P, De Dosso S, Mazzucchelli L, Frattini M, Siena S, et al. Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5705 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.0786; PMID: 19001320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Láng I, Folprecht G, Nowacki MP, Cascinu S, Shchepotin I, Maurel J, Cunningham D, Tejpar S, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2011 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.33.5091; PMID: 21502544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartore-Bianchi A, Martini M, Molinari F, Veronese S, Nichelatti M, Artale S, Di Nicolantonio F, Saletti P, De Dosso S, Mazzucchelli L, et al. PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer are associated with clinical resistance to EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1851 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2466; PMID: 19223544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souglakos J, Philips J, Wang R, Marwah S, Silver M, Tzardi M, Silver J, Ogino S, Hooshmand S, Kwak E, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of common mutations for treatment response and survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:465 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605164; PMID: 19603024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loupakis F, Pollina L, Stasi I, Ruzzo A, Scartozzi M, Santini D, Masi G, Graziano F, Cremolini C, Rulli E, et al. PTEN expression and KRAS mutations on primary tumors and metastases in the prediction of benefit from cetuximab plus irinotecan for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2622 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.20.2796; PMID: 19398573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonesaka K, Zejnullahu K, Okamoto I, Satoh T, Cappuzzo F, Souglakos J, Ercan D, Rogers A, Roncalli M, Takeda M, et al. Activation of ERBB2 signaling causes resistance to the EGFR-directed therapeutic antibody cetuximab. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:99ra86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3002442; PMID: 21900593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertotti A, Migliardi G, Galimi F, Sassi F, Torti D, Isella C, Corà D, Di Nicolantonio F, Buscarino M, Petti C, et al. A molecularly annotated platform of patient-derived xenografts (“xenopatients”) identifies HER2 as an effective therapeutic target in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov 2011; 1:508 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0109; PMID: 22586653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardelli A, Corso S, Bertotti A, Hobor S, Valtorta E, Siravegna G, Sartore-Bianchi A, Scala E, Cassingena A, Zecchin D, et al. Amplification of the MET receptor drives resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:658 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0558; PMID: 23729478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misale S, Yaeger R, Hobor S, Scala E, Janakiraman M, Liska D, Valtorta E, Schiavo R, Buscarino M, Siravegna G, et al. Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer. Nature 2012; 486:532 - 6; PMID: 22722830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz LA Jr., Williams RT, Wu J, Kinde I, Hecht JR, Berlin J, Allen B, Bozic I, Reiter JG, Nowak MA, et al. The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature 2012; 486:537 - 40; PMID: 22722843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagut C, Dalmases A, Bellosillo B, Crespo M, Pairet S, Iglesias M, Salido M, Gallen M, Marsters S, Tsai SP, et al. Identification of a mutation in the extracellular domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor conferring cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer. Nat Med 2012; 18:221 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2609; PMID: 22270724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carotenuto P, Roma C, Rachiglio AM, Tatangelo F, Pinto C, Ciardiello F, Nappi O, Iaffaioli RV, Botti G, Normanno N. Detection of KRAS mutations in colorectal carcinoma patients with an integrated PCR/sequencing and real-time PCR approach. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1169 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.86; PMID: 20712532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tougeron D, Lecomte T, Pagès JC, Villalva C, Collin C, Ferru A, Tourani JM, Silvain C, Levillain P, Karayan-Tapon L. Effect of low-frequency KRAS mutations on the response to anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1267 - 73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds620; PMID: 23293113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Pasquale R, Esposito C, Normanno N. Should epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors be considered ideal drugs for the treatment of selected advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients?. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:489 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.09.001; PMID: 23022519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tougeron D, Cortes U, Ferru A, Villalva C, Silvain C, Tourani JM, Levillain P, Karayan-Tapon L. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations during chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:397 - 403; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-013-2211-0; PMID: 23765179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar