111,804
Views
545
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging

, &
Pages 253-258 | Received 12 Aug 2012, Accepted 22 Aug 2012, Published online: 01 Jul 2012

References

  • Berneburg M, Trelles M, Friguet B, Ogden S, Esrefoglu M, Kaya G, et al. How best to halt and/or revert UV-induced skin ageing: strategies, facts and fiction. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:228 - 40; PMID: 18261088
  • Makrantonaki E, Adjaye J, Herwig R, Brink TC, Groth D, Hultschig C, et al. Age-specific hormonal decline is accompanied by transcriptional changes in human sebocytes in vitro. Aging Cell 2006; 5:331 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00223.x; PMID: 16805856
  • Brincat MP. Hormone replacement therapy and the skin. Maturitas 2000; 35:107–117. 9 Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Androgens and aging of the skin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:240 - 5; PMID: 19390323
  • Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138:1462 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.138.11.1462; PMID: 12437452
  • Chung JH, Kang S, Varani J, Lin J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase activities in aged human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:177 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00009.x; PMID: 10951233
  • Baumann L. Skin ageing and its treatment. J Pathol 2007; 211:241 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2098; PMID: 17200942
  • Slevin M, Krupinski J, Gaffney J, Matou S, West D, Delisser H, et al. Hyaluronan-mediated angiogenesis in vascular disease: uncovering RHAMM and CD44 receptor signaling pathways. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:58 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2006.08.261; PMID: 17055233
  • Soltés L, Mendichi R, Kogan G, Schiller J, Stankovska M, Arnhold J. Degradative action of reactive oxygen species on hyaluronan. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:659 - 68; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm050867v; PMID: 16529395
  • Knudson CB, Knudson W. Hyaluronan and CD44: modulators of chondrocyte metabolism. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004; Suppl S152 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000143804.26638.82; PMID: 15480059
  • Toole BP, Zoltan-Jones A, Misra S, Ghatak S. Hyaluronan: a critical component of epithelial-mesenchymal and epithelial-carcinoma transitions. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 179:66 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000084510; PMID: 15942194
  • Toole BP, Ghatak S, Misra S. Hyaluronan oligosaccharides as a potential anticancer therapeutic. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2008; 9:249 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920108785161569; PMID: 18691085
  • Noble PW. Hyaluronan and its catabolic products in tissue injury and repair. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:25 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0945-053X(01)00184-6; PMID: 11827789
  • Turino GM, Cantor JO. Hyaluronan in respiratory injury and repair. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:1169 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200205-449PP; PMID: 12714341
  • Jackson DG. Immunological functions of hyaluronan and its receptors in the lymphatics. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:216 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00803.x; PMID: 19594639
  • Jiang D, Liang J, Noble PW. Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:221 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00052.2009; PMID: 21248167
  • Stern R, Maibach HI. Hyaluronan in skin: aspects of aging and its pharmacologic modulation. Clin Dermatol 2008; 26:106 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.09.013; PMID: 18472055
  • Weissmann B, Meyer K. The structure of hyalobiuronic acid and of hyaluronic acid from umbilical cord. J Am Chem Soc 1954; 76:1753 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01636a010
  • Weissmann B, Meyer K, Sampson P, Linker A. Isolation of oligosaccharides enzymatically produced from hyaluronic acid. J Biol Chem 1954; 208:417 - 29; PMID: 13174551
  • Scott JE, Heatley F. Hyaluronan forms specific stable tertiary structures in aqueous solution: a 13C NMR study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:4850 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.4850; PMID: 10220382
  • Laurent TC. Structure of hyaluronic acid. In: Balazs, EA, ed. Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix, Academic Press: New York, 1970:p. 703.
  • Bates EJ, Harper GS, Lowther DA, Preston BN. Effect of oxygen-derived reactive species on cartilage proteoglycan-hyaluronate aggregates. Biochem Int 1984; 8:629 - 37; PMID: 6548142
  • Lowther DA, Rogers HJ. Biosynthesis of hyaluronate. Nature 1955; 175:435; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/175435a0; PMID: 14356201
  • MacLennan AP. The production of capsules, hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase by 25 strains of group C streptococci. J Gen Microbiol 1956; 15:485 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-15-3-485; PMID: 13385432
  • Prehm P. Release of hyaluronate from eukaryotic cells. Biochem J 1990; 267:185 - 9; PMID: 2158307
  • Juhlin L. Hyaluronan in skin. J Intern Med 1997; 242:61 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.00175.x; PMID: 9260568
  • Tammi R, Ripellino JA, Margolis RU, Tammi M. Localization of epidermal hyaluronic acid using the hyaluronate binding region of cartilage proteoglycan as a specific probe. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:412 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12456530; PMID: 2450149
  • Armstrong SE, Bell DR. Relationship between lymph and tissue hyaluronan in skin and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H2485 - 94; PMID: 12388305
  • Tzellos TG, Sinopidis X, Kyrgidis A, Vahtsevanos K, Triaridis S, Printza A, et al. Differential hyaluronan homeostasis and expression of proteoglycans in juvenile and adult human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 61:69 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.10.010; PMID: 21087840
  • Tzellos TG, Klagas I, Vahtsevanos K, Triaridis S, Printza A, Kyrgidis A, et al. Extrinsic ageing in the human skin is associated with alterations in the expression of hyaluronic acid and its metabolizing enzymes. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:1028 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00889.x; PMID: 19601984
  • Reed RK, Lilja K, Laurent TC. Hyaluronan in the rat with special reference to the skin. Acta Physiol Scand 1988; 134:405 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08508.x; PMID: 3227957
  • Meyer K, Palmer JW. The Polysaccharide of the vitreous humor. J Biol Chem 1934; 107:629 - 34
  • Hamerman D, Schuster H. Hyaluronate in normal human synovial fluid. J Clin Invest 1958; 37:57 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI103585; PMID: 13491713
  • Ragan C, Meyer K. The hyaluronic acid of synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1949; 28:56 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI102053
  • Toole BP. Hyaluronan: from extracellular glue to pericellular cue. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4:528 - 39; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1391; PMID: 15229478
  • Papakonstantinou E, Karakiulakis G, Roth M, Block LH. Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates the secretion of hyaluronic acid by proliferating human vascular smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9881 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.21.9881; PMID: 7568237
  • Papakonstantinou E, Roth M, Tamm M, Eickelberg O, Perruchoud AP, Karakiulakis G. Hypoxia differentially enhances the effects of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms on the synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans by human lung fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:830 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.301.3.830; PMID: 12023510
  • Papakonstantinou E, Kouri FM, Karakiulakis G, Klagas I, Eickelberg O. Increased hyaluronic acid content in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2008; 32:1504 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00159507; PMID: 18768572
  • Klagas I, Goulet S, Karakiulakis G, Zhong J, Baraket M, Black JL, et al. Decreased hyaluronan in airway smooth muscle cells from patients with asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:616 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00070808; PMID: 19282346
  • Papakonstantinou E, Karakiulakis G. The ‘sweet’ and ‘bitter’ involvement of glycosaminoglycans in lung diseases: pharmacotherapeutic relevance. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1111 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00279.x; PMID: 19508395
  • Papakonstantinou E, Karakiulakis G, Eickelberg O, Perruchoud AP, Block LH, Roth M. A 340 kDa hyaluronic acid secreted by human vascular smooth muscle cells regulates their proliferation and migration. Glycobiology 1998; 8:821 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/8.8.821; PMID: 9639543
  • Goulas A, Hatzichristou DG, Karakiulakis G, Mirtsou-Fidani V, Kalinderis A, Papakonstantinou E. Benign hyperplasia of the human prostate is associated with tissue enrichment in chondroitin sulphate of wide size distribution. Prostate 2000; 44:104 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0045(20000701)44:2<104::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-6; PMID: 10881019
  • Goulas A, Papakonstantinou E, Karakiulakis G, Mirtsou-Fidani V, Kalinderis A, Hatzichristou DG. Tissue structure-specific distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the human penis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:975 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1357-2725(00)00038-8; PMID: 11084377
  • Lee JY, Spicer AP. Hyaluronan: a multifunctional, megaDalton, stealth molecule. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000; 12:581 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00135-6; PMID: 10978893
  • Weigel PH, Fuller GM, LeBoeuf RD. A model for the role of hyaluronic acid and fibrin in the early events during the inflammatory response and wound healing. J Theor Biol 1986; 119:219 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(86)80076-5; PMID: 3736072
  • Slevin M, Kumar S, Gaffney J. Angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce multiple signaling pathways affecting vascular endothelial cell mitogenic and wound healing responses. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41046 - 59; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109443200; PMID: 12194965
  • McKee CM, Penno MB, Cowman M, Burdick MD, Strieter RM, Bao C, et al. Hyaluronan (HA) fragments induce chemokine gene expression in alveolar macrophages. The role of HA size and CD44. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2403 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI119054; PMID: 8941660
  • Horton MR, McKee CM, Bao C, Liao F, Farber JM, Hodge-DuFour J, et al. Hyaluronan fragments synergize with interferon-gamma to induce the C-X-C chemokines mig and interferon-inducible protein-10 in mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:35088 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.52.35088; PMID: 9857043
  • Teriete P, Banerji S, Noble M, Blundell CD, Wright AJ, Pickford AR, et al. Structure of the regulatory hyaluronan binding domain in the inflammatory leukocyte homing receptor CD44. Mol Cell 2004; 13:483 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00080-2; PMID: 14992719
  • Itano N, Atsumi F, Sawai T, Yamada Y, Miyaishi O, Senga T, et al. Abnormal accumulation of hyaluronan matrix diminishes contact inhibition of cell growth and promotes cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3609 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.052026799; PMID: 11891291
  • Bai KJ, Spicer AP, Mascarenhas MM, Yu L, Ochoa CD, Garg HG, et al. The role of hyaluronan synthase 3 in ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:92 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200405-652OC; PMID: 15790861
  • Beck-Schimmer B, Oertli B, Pasch T, Wüthrich RP. Hyaluronan induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:2283 - 90; PMID: 9848782
  • Zoltan-Jones A, Huang L, Ghatak S, Toole BP. Elevated hyaluronan production induces mesenchymal and transformed properties in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45801 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M308168200; PMID: 12954618
  • Jameson JM, Cauvi G, Sharp LL, Witherden DA, Havran WL. Gammadelta T cell-induced hyaluronan production by epithelial cells regulates inflammation. J Exp Med 2005; 201:1269 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20042057; PMID: 15837812
  • Jiang D, Liang J, Fan J, Yu S, Chen S, Luo Y, et al. Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan. Nat Med 2005; 11:1173 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1315; PMID: 16244651
  • Jiang D, Liang J, Li Y, Noble PW. The role of Toll-like receptors in non-infectious lung injury. Cell Res 2006; 16:693 - 701; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7310085; PMID: 16894359
  • Li L, Heldin CH, Heldin P. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced receptor activation and fibroblast migration by hyaluronan activation of CD44. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26512 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M605607200; PMID: 16809345
  • Turley EA. The role of a cell-associated hyaluronan-binding protein in fibroblast behaviour. Ciba Found Symp 1989; 143:121 - 33, discussion 133-7, 281-5; PMID: 2478343
  • Knudson W. Tumor-associated hyaluronan. Providing an extracellular matrix that facilitates invasion. Am J Pathol 1996; 148:1721 - 6; PMID: 8669457
  • Zhang L, Underhill CB, Chen L. Hyaluronan on the surface of tumor cells is correlated with metastatic behavior. Cancer Res 1995; 55:428 - 33; PMID: 7529138
  • West DC, Hampson IN, Arnold F, Kumar S. Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid. Science 1985; 228:1324 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2408340; PMID: 2408340
