The role of the gastrointestinal microbiome in Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis

References

• Savage DC. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Microbiol 1977; 31:107 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543; PMID: 334036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486:207 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11234; PMID: 22699609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 2012; 486:215 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11209; PMID: 22699610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dethlefsen L, McFall-Ngai M, Relman DA. An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease. Nature 2007; 449:811 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06245; PMID: 17943117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M. Normal and pathological microbial flora of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1985; 111:1 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528509093747; PMID: 3859909
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; 1:1311 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6; PMID: 6145023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren JR, Marshall BJ. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; 1:1273 - 5; PMID: 6134060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XX, Wong GL, To KF, Wong VW, Lai LH, Chow DK, Lau JY, Sung JJ, Ding C. Bacterial microbiota profiling in gastritis without Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7985; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007985; PMID: 19956741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bik EM, Eckburg PB, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Purdom EA, Francois F, Perez-Perez G, Blaser MJ, Relman DA. Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:732 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506655103; PMID: 16407106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson AF, Lindberg M, Jakobsson H, Bäckhed F, Nyrén P, Engstrand L. Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2836; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002836; PMID: 18665274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theisen J, Nehra D, Citron D, Johansson J, Hagen JA, Crookes PF, DeMeester SR, Bremner CG, DeMeester TR, Peters JH. Suppression of gastric acid secretion in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease results in gastric bacterial overgrowth and deconjugation of bile acids. J Gastrointest Surg 2000; 4:50 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1091-255X(00)80032-3; PMID: 10631362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon GL, Gorbach SL. Intestinal flora in health and disease. Gastroenterology 1984; 86:174 - 93; PMID: 6357937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korecka A, Arulampalam V. The gut microbiome: scourge, sentinel or spectator? J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara AM, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:688 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400731; PMID: 16819463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JM, Rauch M, Gilmore MS. The commensal microbiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 635:15 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_2; PMID: 18841700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox JG, Wang TC. Inflammation, atrophy, and gastric cancer. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:60 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI30111; PMID: 17200707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert ML, Peura DA. Control of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1842 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.021; PMID: 18474247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinsen TC, Bergh K, Waldum HL. Gastric juice: a barrier against infectious diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 96:94 - 102; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960202.x; PMID: 15679471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar KR, Garik P, Turner BS, Bradley JD, Bansil R, Stanley HE, LaMont JT. Viscous fingering of HCl through gastric mucin. Nature 1992; 360:458 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360458a0; PMID: 1448168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corfield AP, Carroll D, Myerscough N, Probert CS. Mucins in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Front Biosci 2001; 6:D1321 - 57; http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/Corfield; PMID: 11578958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atuma C, Strugala V, Allen A, Holm L. The adherent gastrointestinal mucus gel layer: thickness and physical state in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G922 - 9; PMID: 11292601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusters JG, van Vliet AH, Kuipers EJ. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:449 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00054-05; PMID: 16847081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama NR, Hartung ML, Müller A. Life in the human stomach: persistence strategies of the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:385 - 99; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3016; PMID: 23652324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauerfeind P, Garner R, Dunn BE, Mobley HL. Synthesis and activity of Helicobacter pylori urease and catalase at low pH. Gut 1997; 40:25 - 30; PMID: 9155571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen Y, Feng J, Scott DR, Marcus EA, Sachs G. The HP0165-HP0166 two-component system (ArsRS) regulates acid-induced expression of HP1186 alpha-carbonic anhydrase in Helicobacter pylori by activating the pH-dependent promoter. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:2426 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01492-06; PMID: 17220228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SM, Chen YT, Andermann TM, Carter JE, McGee DJ, Ottemann KM. Helicobacter pylori chemotaxis modulates inflammation and bacterium-gastric epithelium interactions in infected mice. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3747 - 57; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00082-07; PMID: 17517875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxen MA, Sisson G, Melano R, Hoffman PS. The Helicobacter pylori chemotaxis receptor TlpB (HP0103) is required for pH taxis and for colonization of the gastric mucosa. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2656 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.7.2656-2665.2006; PMID: 16547053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navabi N, Johansson ME, Raghavan S, Lindén SK. Helicobacter pylori infection impairs the mucin production rate and turnover in the murine gastric mucosa. Infect Immun 2013; 81:829 - 37; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01000-12; PMID: 23275091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz JM, Durham CG, Ho SB, Lorenz RG. Gastric mucus alterations associated with murine Helicobacter infection. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:457 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.2009.952473; PMID: 19153195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedemann T, Hofbaur S, Tegtmeyer N, Huber S, Sewald N, Wessler S, Backert S, Rieder G. Helicobacter pylori CagL dependent induction of gastrin expression via a novel αvβ5-integrin-integrin linked kinase signalling complex. Gut 2012; 61:986 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300525; PMID: 22287591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha A, Backert S, Hammond CE, Gooz M, Smolka AJ. Helicobacter pylori CagL activates ADAM17 to induce repression of the gastric H, K-ATPase alpha subunit. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:239 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.036; PMID: 20303353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe J, Moran AP. Conventional, regulatory, and unconventional T cells in the immunologic response to Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2008; 13:1 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00559.x; PMID: 18205661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Liu XF, Zhuang Y, Zhang JY, Liu T, Yin Z, Wu C, Mao XH, Jia KR, Wang FJ, et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced Th17 responses modulate Th1 cell responses, benefit bacterial growth, and contribute to pathology in mice. J Immunol 2010; 184:5121 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0901115; PMID: 20351183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitzler I, Sayi A, Kohler E, Engler DB, Koch KN, Hardt WD, Müller A. Caspase-1 has both proinflammatory and regulatory properties in Helicobacter infections, which are differentially mediated by its substrates IL-1β and IL-18. J Immunol 2012; 188:3594 - 602; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103212; PMID: 22403439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertli M, Sundquist M, Hitzler I, Engler DB, Arnold IC, Reuter S, Maxeiner J, Hansson M, Taube C, Quiding-Järbrink M, et al. DC-derived IL-18 drives Treg differentiation, murine Helicobacter pylori-specific immune tolerance, and asthma protection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1082 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI61029; PMID: 22307326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7-14 June 1994. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 1994; 61:1 - 241; PMID: 7715068
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:69 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107; PMID: 21296855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2893 - 917; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516; PMID: 21351269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AO, Wong BC, Lam SK. Gastric cancer: past, present and future. Can J Gastroenterol 2001; 15:469 - 74; PMID: 11493951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ. Hypothesis: the changing relationships of Helicobacter pylori and humans: implications for health and disease. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:1523 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314785; PMID: 10228075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster J. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Lauren P. The Two Histological Main Types of Gastric Carcinoma: Diffuse and So-Called Intestinal-Type Carcinoma. An Attempt at a Histo-Clinical Classification. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965; 64:31 - 49; PMID: 14320675
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuello C, López J, Correa P, Murray J, Zarama G, Gordillo G. Histopathology of gastric dysplasias: correlations with gastric juice chemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 1979; 3:491 - 500; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-197912000-00002; PMID: 534386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilford P, Hopkins J, Harraway J, McLeod M, McLeod N, Harawira P, Taite H, Scoular R, Miller A, Reeve AE. E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer. Nature 1998; 392:402 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/32918; PMID: 9537325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 1992; 52:6735 - 40; PMID: 1458460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genta RM. Helicobacter pylori, inflammation, mucosal damage, and apoptosis: pathogenesis and definition of gastric atrophy. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:Suppl S51 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(97)80012-1; PMID: 9394760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Karam SM, Gordon JI. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of parietal cells in the stomach of transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:3671 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.7.3671; PMID: 8631979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Brink GR, Hardwick JC, Tytgat GN, Brink MA, Ten Kate FJ, Van Deventer SJ, Peppelenbosch MP. Sonic hedgehog regulates gastric gland morphogenesis in man and mouse. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:317 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.26261; PMID: 11487541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockbruegger RW. Bacterial overgrowth as a consequence of reduced gastric acidity. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1985; 111:7 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528509093749; PMID: 2861652
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svendsen JH, Dahl C, Svendsen LB, Christiansen PM. Gastric cancer risk in achlorhydric patients. A long-term follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21:16 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528609034615; PMID: 3952447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn JS, Eom CS, Jeon CY, Park SM. Acid suppressive drugs and gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2560 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i16.2560; PMID: 23674860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum SR, Wishnok JS, Leaf CD. Inhibition of nitrosamine formation by ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:Suppl 247S - 50S; PMID: 1985394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramlich G, Zhang J, Nau WM. Increased antioxidant reactivity of vitamin C at low pH in model membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11252 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja026927b; PMID: 12236723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams C, McColl KE. Review article: proton pump inhibitors and bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23:3 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02707.x; PMID: 16393275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans ND, Brimblecombe RW, Elder J, Heatley RV, Misiewicz JJ, Northfield TC, Pottage A. Effects of acid suppression on microbial flora of upper gut. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:Suppl 81S - 95S; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214873; PMID: 7859586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanduleanu S, Jonkers D, de Bruïne A, Hameeteman W, Stockbrügger RW. Changes in gastric mucosa and luminal environment during acid-suppressive therapy: a review in depth. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33:707 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(01)80050-5; PMID: 11785719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moayyedi P, Wason C, Peacock R, Walan A, Bardhan K, Axon AT, Dixon MF. Changing patterns of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in long-standing acid suppression. Helicobacter 2000; 5:206 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5378.2000.00032.x; PMID: 11179985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M, Miura S, Suematsu M, Fukumura D, Kurose I, Suzuki H, Kai A, Kudoh Y, Ohashi M, Tsuchiya M. Helicobacter pylori-associated ammonia production enhances neutrophil-dependent gastric mucosal cell injury. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:G719 - 25; PMID: 1443147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh TJ, Chen D. Gastrin as a growth factor in the gastrointestinal tract. Regul Pept 2000; 93:37 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-0115(00)00176-2; PMID: 11033051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iijima K, Sekine H, Koike T, Imatani A, Ohara S, Shimosegawa T. Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the reversibility of acid secretion in profound hypochlorhydria. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19:1181 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01948.x; PMID: 15153171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annibale B, Aprile MR, D’ambra G, Caruana P, Bordi C, Delle Fave G. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in atrophic body gastritis patients does not improve mucosal atrophy but reduces hypergastrinemia and its related effects on body ECL-cell hyperplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14:625 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00752.x; PMID: 10792127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissele R, Brunner G, Simon B, Solcia E, Arnold R. Gastric mucosa during treatment with lansoprazole: Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for argyrophil cell hyperplasia. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:707 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9041231; PMID: 9041231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Havu N, Festen HP, Liedman B, Lamers CB, Jansen JB, Dalenback J, Snel P, et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1018 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199604183341603; PMID: 8598839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaishi S, Cui G, Frederick DM, Carlson JE, Houghton J, Varro A, Dockray GJ, Ge Z, Whary MT, Rogers AB, et al. Synergistic inhibitory effects of gastrin and histamine receptor antagonists on Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1965 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.027; PMID: 15940630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TC, Dangler CA, Chen D, Goldenring JR, Koh T, Raychowdhury R, Coffey RJ, Ito S, Varro A, Dockray GJ, et al. Synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection in a mouse model of gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:36 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70412-4; PMID: 10611152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiwara T, Mukaisho K, Nakayama T, Sugihara H, Hattori T. Long-term proton pump inhibitor administration worsens atrophic corpus gastritis and promotes adenocarcinoma development in Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori. Gut 2011; 60:624 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.207662; PMID: 21097844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekström AM, Held M, Hansson LE, Engstrand L, Nyrén O. Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer established by CagA immunoblot as a marker of past infection. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:784 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.27999; PMID: 11606491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Carlson J, Stoicov C, Li H, Wang TC, Houghton J. Helicobacter felis eradication restores normal architecture and inhibits gastric cancer progression in C57BL/6 mice. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1937 - 52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.066; PMID: 15940628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Zimaity HM, Ota H, Graham DY, Akamatsu T, Katsuyama T. Patterns of gastric atrophy in intestinal type gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 94:1428 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10375; PMID: 11920498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langendijk PS, Schut F, Jansen GJ, Raangs GC, Kamphuis GR, Wilkinson MH, Welling GW. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of Bifidobacterium spp. with genus-specific 16S rRNA-targeted probes and its application in fecal samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:3069 - 75; PMID: 7487040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebischer T, Fischer A, Walduck A, Schlötelburg C, Lindig M, Schreiber S, Meyer TF, Bereswill S, Göbel UB. Vaccination prevents Helicobacter pylori-induced alterations of the gastric flora in mice. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006; 46:221 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rp10.1016-j.femsim.2004.05.008; PMID: 16487303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lertpiriyapong K, Whary MT, Muthupalani S, Lofgren JL, Gamazon ER, Feng Y, Ge Z, Wang TC, Fox JG. Gastric colonisation with a restricted commensal microbiota replicates the promotion of neoplastic lesions by diverse intestinal microbiota in the Helicobacter pylori INS-GAS mouse model of gastric carcinogenesis. Gut 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305178; PMID: 23812323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilig HG, Zoetendal EG, Vaughan EE, Marteau P, Akkermans AD, de Vos WM. Molecular diversity of Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria in the human intestine as determined by specific amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:114 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.1.114-123.2002; PMID: 11772617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monstein HJ, Tiveljung A, Kraft CH, Borch K, Jonasson J. Profiling of bacterial flora in gastric biopsies from patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and histologically normal control individuals by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49:817 - 22; PMID: 10966230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicksved J, Lindberg M, Rosenquist M, Enroth H, Jansson JK, Engstrand L. Molecular characterization of the stomach microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and in controls. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:509 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.007302-0; PMID: 19273648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolig AS, Cech C, Ahler E, Carter JE, Ottemann KM. The degree of Helicobacter pylori-triggered inflammation is manipulated by preinfection host microbiota. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1382 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00044-13; PMID: 23429529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofgren JL, Whary MT, Ge Z, Muthupalani S, Taylor NS, Mobley M, Potter A, Varro A, Eibach D, Suerbaum S, et al. Lack of commensal flora in Helicobacter pylori-infected INS-GAS mice reduces gastritis and delays intraepithelial neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:210 - 20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.048; PMID: 20950613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman C, Osaki T, Hanawa T, Yonezawa H, Kurata S, Kamiya S. Analysis of the microflora in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:Suppl 1 S11 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06215.x; PMID: 20586850
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu Y, He LH, Xiao D, Liu GD, Gu YX, Tao XX, Zhang JZ. Bacterial flora concurrent with Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1257 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1257; PMID: 22468090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado S, Cabrera-Rubio R, Mira A, Suárez A, Mayo B. Microbiological survey of the human gastric ecosystem using culturing and pyrosequencing methods. Microb Ecol 2013; 65:763 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-013-0192-5; PMID: 23397369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang I, Nell S, Suerbaum S. Survival in hostile territory: the microbiota of the stomach. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:736 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12027; PMID: 23790154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Contreras A, Goldfarb KC, Godoy-Vitorino F, Karaoz U, Contreras M, Blaser MJ, Brodie EL, Dominguez-Bello MG. Structure of the human gastric bacterial community in relation to Helicobacter pylori status. ISME J 2011; 5:574 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.149; PMID: 20927139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevers D, Cohan FM, Lawrence JG, Spratt BG, Coenye T, Feil EJ, Stackebrandt E, Van de Peer Y, Vandamme P, Thompson FL, et al. Opinion: Re-evaluating prokaryotic species. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:733 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1236; PMID: 16138101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruesse E, Quast C, Knittel K, Fuchs BM, Ludwig W, Peplies J, Glöckner FO. SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:7188 - 96; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm864; PMID: 17947321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantis TZ, Hugenholtz P, Larsen N, Rojas M, Brodie EL, Keller K, Huber T, Dalevi D, Hu P, Andersen GL. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5069 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03006-05; PMID: 16820507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole JR, Wang Q, Cardenas E, Fish J, Chai B, Farris RJ, Kulam-Syed-Mohideen AS, McGarrell DM, Marsh T, Garrity GM, et al. The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:Database issue D141 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn879; PMID: 19004872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ, Falkow S. What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota?. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:887 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2245; PMID: 19898491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilberstein B, Quintanilha AG, Santos MA, Pajecki D, Moura EG, Alves PR, Maluf Filho F, de Souza JA, Gama-Rodrigues J. Digestive tract microbiota in healthy volunteers. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2007; 62:47 - 54; http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322007000100008; PMID: 17334549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma BK, Santana IA, Wood EC, Walt RP, Pereira M, Noone P, Smith PL, Walters CL, Pounder RE. Intragastric bacterial activity and nitrosation before, during, and after treatment with omeprazole. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289:717 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.289.6447.717; PMID: 6434053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamsson I, Nord CE, Lundquist P, Sjöstedt S, Edlund C. Comparative effects of omeprazole, amoxycillin plus metronidazole versus omeprazole, clarithromycin plus metronidazole on the oral, gastric and intestinal microflora in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44:629 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/44.5.629; PMID: 10552979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöstedt S, Heimdahl A, Kager L, Nord CE. Microbial colonization of the oropharynx, esophagus and stomach in patients with gastric diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985; 4:49 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02148660; PMID: 3987678
