Does the evidence for an inverse relationship between serum vitamin D status and breast cancer risk satisfy the Hill criteria?

References

• Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC. Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian cities. Can J Public Health 1989; 80:96 - 100; PMID: 2720547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham ED, Garland FC, Garland CF. Sunlight and breast cancer incidence in the USSR. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19:820 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/19.4.820; PMID: 2084008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland FC, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Young JF Jr. Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation. Prev Med 1990; 19:614 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(90)90058-R; PMID: 2263572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DM, Dosemeci M, McGlynn K. Sunlight and mortality from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer: a composite death certificate based case-control study. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59:257 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.4.257; PMID: 11934953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer 2002; 94:1867 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10427; PMID: 11920550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Garland CF. The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis of geographic variation in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:4A 2687 - 99; PMID: 16886679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John EM, Schwartz GG, Koo J, Wang W, Ingles SA. Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166:1409 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm259; PMID: 17934201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. Ecological studies of the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:223 - 36; PMID: 22213311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John EM, Schwartz GG, Dreon DM, Koo J. Vitamin D and breast cancer risk: the NHANES I Epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1975 to 1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8:399 - 406; PMID: 10350434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin MH, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin d and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:1301 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.17.1301; PMID: 12208895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas S, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J. Dietary vitamin D and calcium intake and premenopausal breast cancer risk in a German case-control study. Nutr Cancer 2007; 59:54 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635580701390223; PMID: 17927502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cook NR, Buring JE, Zhang SM. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and breast cancer risk in women. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:1050 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.10.1050; PMID: 17533208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robien K, Cutler GJ, Lazovich D. Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18:775 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-007-9020-x; PMID: 17549593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Recker R, Ahlf R, Thompson K. Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:741 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080102; PMID: 18433305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertone-Johnson ER, Chen WY, Holick MF, Hollis BW, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1991 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0722; PMID: 16103450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel P, Fagherazzi G, Boutten A, Dupré T, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study from the French E3N cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2341 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0264; PMID: 20826834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas S, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and premenopausal breast cancer risk in a German case-control study. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:250 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23904; PMID: 18839430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas S, Linseisen J, Slanger T, Kropp S, Mutschelknauss EJ, Flesch-Janys D, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of post-menopausal breast cancer--results of a large case-control study. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:93 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgm240; PMID: 17974532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crew KD, Gammon MD, Steck SE, Hershman DL, Cremers S, Dworakowski E, et al. Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:598 - 604; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0138; PMID: 19470790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe LC, Guy M, Mansi JL, Peckitt C, Bliss J, Wilson RG, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D receptor genotype and breast cancer risk in a UK Caucasian population. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1164 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.01.017; PMID: 15911240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejnmark L, Tietze A, Vestergaard P, Buhl L, Lehbrink M, Heickendorff L, et al. Reduced prediagnostic 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in women with breast cancer: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2655 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0531; PMID: 19789365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini S, Boniol M, Haukka J, Byrnes G, Cox B, Sneyd MJ, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1414 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25439; PMID: 20473927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocellin S.. Vitamin D and cancer: Deciphering the truth. Biochim Biophys Acta2011; 1816:172-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berx G, Van Roy F. The E-cadherin/catenin complex: an important gatekeeper in breast cancer tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3:289 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr309; PMID: 11597316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AB. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?. Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58:295 - 300; PMID: 14283879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. How strong is the evidence that solar ultraviolet B and vitamin D reduce the risk of cancer?: An examination using Hill’s criteria for causality. Dermatoendocrinol 2009; 1:17 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/derm.1.1.7388; PMID: 20046584
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohr SB, Gorham ED, Alcaraz JE, Kane CJ, Macera CA, Parsons JK, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:2939 - 48; PMID: 21868542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. Effect of interval between serum draw and follow-up period on relative risk of cancer incidence with respect to 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: Implications for meta-analyses and setting vitamin D guidelines. Dermatoendocrinol 2011; 3:199 - 204; PMID: 22110780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eliassen AH, Spiegelman D, Hollis BW, Horst RL, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr2880; PMID: 21569367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Copeland KT, Checkoway H, McMichael AJ, Holbrook RH. Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 105:488 - 95; PMID: 871121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, et al. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:179 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.018; PMID: 16236494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates. Cancer 2002; 94:272 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10196; PMID: 11815987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almquist M, Bondeson AG, Bondeson L, Malm J, Manjer J. Serum levels of vitamin D, PTH and calcium and breast cancer risk-a prospective nested case-control study. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2159 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25215; PMID: 20112341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger M, Wactawski-Wende J, Rohan T, et al, Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1581 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn360; PMID: 19001601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ML, Stevens VL, Patel R, Jacobs EJ, Bain EB, Horst RL, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a nested case control study in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr2356; PMID: 19715600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, et al. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and breast cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:889 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2594; PMID: 18381472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium and vitamin D supplements and health outcomes: a reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) limited-access data set. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1144 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.015032; PMID: 21880848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potischman N, Swanson CA, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Brogan DR, Curtin J, et al. Intake of food groups and associated micronutrients in relation to risk of early-stage breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:315 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990730)82:3<315::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-N; PMID: 10399945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, La Vecchia C. Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and breast-cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:260 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1041>3.3.CO;2-R; PMID: 11146455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ML, Rodriguez C, Diver WR, Feigelson HS, Stevens VL, Thun MJ, et al. Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2898 - 904; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0611; PMID: 16365007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuper H, Yang L, Sandin S, Lof M, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Prospective study of solar exposure, dietary vitamin D intake, and risk of breast cancer among middle-aged women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2558 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0449; PMID: 19690185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sahyoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone 2002; 30:771 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00692-0; PMID: 11996918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. Lower vitamin-D production from solar ultraviolet-B irradiance may explain some differences in cancer survival rates. J Natl Med Assoc 2006; 98:357 - 64; PMID: 16573299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. Differences in vitamin-D status may explain black-white differences in breast cancer survival rates. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:1040; PMID: 18807432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB, Peiris AN. Possible role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in black-white health disparities in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010; 11:617 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2010.03.013; PMID: 21029996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:311 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100611; PMID: 20936945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, Mawer EB, Canfield AE. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Circ Res 2000; 87:214 - 20; PMID: 10926872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson GW, Hunter T. Real-time imaging reveals that noninvasive mammary epithelial acini can contain motile cells. J Cell Biol 2007; 179:1555 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200706099; PMID: 18166657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pálmer HG, Sánchez-Carbayo M, Ordóñez-Morán P, Larriba MJ, Cordón-Cardó C, Muñoz A. Genetic signatures of differentiation induced by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63:7799 - 806; PMID: 14633706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamin D for cancer prevention: global perspective. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:468 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.021; PMID: 19523595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pálmer HG, González-Sancho JM, Espada J, Berciano MT, Puig I, Baulida J, et al. Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol 2001; 154:369 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200102028; PMID: 11470825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes N, Carvalho J, Durães C, Sousa B, Gomes M, Costa JL, et al. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces de novo E-cadherin expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells by CDH1-promoter demethylation. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:249 - 57; PMID: 22213313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt MK, Taylor MA, Schiemann BJ, Schiemann WP. Down-regulation of epithelial cadherin is required to initiate metastatic outgrowth of breast cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2423 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E11-04-0306; PMID: 21613543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan QJ, Kimler BF, Fabian CJ. The relationship between vitamin D and breast cancer incidence and natural history. Curr Oncol Rep 2010; 12:136 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11912-010-0081-8; PMID: 20425599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porojnicu A, Robsahm TE, Berg JP, Moan J. Season of diagnosis is a predictor of cancer survival. Sun-induced vitamin D may be involved: a possible role of sun-induced Vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:675 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.031; PMID: 17229569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longnecker M, et al. Meta-analysis of alcohol and breast cancer studies. JAMA 1988; 260:642; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410050072032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson HL, Ingvar C, Bladström A. Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins and given continuously increases breast carcinoma risk in Sweden. Cancer 2003; 97:1387 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11205; PMID: 12627501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Prevention. Available from www.cancergov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/breast/Patient/page3, accessed 14 January 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Rose DP, Vona-Davis L. Interaction between menopausal status and obesity in affecting breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2010; 66:33 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.019; PMID: 20181446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eheman C, Henley SJ, Ballard-Barbash R, Jacobs EJ, Schymura MJ, Noone AM, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2008, featuring cancers associated with excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity. Cancer 2012; 118:2338 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27514; PMID: 22460733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzuini F, Battistella A, Izzotti A. Physical activity and cancer prevention: a review of current evidence and biological mechanisms. J Prev Med Hyg 2011; 52:174 - 80; PMID: 22442921
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheppard VB, Makambi K, Taylor T, Wallington SF, Sween J, Adams-Campbell L. Physical activity reduces breast cancer risk in African American women. Ethn Dis 2011; 21:406 - 11; PMID: 22428342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruk J. Lifetime physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Detect Prev 2007; 31:18 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cdp.2006.12.003; PMID: 17296272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rock CL, Emond JA, Flatt SW, Heath DD, Karanja N, Pakiz B, et al. Weight loss is associated with increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight or obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.57; PMID: 22402737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key J, Hodgson S, Omar RZ, Jensen TK, Thompson SG, Boobis AR, et al. Meta-analysis of studies of alcohol and breast cancer with consideration of the methodological issues. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:759 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-006-0011-0; PMID: 16783604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ, Cushing CA. A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer. Nutr Res Rev 2010; 23:349 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000235; PMID: 21110906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice RL, Thomson CA, Caan B, Hubbell FA, Anderson GL, Beresford SA, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and cancer incidence in the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Randomized Controlled Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1534 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm159; PMID: 17925539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakken K, Alsaker E, Eggen AE, Lund E. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of hormone-dependent cancers in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:130 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20389; PMID: 15305384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, Rossouw JE, Assaf AR, Lasser NL, et al, Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:523 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030808; PMID: 12904517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R. Vitamin D and cancer mini-symposium: the risk of additional vitamin D. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:441 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.01.009; PMID: 19364661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:6 - 18; PMID: 17209171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:842 - 56; PMID: 10232622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2341 - 57; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.463; PMID: 21706518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academy of Sciences. Commitee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years’ observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 1976; 2:1525 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.6051.1525; PMID: 1009386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buechner JS, Constantine H, Gjelsvik A. John Snow and the Broad Street pump: 150 years of epidemiology. Med Health R I 2004; 87:314 - 5; PMID: 15559385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitfield RJ, Khan R, Smith A, Rayner CF. Contact tracing and population screening for tuberculosis - who should be assessed?. J Public Health Med 2003; 25:390 - 1, author reply 391-2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdg095; PMID: 14747605
   PubMedGoogle Scholar