  • McKee CM, Lowenstein CJ, Horton MR, Wu J, Bao C, Chin BY, et al. Hyaluronan fragments induce nitric-oxide synthase in murine macrophages through a nuclear factor kappaB-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:8013 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.12.8013; PMID: 9065473
  • Termeer CC, Hennies J, Voith U, Ahrens T, Weiss JM, Prehm P, et al. Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan are potent activators of dendritic cells. J Immunol 2000; 165:1863 - 70; PMID: 10925265
  • Papakonstantinou E, Klagas I, Karakiulakis G, Hostettler K, S’ng CT, Kotoula V, et al. Steroids and β2 Agonists Regulate Hyaluronan Metabolism in Asthma Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; In press http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0101OC; PMID: 22865625
  • Prehm P. Hyaluronate is synthesized at plasma membranes. Biochem J 1984; 220:597 - 600; PMID: 6743290
  • Watanabe K, Yamaguchi Y. Molecular identification of a putative human hyaluronan synthase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:22945 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.38.22945; PMID: 8798477
  • Weigel PH, Hascall VC, Tammi M. Hyaluronan synthases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:13997 - 4000; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.22.13997; PMID: 9206724
  • Itano N, Sawai T, Yoshida M, Lenas P, Yamada Y, Imagawa M, et al. Three isoforms of mammalian hyaluronan synthases have distinct enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:25085 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.35.25085; PMID: 10455188
  • Itano N, Kimata K. Mammalian hyaluronan synthases. IUBMB Life 2002; 54:195 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15216540214929; PMID: 12512858
  • Fraser JR, Laurent TC, Pertoft H, Baxter E. Plasma clearance, tissue distribution and metabolism of hyaluronic acid injected intravenously in the rabbit. Biochem J 1981; 200:415 - 24; PMID: 7340841
  • Reed RK, Laurent UB, Fraser JR, Laurent TC. Removal rate of [3H]hyaluronan injected subcutaneously in rabbits. Am J Physiol 1990; 259:H532 - 5; PMID: 2386226
  • Laurent UB, Dahl LB, Reed RK. Catabolism of hyaluronan in rabbit skin takes place locally, in lymph nodes and liver. Exp Physiol 1991; 76:695 - 703; PMID: 1742011
  • Stern R, Jedrzejas MJ. Hyaluronidases: their genomics, structures, and mechanisms of action. Chem Rev 2006; 106:818 - 39; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr050247k; PMID: 16522010
  • Kreil G. Hyaluronidases--a group of neglected enzymes. Protein Sci 1995; 4:1666 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560040902; PMID: 8528065
  • Csoka AB, Frost GI, Stern R. The six hyaluronidase-like genes in the human and mouse genomes. Matrix Biol 2001; 20:499 - 508; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0945-053X(01)00172-X; PMID: 11731267
  • Frost GI, Stern R. A microtiter-based assay for hyaluronidase activity not requiring specialized reagents. Anal Biochem 1997; 251:263 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1997.2262; PMID: 9299025
  • Guntenhöner MW, Pogrel MA, Stern R. A substrate-gel assay for hyaluronidase activity. Matrix 1992; 12:388 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0934-8832(11)80035-1; PMID: 1484506
  • Chichibu K, Matsuura T, Shichijo S, Yokoyama MM. Assay of serum hyaluronic acid in clinical application. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 181:317 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(89)90237-4; PMID: 2474393
  • Natowicz MR, Short MP, Wang Y, Dickersin GR, Gebhardt MC, Rosenthal DI, et al. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of hyaluronidase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1029 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199610033351405; PMID: 8793927
  • Lepperdinger G, Strobl B, Kreil G. HYAL2, a human gene expressed in many cells, encodes a lysosomal hyaluronidase with a novel type of specificity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:22466 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.35.22466; PMID: 9712871
  • Hemming R, Martin DC, Slominski E, Nagy JI, Halayko AJ, Pind S, et al. Mouse Hyal3 encodes a 45- to 56-kDa glycoprotein whose overexpression increases hyaluronidase 1 activity in cultured cells. Glycobiology 2008; 18:280 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwn006; PMID: 18234732
  • Lapcík L Jr., Chabrecek P, Stasko A. Photodegradation of hyaluronic acid: EPR and size exclusion chromatography study. Biopolymers 1991; 31:1429 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360311209; PMID: 1667853
  • Laurent TC. The chemistry, biology, and medical applications of hyaluronan and its derivatives. London: Portland Press; 1998:621.