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorens J, Froehlich F, Schwizer W, Saraga E, Bille J, Gyr K, Duroux P, Nicolet M, Pignatelli B, Blum AL, et al. Bacterial overgrowth during treatment with omeprazole compared with cimetidine: a prospective randomised double blind study. Gut 1996; 39:54 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.39.1.54; PMID: 8881809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowat C, Williams C, Gillen D, Hossack M, Gilmour D, Carswell A, Wirz A, Preston T, McColl KE. Omeprazole, Helicobacter pylori status, and alterations in the intragastric milieu facilitating bacterial N-nitrosation. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:339 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2000.9367; PMID: 10930369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato S, Fujimura S, Kimura K, Nishio T, Hamada S, Minoura T, Oda M. Non-Helicobacter bacterial flora rarely develops in the gastric mucosal layer of children. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:641 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-3185-0; PMID: 16614982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavros Y, Rieder G, Ferguson A, Merchant JL. Gastritis and hypergastrinemia due to Acinetobacter lwoffii in mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70:2630 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.70.5.2630-2639.2002; PMID: 11953405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns JC, Lynch MD, Senadheera DB, Tenenbaum HC, Goldberg MB, Cvitkovitch DG, Croitoru K, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Neufeld JD. Bacterial biogeography of the human digestive tract. Sci Rep 2011; 1:170; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep00170; PMID: 22355685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan S, Tompkins LS, Amieva MR. Helicobacter pylori usurps cell polarity to turn the cell surface into a replicative niche. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000407; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000407; PMID: 19412339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biarc J, Nguyen IS, Pini A, Gossé F, Richert S, Thiersé D, Van Dorsselaer A, Leize-Wagner E, Raul F, Klein JP, et al. Carcinogenic properties of proteins with pro-inflammatory activity from Streptococcus infantarius (formerly S.bovis). Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:1477 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh091; PMID: 14742316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon KP, Klepac-Ceraj V, Schiffer HK, Brodie EL, Lynch SV, Kolter R. Comparative analyses of the bacterial microbiota of the human nostril and oropharynx. MBio 2010; 1:e00129 - 10; PMID: 20802827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei Z, Bini EJ, Yang L, Zhou M, Francois F, Blaser MJ. Bacterial biota in the human distal esophagus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4250 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306398101; PMID: 15016918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, O’Rourke J, De Ungria MC, Robertson B, Daskalopoulos G, Dixon MF. A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: introducing the Sydney strain. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:1386 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70155-0; PMID: 9098027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree JE, Ferrero RL, Kusters JG. The mouse colonizing Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 may lack a functional cag pathogenicity island. Helicobacter 2002; 7:139 - 40, author reply 140-1; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1083-4389.2002.00071.x; PMID: 11966874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir AM, Aiba Y, Takagi A, Kamiya S, Miwa T, Koga Y. Prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection by lactobacilli in a gnotobiotic murine model. Gut 1997; 41:49 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.41.1.49; PMID: 9274471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan MP, Kaparakis M, Galic M, Pedersen J, Pearse M, Wijburg OL, Janssen PH, Strugnell RA. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection does not significantly alter the microbiota of the murine stomach. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1010 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01675-06; PMID: 17142378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollenhauer-Rektorschek M, Hanauer G, Sachs G, Melchers K. Expression of UreI is required for intragastric transit and colonization of gerbil gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:659 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2508(02)01380-3; PMID: 12558185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cynthia M, Kahn M. The merck veterinary manual. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Porter JR, Rettger LF. Influence of Diet on the Distribution of Bacteria in The Stomach, Small Intestine and Cecum of the White Rat. J Infect Dis 1940; 66:104 - 10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/66.2.104
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Nakano Y, Matsuoka T, Kumaki N, Asami Y, Koga Y. Role of indigenous lactobacilli in gastrin-mediated acid production in the mouse stomach. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6964 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05230-11; PMID: 21803885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz JM, Durham CG, Schoeb TR, Soltau TD, Wolf KJ, Tanner SM, McCracken VJ, Lorenz RG. Helicobacter felis--associated gastric disease in microbiota-restricted mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:826 - 41; PMID: 21852692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheh A, Lee CW, Masumura K, Rickman BH, Nohmi T, Wogan GN, Fox JG, Schauer DB. Mutagenic potency of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of mice is determined by sex and duration of infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15217 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009017107; PMID: 20699385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtani M, García A, Rogers AB, Ge Z, Taylor NS, Xu S, Watanabe K, Marini RP, Whary MT, Wang TC, et al. Protective role of 17 beta -estradiol against the development of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2597 - 604; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgm150; PMID: 17724378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheh A, Ge Z, Parry NM, Muthupalani S, Rager JE, Raczynski AR, Mobley MW, McCabe AF, Fry RC, Wang TC, et al. 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen prevent gastric cancer by modulating leukocyte recruitment and oncogenic pathways in Helicobacter pylori-infected INS-GAS male mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1426 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0219; PMID: 21680705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CW, Rickman B, Rogers AB, Muthupalani S, Takaishi S, Yang P, Wang TC, Fox JG. Combination of sulindac and antimicrobial eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents progression of gastric cancer in hypergastrinemic INS-GAS mice. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8166 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3856; PMID: 19826057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaddy JA, Radin JN, Loh JT, Zhang F, Washington MK, Peek RM Jr., Algood HM, Cover TL. High dietary salt intake exacerbates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2258 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01271-12; PMID: 23569116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato S, Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T, Tanaka H, Kumagai T, Ota H, Katsuyama T, Asaka M, Tatematsu M. High salt diets dose-dependently promote gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils associated with a shift in mucin production from glandular to surface mucous cells. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1558 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21810; PMID: 16646055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noto JM, Gaddy JA, Lee JY, Piazuelo MB, Friedman DB, Colvin DC, Romero-Gallo J, Suarez G, Loh J, Slaughter JC, et al. Iron deficiency accelerates Helicobacter pylori-induced carcinogenesis in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:479 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI64373; PMID: 23257361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osaki T, Matsuki T, Asahara T, Zaman C, Hanawa T, Yonezawa H, Kurata S, Woo TD, Nomoto K, Kamiya S. Comparative analysis of gastric bacterial microbiota in Mongolian gerbils after long-term infection with Helicobacter pylori. Microb Pathog 2012; 53:12 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2012.03.008; PMID: 22783557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun YQ, Monstein HJ, Nilsson LE, Petersson F, Borch K. Profiling and identification of eubacteria in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2003; 8:149 - 57; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00136.x; PMID: 12662383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin YN, Wang CL, Liu XW, Cui Y, Xie N, Yu QF, Li FJ, Lu FG. Gastric and duodenum microflora analysis after long-term Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian Gerbils. Helicobacter 2011; 16:389 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00862.x; PMID: 21923685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, McColl KE, Bream JH, Young HA, Herrera J, Lissowska J, Yuan CC, Rothman N, et al. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 2000; 404:398 - 402; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35006081; PMID: 10746728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Omar EM, Rabkin CS, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Schoenberg JB, Stanford JL, Mayne ST, Goedert J, Blot WJ, et al. Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1193 - 201; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00157-4; PMID: 12730860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu S, Bhagat G, Cui G, Takaishi S, Kurt-Jones EA, Rickman B, Betz KS, Penz-Oesterreicher M, Bjorkdahl O, Fox JG, et al. Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 2008; 14:408 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2008.10.011; PMID: 18977329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu W, Pan K, Zhang L, Lin D, Miao X, You W. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1RN, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:631 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh349; PMID: 15579481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi A, Ohmiya N, Shirai K, Mabuchi N, Itoh A, Hirooka Y, Niwa Y, Goto H. Interleukin-8 promoter polymorphism increases the risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in Japan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2487 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0326; PMID: 16284368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kido S, Kitadai Y, Hattori N, Haruma K, Kido T, Ohta M, Tanaka S, Yoshihara M, Sumii K, Ohmoto Y, et al. Interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor -- prognostic factors in human gastric carcinomas?. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1482 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00147-2; PMID: 11506954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junnila S, Kokkola A, Mizuguchi T, Hirata K, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Puolakkainen P, Monni O. Gene expression analysis identifies over-expression of CXCL1, SPARC, SPP1, and SULF1 in gastric cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:28 - 39; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gcc.20715; PMID: 19780053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung JJ, Noh S, Jeung HC, Jung M, Kim TS, Noh SH, Roh JK, Chung HC, Rha SY. Chemokine growth-regulated oncogene 1 as a putative biomarker for gastric cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2200 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01666.x; PMID: 20731665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick MB, Sabo E, Meitner PA, Kim SS, Cho Y, Kim HK, Tavares R, Moss SF. Global analysis of the human gastric epithelial transcriptome altered by Helicobacter pylori eradication in vivo. Gut 2006; 55:1717 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.095646; PMID: 16641130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okumura T, Ericksen RE, Takaishi S, Wang SS, Dubeykovskiy Z, Shibata W, Betz KS, Muthupalani S, Rogers AB, Fox JG, et al. K-ras mutation targeted to gastric tissue progenitor cells results in chronic inflammation, an altered microenvironment, and progression to intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8435 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1506; PMID: 20959488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfaha S, Dubeykovskiy AN, Tomita H, Yang X, Stokes S, Shibata W, Friedman RA, Ariyama H, Dubeykovskaya ZA, Muthupalani S, et al. Mice that express human interleukin-8 have increased mobilization of immature myeloid cells, which exacerbates inflammation and accelerates colon carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:155 - 66; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.057; PMID: 23041326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, Bucci L, Pini E, Nikkïla J, Monti D, Satokari R, Franceschi C, et al. Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10667; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010667; PMID: 20498852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazmanian SK, Round JL, Kasper DL. A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature 2008; 453:620 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07008; PMID: 18509436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16731 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804812105; PMID: 18936492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung H, Pamp SJ, Hill JA, Surana NK, Edelman SM, Troy EB, Reading NC, Villablanca EJ, Wang S, Mora JR, et al. Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota. Cell 2012; 149:1578 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.037; PMID: 22726443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012; 486:222 - 7; PMID: 22699611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson MJ, Cusack S, O’Sullivan O, Greene-Diniz R, de Weerd H, Flannery E, Marchesi JR, Falush D, Dinan T, Fitzgerald G, et al. Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:Suppl 1 4586 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000097107; PMID: 20571116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, Angenent LT, Ley RE. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:Suppl 1 4578 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000081107; PMID: 20668239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins MJ, Sharp R, Macfarlane GT. Variation in human intestinal microbiota with age. Dig Liver Dis 2002; 34:Suppl 2 S12 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(02)80157-8; PMID: 12408433
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipponen P, Correa P. Delayed rise in incidence of gastric cancer in females results in unique sex ratio (M/F) pattern: etiologic hypothesis. Gastric Cancer 2002; 5:213 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101200200037; PMID: 12491079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiskopf D, Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. The aging of the immune system. Transpl Int 2009; 22:1041 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00927.x; PMID: 19624493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S, Olivieri F, Sevini F, Panourgia MP, Invidia L, Celani L, Scurti M, et al. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 128:92 - 105; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016; PMID: 17116321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkivuokko H, Tiihonen K, Tynkkynen S, Paulin L, Rautonen N. The effect of age and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human intestinal microbiota composition. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:227 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991553; PMID: 19703328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, Power SE, O’Connor EM, Cusack S, Harris HM, Coakley M, Lakshminarayanan B, O’Sullivan O, et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 2012; 488:178 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11319; PMID: 22797518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller S, Saunier K, Hanisch C, Norin E, Alm L, Midtvedt T, Cresci A, Silvi S, Orpianesi C, Verdenelli MC, et al. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1027 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.2.1027-1033.2006; PMID: 16461645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblad M, Rodríguez LA, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco and alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:285 - 94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-3485-7; PMID: 15947880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandanos E, Lagergren J. Oestrogen and the enigmatic male predominance of gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2397 - 403; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.07.031; PMID: 18755583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, Fernandes GR, Tap J, Bruls T, Batto JM, et al, MetaHIT Consortium. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011; 473:174 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09944; PMID: 21508958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markle JG, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Danska JS. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science 2013; 339:1084 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1233521; PMID: 23328391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Ruhl J, Howlader N, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Parkin DM. International variation. Oncogene 2004; 23:6329 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207726; PMID: 15322508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14691 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005963107; PMID: 20679230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 2011; 334:105 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1208344; PMID: 21885731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. Gastric Cancer 2007; 10:75 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10120-007-0420-0; PMID: 17577615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007; 297:842 - 57; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.8.842; PMID: 17327526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:489 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.003; PMID: 22296873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AB, Taylor NS, Whary MT, Stefanich ED, Wang TC, Fox JG. Helicobacter pylori but not high salt induces gastric intraepithelial neoplasia in B6129 mice. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10709 - 15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1846; PMID: 16322215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh JT, Friedman DB, Piazuelo MB, Bravo LE, Wilson KT, Peek RM Jr., Correa P, Cover TL. Analysis of Helicobacter pylori cagA promoter elements required for salt-induced upregulation of CagA expression. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3094 - 106; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00232-12; PMID: 22710874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson MJ, Pritchard DM, Boxall SA, Abuderman AA, Williams JM, Varro A, Crabtree JE. Gastric Helicobacter infection induces iron deficiency in the INS-GAS mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50194; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050194; PMID: 23185574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duque X, Moran S, Mera R, Medina M, Martinez H, Mendoza ME, Torres J, Correa P. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori and iron supplementation on the iron status of children with iron deficiency. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:38 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.11.006; PMID: 20430253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek RM, Cover TL. Diet, microbial virulence and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Gut Microbes 2013; Forthcoming (2013)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006; 444:1027 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05414; PMID: 17183312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner T, Wagner SJ, Martínez I, Walter J, Chang JS, Clavel T, Kisling S, Schuemann K, Haller D. Depletion of luminal iron alters the gut microbiota and prevents Crohn’s disease-like ileitis. Gut 2011; 60:325 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.216929; PMID: 21076126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettreiki C, Gadonna-Widehem P, Mangin I, Coëffier M, Delayre-Orthez C, Anton PM. Juvenile ferric iron prevents microbiota dysbiosis and colitis in adult rodents. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2619 - 29; http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i21.2619; PMID: 22690070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox JG, Beck P, Dangler CA, Whary MT, Wang TC, Shi HN, Nagler-Anderson C. Concurrent enteric helminth infection modulates inflammation and gastric immune responses and reduces helicobacter-induced gastric atrophy. Nat Med 2000; 6:536 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/75015; PMID: 10802709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoicov C, Whary M, Rogers AB, Lee FS, Klucevsek K, Li H, Cai X, Saffari R, Ge Z, Khan IA, et al. Coinfection modulates inflammatory responses and clinical outcome of Helicobacter felis and Toxoplasma gondii infections. J Immunol 2004; 173:3329 - 36; PMID: 15322196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whary MT, Sundina N, Bravo LE, Correa P, Quinones F, Caro F, Fox JG. Intestinal helminthiasis in Colombian children promotes a Th2 response to Helicobacter pylori: possible implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1464 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0095; PMID: 15941957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y, Agnew A, Ye XP, Robinson PA, Forman D, Crabtree JE. Helicobacter pylori and Schistosoma japonicum co-infection in a Chinese population: helminth infection alters humoral responses to H. pylori and serum pepsinogen I/II ratio. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:52 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.017; PMID: 16260169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemke LB, Ge Z, Whary MT, Feng Y, Rogers AB, Muthupalani S, Fox JG. Concurrent Helicobacter bilis infection in C57BL/6 mice attenuates proinflammatory H. pylori-induced gastric pathology. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2147 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01395-08; PMID: 19223483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Z, Feng Y, Muthupalani S, Eurell LL, Taylor NS, Whary MT, Fox JG. Coinfection with Enterohepatic Helicobacter species can ameliorate or promote Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology in C57BL/6 mice. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3861 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05357-11; PMID: 21788386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl CJ, Wood HD, Marsh TL, Schmidt TM, Young VB. Colonization of the cecal mucosa by Helicobacter hepaticus impacts the diversity of the indigenous microbiota. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6952 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.10.6852-6961.2005; PMID: 16177375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whary MT, Danon SJ, Feng Y, Ge Z, Sundina N, Ng V, Taylor NS, Rogers AB, Fox JG. Rapid onset of ulcerative typhlocolitis in B6.129P2-IL10tm1Cgn (IL-10-/-) mice infected with Helicobacter trogontum is associated with decreased colonization by altered Schaedler’s flora. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6615 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01091-06; PMID: 16982822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Z, Feng Y, Taylor NS, Ohtani M, Polz MF, Schauer DB, Fox JG. Colonization dynamics of altered Schaedler flora is influenced by gender, aging, and Helicobacter hepaticus infection in the intestines of Swiss Webster mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5100 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01934-05; PMID: 16820515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walk ST, Blum AM, Ewing SA, Weinstock JV, Young VB. Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1841 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21299; PMID: 20848461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgouras DN, Panayotopoulou EG, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Petraki K, Michopoulos S, Mentis A. Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 attenuates Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and reduces levels of proinflammatory chemokines in C57BL/6 mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:1378 - 86; PMID: 16339060
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luther J, Dave M, Higgins PD, Kao JY. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1077 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21116; PMID: 19760778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar