The expression and regulation of enzymes mediating the biosynthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids in keratinocytes/epidermis

References

• Feingold KR. Thematic review series: skin lipids. The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2531 - 2546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson S, Johnson-Winegar AG, Wintroub BU, Isseroff RR, Epstein E Jr, Elias PM. Lamellar body-enriched fractions from neonatal mice: preparative techniques and partial characterization. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85:289 - 294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurer NY, Elias PM. The biochemistry and function of stratum corneum lipids. Adv Lipid Res 1991; 24:27 - 56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holleran WM, Takagi Y, Uchida Y. Epidermal sphingolipids: metabolism, function and roles in skin disorders. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5456 - 5466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz PW. Feingold PEK. Biochemistry of human stratum corneum. Skin Barrier 2006; New York Taylor & Francis 33 - 42
   Google Scholar
• Elias PM, Brown BE. The mammalian cutaneous permeability barrier: defective barrier function is essential fatty acid deficiency correlates with abnormal intercellular lipid deposition. Lab Invest 1978; 39:574 - 583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen HS, Jensen B. Essential function of linoleic acid esterified in acylglucosylceramide and acylceramide in maintaining the epidermal water permeability barrier. Evidence from feeding studies with oleate, linoleate, arachidonate, columbinate and alpha-linolenate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 834:357 - 363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton JL, Wertz PW, Swartzendruber DC, Downing DT. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on epidermal O-acylsphingolipids and transepidermal water loss in young pigs. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 921:191 - 197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz PW, Cho ES, Downing DT. Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the epidermal sphingolipids of the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 753:350 - 355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radner FP, Streith IE, Schoiswohl G, Schweiger M, Kumari M, Eichmann TO, et al. Growth retardation, impaired triacylglycerol catabolism, hepatic steatosis and lethal skin barrier defect in mice lacking comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7300 - 7311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Cheng D. Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism. Am J Physiol 2009; 297:10 - 18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendel AA, Lewin TM, Coleman RA. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases: rate limiting enzymes of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1791:501 - 506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Reue K. Biochemistry, physiology and genetics of GPAT, AGPAT and lipin enzymes in triglyceride synthesis. Am J Physiol 2009; 296:1195 - 1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimeno RE, Cao J. Thematic review series: glycerolipids. Mammalian glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases: new genes for an old activity. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2079 - 2088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Baro MR, Lewin TM, Coleman RA. Regulation of Triglyceride Metabolism II. Function of mitochondrial GPAT1 in the regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and insulin action. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:1195 - 1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shindou H, Hishikawa D, Harayama T, Yuki K, Shimizu T. Recent progress on acyl CoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferase research. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:46 - 51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkish A, Sturley SL. Regulation of triglyceride metabolism. I. Eukaryotic neutral lipid synthesis: “Many ways to skin ACAT or a DGAT”. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:953 - 957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen CL, Stone SJ, Koliwad S, Harris C, Farese R Jr. Thematic review series: glycerolipids. DGAT enzymes and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2283 - 2301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu B, Jiang YJ, Kim P, Moser A, Elias PM, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Expression and regulation of GPAT isoforms in cultured human keratinocytes and rodent epidermis. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3207 - 3216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurt CM, Hanley K, Williams ML, Feingold KR. Cutaneous lipid synthesis during late fetal development in the rat. Arch Dermatol Res 1995; 287:754 - 760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aszterbaum M, Menon GK, Feingold KR, Williams ML. Ontogeny of the epidermal barrier to water loss in the rat: correlation of function with stratum corneum structure and lipid content. Pediatr Res 1992; 31:308 - 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmuth M, Jiang YJ, Dubrac S, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Thematic review series: skin lipids. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptors in epidermal biology. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:499 - 509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu B, Jiang YJ, Man MQ, Brown B, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Expression and regulation of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases in the epidermis. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2448 - 2457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu B, Jiang YJ, Zhou Y, Xu FY, Hatch GM, Choy PC. Cloning and characterization of murine 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases and their regulation by PPARalpha in murine heart. Biochem J 2005; 385:469 - 477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DW. The structure and functions of human lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases. Front Biosci 2001; 6:944 - 953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YQ, Kuo MS, Li S, Bui HH, Peake DA, Sanders PE, et al. AGPAT6 is a novel microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10048 - 10057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal AK, Barnes RI, Garg A. Functional characterization of human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoform 8: cloning, tissue distribution, gene structure and enzymatic activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 449:64 - 76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao J, Liu Y, Lockwood J, Burn P, Shi Y. A novel cardiolipin-remodeling pathway revealed by a gene encoding an endoplasmic reticulum-associated acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase (ALCAT1) in mouse. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31727 - 31734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal AK, Sukumaran S, Bartz R, Barnes RI, Garg A. Functional characterization of human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase isoform 9: cloning, tissue distribution, gene structure and enzymatic activity. J Endocrinol 2007; 193:445 - 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soupene E, Fyrst H, Kuypers FA. Mammalian acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:88 - 93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye GM, Chen C, Huang S, Han DD, Guo JH, Wan B, Yu L. Cloning and characterization a novel human 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene AGPAT7. DNA Seq 2005; 16:386 - 390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukumaran S, Barnes RI, Garg A, Agarwal AK. Functional characterization of the human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase isoform 10/glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoform 3. J Mol Endocrinol 2009; 42:469 - 478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao J, Li JL, Li D, Tobin JF, Gimeno RE. Molecular identification of microsomal acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, a key enzyme in de novo triacylglycerol synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:19695 - 19700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindley DN. Lipid phosphate phosphatases and related proteins: signaling functions in development, cell division and cancer. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:900 - 912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han GS, Wu WI, Carman GM. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lipin homolog is a Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase enzyme. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9210 - 9218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donkor J, Sariahmetoglu M, Dewald J, Brindley DN, Reue K. Three mammalian lipins act as phosphatidate phosphatases with distinct tissue expression patterns. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:3450 - 3457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finck BN, Gropler MC, Chen Z, Leone TC, Croce MA, Harris TE, et al. Lipin 1 is an inducible amplifier of the hepatic PGC-1alpha/PPARalpha regulatory pathway. Cell Metab 2006; 4:199 - 210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han GS, Siniossoglou S, Carman GM. The cellular functions of the yeast lipin homolog PAH1p are dependent on its phosphatidate phosphatase activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37026 - 37035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris TE, Huffman TA, Chi A, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Kumar A, et al. Insulin controls subcellular localization and multisite phosphorylation of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase, lipin 1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:277 - 286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carman GM, Han GS. Phosphatidic acid phosphatase, a key enzyme in the regulation of lipid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:2593 - 2597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carman GM, Han GS. Roles of phosphatidate phosphatase enzymes in lipid metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 2006; 31:694 - 699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterfy M, Phan J, Xu P, Reue K. Lipodystrophy in the fld mouse results from mutation of a new gene encoding a nuclear protein, lipin. Nat Genet 2001; 27:121 - 124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan J, Reue K. Lipin, a lipodystrophy and obesity gene. Cell Metab 2005; 1:73 - 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman RA, Lee DP. Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2004; 43:134 - 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng D, Iqbal J, Devenny J, Chu CH, Chen L, Dong J, et al. Acylation of acylglycerols by acyl coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1). Functional importance of DGAT1 in the intestinal fat absorption. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29802 - 29811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen CL, Monetti M, Burri BJ, Farese R Jr. The triacylglycerol synthesis enzyme DGAT1 also catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerols, waxes and retinyl esters. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1502 - 1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone SJ, Levin MC, Zhou P, Han J, Walther TC, Farese R Jr. The endoplasmic reticulum enzyme DGAT2 is found in mitochondria-associated membranes and has a mitochondrial targeting signal that promotes its association with mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:5352 - 5361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meegalla RL, Billheimer JT, Cheng D. Concerted elevation of acyl-coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity through independent stimulation of mRNA expression of DGAT1 and DGAT2 by carbohydrate and insulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:317 - 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cases S, Smith SJ, Zheng YW, Myers HM, Lear SR, Sande E, et al. Identification of a gene encoding an acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a key enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:13018 - 13023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cases S, Stone SJ, Zhou P, Yen E, Tow B, Lardizabal KD, et al. Cloning of DGAT2, a second mammalian diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and related family members. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38870 - 38876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone SJ, Myers HM, Watkins SM, Brown BE, Feingold KR, Elias PM, et al. Lipopenia and skin barrier abnormalities in DGAT2-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:11767 - 11776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HC, Smith SJ, Tow B, Elias PM, Farese R Jr. Leptin modulates the effects of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase deficiency on murine fur and sebaceous glands. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:175 - 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida Y, Holleran WM. Omega-O-acylceramide, a lipid essential for mammalian survival. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 51:77 - 87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson SM, Wood LC, Lauer S, Taylor JM, Cooper AD, Elias PM, et al. Effect of cutaneous permeability barrier disruption on HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E mRNA levels in the epidermis of hairless mice. J Lipid Res 1992; 33:1307 - 1314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar