An update on the role of the sebaceous gland in the pathogenesis of acne

References

• Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, et al. Skin lipids: an update. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88:2 - 6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thody AJ, Shuster S. Control and function of sebaceous glands. Physiol Rev 1989; 69:1 - 4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikkari T, Schreibman PH, Ahrens EH Jr. In vivo studies of sterol and squalene secretion by human skin. J Lipid Res 1974; 15:563 - 573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasastry P, Downing DT, Pochi PE, et al. Chemical composition of human skin surface lipids from birth to puberty. J Invest Dermatol 1970; 54:139 - 144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC. Acne and sebaceous gland function. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22:360 - 366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Neitzel H, et al. Establishment and characterization of an immortalized human sebaceous gland cell line (SZ95). J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:1011 - 1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiboutot D, Jabara S, McAllister JM, et al. Human skin is a steroidogenic tissue: steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors are expressed in epidermis, normal sebocytes and an immortalized sebocyte cell line (SEB-1). J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:905 - 914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo Celso C, Berta MA, Braun KM, et al. Characterization of bipotential epidermal progenitors derived from human sebaceous gland: contrasting roles of c-Myc and beta-catenin. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1241 - 1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurokawa I, Danby FW, Ju Q, et al. New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:821 - 832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart ME. Sebaceous gland lipids. Semin Dermatol 1992; 11:100 - 105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, et al. Essential fatty acids and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14:221 - 225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen JE. Diet and acne. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16:488 - 492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RN, Braue A, Varigos GA, et al. The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 50:41 - 52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing DT, Strauss JS, Pochi PE. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1972; 25:365 - 367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochi PE, Downing DT, Strauss JS. Sebaceous gland response in man to prolonged total caloric deprivation. J Invest Dermatol 1970; 55:303 - 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald I. Changes in the Fatty Acid Composition of Sebum Associated with High Carbohydrate Diets. Nature 1964; 203:1067 - 1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:833 - 841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottaviani M, Alestas T, Flori E, et al. Peroxidated squalene induces the production of inflammatory mediators in HaCaT keratinocytes: a possible role in acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:2430 - 2437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Schagen S, Alestas T. The sebocyte culture: a model to study the pathophysiology of the sebaceous gland in sebostasis, seborrhoea and acne. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:397 - 413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell LE, Harrison WJ, Bahta AW, et al. Characterization of liver X receptor expression and function in human skin and the pilosebaceous unit. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:844 - 852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong I, Lee MH, Na TY, et al. LXRalpha enhances lipid synthesis in SZ95 sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1266 - 1272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baulieu EE, Thomas G, Legrain S, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97:4279 - 4284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichrath J, Mittmann M, Kamradt J, et al. Expression of retinoid-X receptors (-alpha, -beta, -gamma) and retinoic acid receptors (-alpha, -beta, -gamma) in normal human skin: an immunohistological evaluation. Histochem J 1997; 29:127 - 133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsukada M, Schroder M, Roos TC, et al. 13-cis retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoid acid receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:321 - 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Korge B, Akamatsu H, et al. Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid and acitretin on the proliferation, lipid synthesis and keratin expression of cultured human sebocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96:792 - 797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Deplewski D, Ciletti N, et al. Limited cooperation between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and retinoid X receptor agonists in sebocyte growth and development. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74:362 - 369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer C, Seltmann H, Seifert M, et al. Characterization of the vitamin D endocrine system in human sebocytes in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:9 - 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Imai N, Akimoto N, et al. Epidermal growth factor and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppress lipogenesis in hamster sebaceous gland cells in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:965 - 970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone G, Reisner RM. Differential rates of conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in acne and in normal human skin—a possible pathogenic factor in acne. J Invest Dermatol 1971; 56:366 - 372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochi PE, Strauss JS. Sebaceous gland response in man to the administration of testosterone, delta-4-androstenedione and dehydroisoandrosterone. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 52:32 - 36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giltay EJ, Gooren LJ. Effects of sex steroid deprivation/administration on hair growth and skin sebum production in transsexual males and females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:2913 - 2921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orfanos CE, Adler YD, Zouboulis CC. The SAHA syndrome. Horm Res 2000; 54:251 - 258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M, Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC. Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:793 - 800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Zouboulis CC, Fritsch M, et al. Heterogeneity and quantitative differences of type 1, 5-alpha-reductase expression in cultured skin epithelial cells. Dermatology 1998; 196:51 - 52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fimmel S, Saborowski A, Orfanos CE, et al. Development of efficient transient transfection systems for introducing antisense oligonucleotides into human epithelial skin cells. Horm Res 2000; 54:306 - 311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KM, Liao S. Selective retention of dihydrotestosterone by prostatic nuclei. Nature 1968; 219:277 - 279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akamatsu H, Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE. Control of human sebocyte proliferation in vitro by testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is dependent on the localization of the sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99:509 - 511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield RL, Deplewski D, Kentsis A, et al. Mechanisms of androgen induction of sebocyte differentiation. Dermatology 1998; 196:43 - 46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Yang CC, Sheu HM, et al. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein transcription factors in cultured human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:441 - 447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Eady A, Philpott M, et al. What is the pathogenesis of acne?. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:143 - 152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alestas T, Ganceviciene R, Fimmel S, et al. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B(4) and prostaglandin E(2) are active in sebaceous glands. J Mol Med 2006; 84:75 - 87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minghetti P, Cilurzo F, Casiraghi A, et al. Development of patches for the controlled release of dehydroepiandrosterone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27:711 - 717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin MH, Rhie GE, Park CH, et al. Modulation of collagen metabolism by the topical application of dehydroepiandrosterone to human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:315 - 323
   Google Scholar
• Deplewski D, Rosenfield RL. Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr Rev 2000; 21:363 - 392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton JL, Libman LJ, Cunliffe WJ, et al. Sebum excretion in acromegaly. Br Med J 1972; 1:406 - 408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makrantonaki E, Vogel K, Fimmel S, et al. Interplay of IGF-I and 17beta-estradiol at age-specific levels in human sebocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:939 - 946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deplewski D, Rosenfield RL. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors have different effects on sebaceous cell growth and differentiation. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4089 - 4094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikawa A, Ishii Y, Suzuki K, et al. Age-related changes in the dorsal skin histology in Mini and Wistar rats. Histol Histopathol 2002; 17:419 - 426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizawa H, Niimura M. Elevated serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in women with postadolescent acne. J Dermatol 1995; 22:249 - 252
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappel M, Mauger D, Thiboutot D. Correlation between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dihydrotestosterone and acne lesion counts in adult women. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141:333 - 338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vora S, Ovhal A, Jerajani H, et al. Correlation of facial sebum to serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acne. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:990 - 991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson HA, Nilsson A, Isgaard J, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor I in the adult rat. Histochemistry 1988; 89:403 - 410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudman SM, Philpott MP, Thomas GA, et al. The role of IGF-I in human skin and its appendages: morphogen as well as mitogen?. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109:770 - 777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakkol A, Varani J, Elder JT, et al. Maintenance of human skin in organ culture: role for insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Arch Dermatol Res 1999; 291:643 - 651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces lipid production in human SEB-1 sebocytes via sterol response element-binding protein-1. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1226 - 1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TM, Gilliland K, Clawson GA, et al. IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1286 - 1293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosignoli C, Nicolas JC, Jomard A, et al. Involvement of the SREBP pathway in the mode of action of androgens in sebaceous glands in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12:480 - 489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makrantonaki E, Adjaye J, Herwig R, et al. Age-specific hormonal decline is accompanied by transcriptional changes in human sebocytes in vitro. Aging Cell 2006; 5:331 - 344
   Google Scholar
• Krause K, Schnitger A, Fimmel S, et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone skin signaling is receptor-mediated and is predominant in the sebaceous glands. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39:166 - 170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Hiroi N, et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone: an autocrine hormone that promotes lipogenesis in human sebocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:7148 - 7153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganceviciene R, Graziene V, Fimmel S, et al. Involvement of the corticotropin-releasing hormone system in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160:345 - 352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thody AJ, Cooper MF, Bowden PE, et al. Effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and testosterone on cutaneous and modified sebaceous glands in the rat. J Endocrinol 1976; 71:279 - 288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Li WH, Anthonavage M, et al. Melanocortin-5 receptor: a marker of human sebocyte differentiation. Peptides 2006; 27:413 - 420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm M, Schiller M, Stander S, et al. Evidence for expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in human sebocytes in vitro and in situ. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:533 - 539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganceviciene R, Graziene V, Bohm M, et al. Increased in situ expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in sebaceous glands of lesional skin of patients with acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:547 - 552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj R, Becher E, Mahnke K, et al. Evidence for the differential expression of the functional alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor MC-1 on human monocytes. J Immunol 1997; 158:3378 - 3384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmeyer M, Scholzen T, Becher E, et al. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells express the melanocortin receptor type 1 and produce increased levels of IL-8 upon stimulation with alpha-melanocytestimulating hormone. J Immunol 1997; 159:1930 - 1937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeremy AH, Holland DB, Roberts SG, et al. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:20 - 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stander S, Schmelz M, Metze D, et al. Distribution of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) on sensory nerve fibers and adnexal structures in human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 38:177 - 188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrosi N, Toth BI, Nagy G, et al. Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling. Faseb J 2008; 22:3685 - 3695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Morohashi M. Neuropeptides and sebaceous glands. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12:422 - 427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielitz A, Reinhold D, Vetter R, et al. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and aminopeptidase N target major pathogenetic steps in acne initiation. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1042 - 1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth BI, Geczy T, Griger Z, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 signaling as a regulator of human sebocyte biology. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:329 - 339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC. Is acne vulgaris a genuine inflammatory disease?. Dermatology 2001; 203:277 - 279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedberg IM, Tomic-Canic M, Komine M, et al. Keratins and the keratinocyte activation cycle. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:633 - 640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi NR, Gilliland KL, Zhao W, et al. Gene array expression profiling in acne lesions reveals marked upregulation of genes involved in inflammation and matrix remodeling. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1071 - 1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S, Cho S, Chung JH, et al. Inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation mediated by activated transcription factors nuclear factorkappaB and activator protein-1 in inflammatory acne lesions in vivo. Am J Pathol 2005; 166:1691 - 1699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito A, Sakiguchi T, Kitamura K, et al. Establishment of a tissue culture system for hamster sebaceous gland cells. Dermatology 1998; 197:238 - 244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata C, Akimoto N, Sato T, et al. Augmentation of lipogenesis by 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in hamster sebaceous glands: identification of cytochrome P-450-mediated 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 production. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:865 - 872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Seltmann H, Zouboulis CC, et al. Activation of platelet-activating factor receptor in SZ95 sebocytes results in inflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:769 - 774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neufang G, Furstenberger G, Heidt M, et al. Abnormal differentiation of epidermis in transgenic mice constitutively expressing cyclooxygenase-2 in skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:7629 - 7634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Seltmann H, Zouboulis CC, et al. Involvement of PPARgamma in oxidative stress-mediated prostaglandin E(2) production in SZ95 human sebaceous gland cells. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:42 - 48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Alestas T. Zileuton prevents the activation of the leukotriene pathway and reduces sebaceous lipogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2009;
   Google Scholar
• Ganceviciene R, Fimmel S, Glass E, et al. Psoriasin and follicular hyperkeratinization in acne comedones. Dermatology 2006; 213:270 - 272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Voorhees JJ, Orfanos CE, et al. Topical all-trans retinoic acid (RA) induces an early, coordinated increase in RA-inducible skin-specific gene/psoriasin and cellular RA-binding protein II mRNA levels which precedes skin erythema. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288:664 - 669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakkol A, Zouboulis CC, Duell EA, et al. A retinoic acid-inducible skin-specific gene (RIS-1/psoriasin): molecular cloning and analysis of gene expression in human skin in vivo and cultured skin cells in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 1994; 20:75 - 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Ochoa MT, Krutzik SR, et al. Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses. J Immunol 2002; 169:1535 - 1541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J. Review of the innate immune response in acne vulgaris: activation of Toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses. Dermatology 2005; 211:193 - 198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Kis K, et al. Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2195 - 2205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koreck A, Pivarcsi A, Dobozy A, et al. The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of acne. Dermatology 2003; 206:96 - 105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgel P, Crozat K, Lauth X, et al. A toll-like receptor 2-responsive lipid effector pathway protects mammals against skin infections with gram-positive bacteria. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4512 - 4521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeff MK, Seltmann H, Hiroi N, et al. Differential regulation of Toll-like receptor and CD14 pathways by retinoids and corticosteroids in human sebocytes. Dermatology 2006; 213:266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chronnell CM, Ghali LR, Ali RS, et al. Human beta defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1120 - 1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DY, Yamasaki K, Rudsil J, et al. Sebocytes express functional cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides and can act to kill Propionibacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1863 - 1866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham GM, Farrar MD, Cruse-Sawyer JE, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes and P. acnes GroEL. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:421 - 428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell A, Valanne S, Ramage G, et al. Propionibacterium acnes types I and II represent phylogenetically distinct groups. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:326 - 334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison WJ, Bull JJ, Seltmann H, et al. Expression of lipogenic factors galectin-12, resistin, SREBP-1 and SCD in human sebaceous glands and cultured sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1309 - 1317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Fang JY, et al. Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2480 - 2488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Zhang L, et al. Sebum Free Fatty Acids Enhance the Innate Immune Defense of Human Sebocytes by Upregulating beta-Defensin-2 Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2009;
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Koreck A, et al. Distinct strains of Propionibacterium acnes induce selective human betadefensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:931 - 938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller M, Loewenstein M, Borelli C, et al. Induction of a chemoattractive proinflammatory cytokine response after stimulation of keratinocytes with Propionibacterium acnes and coproporphyrin III. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:66 - 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar