1,372
Views
95
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Why randomized controlled trials of calcium and vitamin D sometimes fail

&
Pages 95-100 | Received 15 Feb 2012, Accepted 22 Feb 2012, Published online: 01 Apr 2012

References

  • Blumberg J, Heaney RP, Huncharek M, Scholl T, Stampfer M, Vieth R, et al. Evidence-based criteria in the nutritional context. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:478 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00307.x; PMID: 20646225
  • Heaney RP. Nutrients, endpoints, and the problem of proof. J Nutr 2008; 138:1591 - 5; PMID: 18716155
  • Heaney RP, Weaver CM, Blumberg J. EBN (Evidence-Based Nutrition) Ver. 2.0. Nutr Today 2011; 46:22 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NT.0b013e3182076fdf
  • Biesalski HK, Aggett PJ, Anton R, Bernstein PS, Blumberg J, Heaney RP, et al. 26th Hohenheim Consensus Conference, September 11, 2010 Scientific substantiation of health claims: evidence-based nutrition. Nutrition 2011; 27:Suppl S1 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.04.002; PMID: 21700425
  • Willett WC. The WHI joins MRFIT: a revealing look beneath the covers. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:829 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29347; PMID: 20181816
  • Heaney RP, Rafferty K. Preponderance of the evidence: an example from the issue of calcium intake and body composition. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:32 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00132.x; PMID: 19146504
  • Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Morris CD, et al. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:69 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199707103370201; PMID: 9211675
  • Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al, Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:669 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055218; PMID: 16481635
  • Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Lang JD, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1996; 275:1113 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530380055031; PMID: 8601931
  • Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Cauley JA, McGowan J. The Women’s Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D trial: overview and baseline characteristics of participants. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13:Suppl S98 - 106; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00046-2; PMID: 14575942
  • Osteoporosis Consensus Conference. JAMA 1984; 252:799 - 802; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.252.6.799; PMID: 6748181
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009; 339:b3692; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3692; PMID: 19797342
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005; 293:2257 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.18.2257; PMID: 15886381
  • Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O’Sullivan MJ, et al, Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:684 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055222; PMID: 16481636
  • Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W, Weaver B, Zytaruk N, et al, Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev 2002; 23:560 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2001-8002; PMID: 12202471
  • Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Griffith L, et al, Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2002; 23:552 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2001-7002; PMID: 12202470
  • Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS. Calcium intake influences the association of protein intake with rates of bone loss in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:773 - 9; PMID: 11916767
  • Kohlmeier M, da Costa K-A, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH. Genetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16025 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504285102; PMID: 16236726
  • Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008; 117:503 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127; PMID: 18180395
  • Cappuccio FP, Elliott P, Allender PS, Pryer J, Follman DA, Cutler JA. Epidemiologic association between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of published data. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142:935 - 45; PMID: 7572974
  • Birkett NJ. Comments on a meta-analysis of the relation between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148:223 - 8, discussion 232-3; PMID: 9690357
  • Cranney A, Horsley T, O’Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, et al. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2007; 158:1 - 235; PMID: 18088161
  • Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, Ip S, Lau J, Lee J, et al. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2009; 183:1 - 420; PMID: 20629479
  • Armas LAG, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5387 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0360; PMID: 15531486
  • Heaney RP, Recker RR, Grote J, Horst RL, Armas LA. Vitamin D(3) is more potent than vitamin D(2) in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E447 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2230; PMID: 21177785
  • Binkley N, Gemar D, Engelke J, Gangnon R, Ramamurthy R, Krueger D, et al. Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1,600 IU daily or 50,000 IU monthly in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:981 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0015; PMID: 21289249
  • Trang HM, Cole DEC, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:854 - 8; PMID: 9771862
  • Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al, RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365:1621 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63013-9; PMID: 15885294
  • Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, Mavrodaris A, Stranges S, Kandala N-B, et al. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2010; 65:225 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.013; PMID: 20031348
  • Heaney RP. The nutrient problem. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:165 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00469.x; PMID: 22364158