  • Toole BP. Hyaluronan and its binding proteins, the hyaladherins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1990; 2:839 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-0674(90)90081-O; PMID: 1707285
  • Knudson CB, Knudson W. Hyaluronan-binding proteins in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. FASEB J 1993; 7:1233 - 41; PMID: 7691670
  • Turley EA. Hyaluronan and cell locomotion. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1992; 11:21 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047600; PMID: 1380898
  • Hardwick C, Hoare K, Owens R, Hohn HP, Hook M, Moore D, et al. Molecular cloning of a novel hyaluronan receptor that mediates tumor cell motility. J Cell Biol 1992; 117:1343 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.117.6.1343; PMID: 1376732
  • Yang B, Zhang L, Turley EA. Identification of two hyaluronan-binding domains in the hyaluronan receptor RHAMM. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:8617 - 23; PMID: 7682552
  • Lokeshwar VB, Selzer MG. Differences in hyaluronic acid-mediated functions and signaling in arterial, microvessel, and vein-derived human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:27641 - 9; PMID: 10882722
  • Mohapatra S, Yang X, Wright JA, Turley EA, Greenberg AH. Soluble hyaluronan receptor RHAMM induces mitotic arrest by suppressing Cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1663 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.4.1663; PMID: 8666924
  • Samuel SK, Hurta RA, Spearman MA, Wright JA, Turley EA, Greenberg AH. TGF-beta 1 stimulation of cell locomotion utilizes the hyaluronan receptor RHAMM and hyaluronan. J Cell Biol 1993; 123:749 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.123.3.749; PMID: 7693717
  • Ripellino JA, Bailo M, Margolis RU, Margolis RK. Light and electron microscopic studies on the localization of hyaluronic acid in developing rat cerebellum. J Cell Biol 1988; 106:845 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.3.845; PMID: 2450100
  • Meyer LJ, Stern R. Age-dependent changes of hyaluronan in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:385 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371800; PMID: 8120424
  • Wang C, Tammi M, Tammi R. Distribution of hyaluronan and its CD44 receptor in the epithelia of human skin appendages. Histochemistry 1992; 98:105 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717001; PMID: 1429018
  • Bertheim U, Hellström S. The distribution of hyaluronan in human skin and mature, hypertrophic and keloid scars. Br J Plast Surg 1994; 47:483 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(94)90031-0; PMID: 7524987
  • DePalma RL, Krummel TM, Durham LA 3rd, Michna BA, Thomas BL, Nelson JM, et al. Characterization and quantitation of wound matrix in the fetal rabbit. Matrix 1989; 9:224 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0934-8832(89)80054-X; PMID: 2779482
  • Mast BA, Flood LC, Haynes JH, DePalma RL, Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, et al. Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the matrix of fetal rabbit skin and wounds: implications for healing by regeneration. Matrix 1991; 11:63 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0934-8832(11)80228-3; PMID: 2027330
  • Longaker MT, Chiu ES, Adzick NS, Stern M, Harrison MR, Stern R. Studies in fetal wound healing. V. A prolonged presence of hyaluronic acid characterizes fetal wound fluid. Ann Surg 1991; 213:292 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199104000-00003; PMID: 2009010
  • Stuhlmeier KM, Pollaschek C. Differential effect of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on the genes encoding hyaluronan synthases and utilization of the p38 MAPK pathway in TGF-beta-induced hyaluronan synthase 1 activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:8753 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M303945200; PMID: 14676202
  • Karvinen S, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Hyttinen JM, Pienimäki JP, Törrönen K, Jokela TA, et al. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates migration and hyaluronan synthesis in the epidermis by activation of keratinocyte hyaluronan synthases 2 and 3. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:49495 - 504; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M310445200; PMID: 14506240
  • Wilkinson TS, Potter-Perigo S, Tsoi C, Altman LC, Wight TN. Pro- and anti-inflammatory factors cooperate to control hyaluronan synthesis in lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:92 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0380OC; PMID: 14764429
  • Pienimaki JP, Rilla K, Fulop C, Sironen RK, Karvinen S, Pasonen S, et al. Epidermal growth factor activates hyaluronan synthase 2 in epidermal keratinocytes and increases pericellular and intracellular hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20428 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M007601200; PMID: 11262389
  • Yung S, Thomas GJ, Davies M. Induction of hyaluronan metabolism after mechanical injury of human peritoneal mesothelial cells in vitro. Kidney Int 2000; 58:1953 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2000.00367.x; PMID: 11044215
  • Li Y, Rahmanian M, Widström C, Lepperdinger G, Frost GI, Heldin P. Irradiation-induced expression of hyaluronan (HA) synthase 2 and hyaluronidase 2 genes in rat lung tissue accompanies active turnover of HA and induction of types I and III collagen gene expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:411 - 8; PMID: 10970834
  • Tammi R, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Kolehmainen E, Tammi M. Hyaluronan synthase induction and hyaluronan accumulation in mouse epidermis following skin injury. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:898 - 905; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23697.x; PMID: 15854028
  • Tzellos TG, Dionyssopoulos A, Klagas I, Karakiulakis G, Lazaridis L, Papakonstantinou E. Differential glycosaminoglycan expression and hyaluronan homeostasis in juvenile hyaline fibromatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:629 - 38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.042; PMID: 19559501
  • Weiss JM, Sleeman J, Renkl AC, Dittmar H, Termeer CC, Taxis S, et al. An essential role for CD44 variant isoforms in epidermal Langerhans cell and blood dendritic cell function. J Cell Biol 1997; 137:1137 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.137.5.1137; PMID: 9166413
  • Weiss JM, Renkl AC, Sleeman J, Dittmar H, Termeer CC, Taxis S, et al. CD44 variant isoforms are essential for the function of epidermal Langerhans cells and dendritic cells. Cell Adhes Commun 1998; 6:157 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15419069809004472; PMID: 9823467
  • Hall CL, Yang B, Yang X, Zhang S, Turley M, Samuel S, et al. Overexpression of the hyaluronan receptor RHAMM is transforming and is also required for H-ras transformation. Cell 1995; 82:19 - 26; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90048-9; PMID: 7541721
  • Longas MO, Russell CS, He XY. Evidence for structural changes in dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid with aging. Carbohydr Res 1987; 159:127 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90010-7; PMID: 3829041
  • Gilchrest BA. A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:867 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1088.x; PMID: 8977705
  • Bernstein EF, Underhill CB, Hahn PJ, Brown DB, Uitto J. Chronic sun exposure alters both the content and distribution of dermal glycosaminoglycans. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:255 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01156.x; PMID: 8881669
  • Uitto J. Understanding premature skin aging. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1463 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711133372011; PMID: 9358147
  • Röck K, Grandoch M, Majora M, Krutmann J, Fischer JW. Collagen fragments inhibit hyaluronan synthesis in skin fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet B (UVB): new insights into mechanisms of matrix remodeling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18268 - 76; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.201665; PMID: 21454612
  • Oh JH, Kim YK, Jung JY, Shin JE, Chung JH. Changes in glycosaminoglycans and related proteoglycans in intrinsically aged human skin in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:454 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01258.x; PMID: 21426414