Metabolomic analysis of pancreatic β-cell insulin release in response to glucose

References

• Ammon HP, Patel TN, Steinke J. The role of the pentose phosphate shunt in glucose induced insulin release: in vitro studies with 6-aminonicotinamide, methylene blue, NAD +, NADH, NADP +, NADPH and nicotinamide on isolated pancreatic rat islets. Biochim Biophys Acta 1973; 297:352 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(73)90083-4; PMID: 4145182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcroft SJ, Randle PJ. Enzymes of glucose metabolism in normal mouse pancreatic islets. Biochem J 1970; 119:5 - 15; PMID: 4395001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain JR, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Ilkayeva O, Muoio DM, Newgard CB. Metabolomics applied to diabetes research: moving from information to knowledge. Diabetes 2009; 58:2429 - 43; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db09-0580; PMID: 19875619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand G, Ishiyama N, Nenquin M, Ravier MA, Henquin JC. The elevation of glutamate content and the amplification of insulin secretion in glucose-stimulated pancreatic islets are not causally related. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:32883 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M205326200; PMID: 12087106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LJ, Longacre MJ, Hasan NM, Kendrick MA, Stoker SW, Macdonald MJ. Chronic reduction of the cytosolic or mitochondrial NAD(P)-malic enzyme does not affect insulin secretion in a rat insulinoma cell line. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:35359 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.040394; PMID: 19858194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carobbio S, Frigerio F, Rubi B, Vetterli L, Bloksgaard M, Gjinovci A, et al. Deletion of glutamate dehydrogenase in beta-cells abolishes part of the insulin secretory response not required for glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:921 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M806295200; PMID: 19015267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements RS Jr., Winegrad AI. Modulation of mammalian polyol: NADP oxidoreductase activity by ADP and ATP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 36:1006 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(69)90304-0; PMID: 4390521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corkey BE, Glennon MC, Chen KS, Deeney JT, Matschinsky FM, Prentki M. A role for malonyl-CoA in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from clonal pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:21608 - 12; PMID: 2689441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detimary P, Van den Berghe G, Henquin JC. Concentration dependence and time course of the effects of glucose on adenine and guanine nucleotides in mouse pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:20559 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.34.20559; PMID: 8702800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettmer K, Aronov PA, Hammock BD. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Mass Spectrom Rev 2007; 26:51 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.20108; PMID: 16921475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahien LA, Macdonald MJ. The complex mechanism of glutamate dehydrogenase in insulin secretion. Diabetes 2011; 60:2450 - 4; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db10-1150; PMID: 21948999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez C, Fransson U, Hallgard E, Spégel P, Holm C, Krogh M, et al. Metabolomic and proteomic analysis of a clonal insulin-producing beta-cell line (INS-1 832/13). J Proteome Res 2008; 7:400 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr070547d; PMID: 18062666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbay KH, Tze WJ. Inhibition of glucose-induced release of insulin by aldose reductase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:1435 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.69.6.1435; PMID: 4402538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gembal M, Gilon P, Henquin JC. Evidence that glucose can control insulin release independently from its action on ATP-sensitive K+ channels in mouse B cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:1288 - 95; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI115714; PMID: 1556189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroix MH, Sener A, Malaisse WJ. Pentose cycle pathway in normal and tumoral islet cells. FEBS Lett 1985; 185:1 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(85)80728-6; PMID: 2987035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaoka R, Fujii J, Miyagawa J, Takahashi M, Kishimoto M, Moriwaki M, et al. Overexpression of the aldose reductase gene induces apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells by causing a redox imbalance. J Biochem 1999; 126:41 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022434; PMID: 10393319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedeskov CJ, Capito K. The pentose cycle and insulin release in isolated mouse pancreatic islets during starvation. Biochem J 1975; 152:571 - 6; PMID: 776171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henquin JC. Regulation of insulin secretion: a matter of phase control and amplitude modulation. Diabetologia 2009; 52:739 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1314-y; PMID: 19288076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henquin JC, Nenquin M, Ravier MA, Szollosi A. Shortcomings of current models of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11:Suppl 4 168 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01109.x; PMID: 19817799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohmeier HE, Mulder H, Chen G, Henkel-Rieger R, Prentki M, Newgard CB. Isolation of INS-1-derived cell lines with robust ATP-sensitive K+ channel-dependent and -independent glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 2000; 49:424 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.49.3.424; PMID: 10868964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huypens P, Pillai R, Sheinin T, Schaefer S, Huang M, Odegaard ML, et al. The dicarboxylate carrier plays a role in mitochondrial malate transport and in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:135 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1923-5; PMID: 20949348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huypens PR, Huang M, Joseph JW. Overcoming the spatial barriers of the stimulus secretion cascade in pancreatic β-cells. Islets 2012; 4; In press http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/isl.18338; PMID: 22143007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivarsson R, Quintens R, Dejonghe S, Tsukamoto K. in’t Veld P, Renström E, et al. Redox control of exocytosis: regulatory role of NADPH, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin. Diabetes 2005; 54:2132-42; PMID:15983215; 10.2337/diabetes.54.7.2132.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffery J, Jörnvall H. Enzyme relationships in a sorbitol pathway that bypasses glycolysis and pentose phosphates in glucose metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:901 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.4.901; PMID: 6405381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MV, Joseph JW, Ronnebaum SM, Burgess SC, Sherry AD, Newgard CB. Metabolic cycling in control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1287 - 97; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90604.2008; PMID: 18728221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph JW, Jensen MV, Ilkayeva O, Palmieri F, Alárcon C, Rhodes CJ, et al. The mitochondrial citrate/isocitrate carrier plays a regulatory role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35624 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M602606200; PMID: 17001083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph JW, Odegaard ML, Ronnebaum SM, Burgess SC, Muehlbauer J, Sherry AD, et al. Normal flux through ATP-citrate lyase or fatty acid synthase is not required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31592 - 600; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M706080200; PMID: 17823126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006; 444:840 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05482; PMID: 17167471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katajamaa M, Oresic M. Data processing for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:318 - 28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.021; PMID: 17466315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Ling ZC, Landau BR. Quantifying the carboxylation of pyruvate in pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:2539 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.5.2539; PMID: 8576218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibbey RG, Pongratz RL, Romanelli AJ, Wollheim CB, Cline GW, Shulman GI. Mitochondrial GTP regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Cell Metab 2007; 5:253 - 64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.02.008; PMID: 17403370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krus U, Kotova O, Spégel P, Hallgard E, Sharoyko VV, Vedin A, et al. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 controls mitochondrial metabolism and insulin secretion in INS-1 832/13 clonal beta-cells. Biochem J 2010; 429:205 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20100142; PMID: 20415663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhara T, Ikeda S, Ohneda A, Sasaki Y. Effects of intravenous infusion of 17 amino acids on the secretion of GH, glucagon, and insulin in sheep. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:E21 - 6; PMID: 1987790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laclau M, Lu F, MacDonald MJ. Enzymes in pancreatic islets that use NADP(H) as a cofactor including evidence for a plasma membrane aldehyde reductase. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 225:151 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012238709063; PMID: 11716357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange K, Proft ER. Inhibition of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the rat kidney by 6-aminonicotinamide. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 1970; 267:177 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999399; PMID: 4394804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu D, Mulder H, Zhao P, Burgess SC, Jensen MV, Kamzolova S, et al. 13C NMR isotopomer analysis reveals a connection between pyruvate cycling and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2708 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.052005699; PMID: 11880625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ. Estimates of glycolysis, pyruvate (de)carboxylation, pentose phosphate pathway, and methyl succinate metabolism in incapacitated pancreatic islets. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 305:205 - 14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1993.1413; PMID: 8373157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ. Glucose enters mitochondrial metabolism via both carboxylation and decarboxylation of pyruvate in pancreatic islets. Metabolism 1993; 42:1229 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(93)90118-8; PMID: 8412734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ. Feasibility of a mitochondrial pyruvate malate shuttle in pancreatic islets. Further implication of cytosolic NADPH in insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20051 - 8; PMID: 7650022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ. The export of metabolites from mitochondria and anaplerosis in insulin secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1619:77 - 88; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00443-9; PMID: 12495818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ, Fahien LA. Glutamate is not a messenger in insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34025 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C000411200; PMID: 10967090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald MJ, Hasan NM, Longacre MJ. Studies with leucine, beta-hydroxybutyrate and ATP citrate lyase-deficient beta cells support the acetoacetate pathway of insulin secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1780:966 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.017; PMID: 18439432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ, Longacre MJ, Langberg EC, Tibell A, Kendrick MA, Fukao T, et al. Decreased levels of metabolic enzymes in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1087 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1319-6; PMID: 19296078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald MJ, Smith AD 3rd, Hasan NM, Sabat G, Fahien LA. Feasibility of pathways for transfer of acyl groups from mitochondria to the cytosol to form short chain acyl-CoAs in the pancreatic beta cell. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30596 - 606; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M702732200; PMID: 17724028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald PE, Joseph JW, Rorsman P. Glucose-sensing mechanisms in pancreatic beta-cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:2211 - 25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1762; PMID: 16321791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maechler P, Gjinovci A, Wollheim CB. Implication of glutamate in the kinetics of insulin secretion in rat and mouse perfused pancreas. Diabetes 2002; 51:Suppl 1 S99 - 102; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.2007.S99; PMID: 11815466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maechler P, Wollheim CB. Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis. Nature 1999; 402:685 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/45280; PMID: 10604477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaisse WJ, Sener A, Mahy M. The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Sorbitol metabolism in isolated islets. Eur J Biochem 1974; 47:365 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03701.x; PMID: 4607256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marx J. Unraveling the causes of diabetes. Science 2002; 296:686 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5568.686; PMID: 11976439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte Alegre S, Saad ST, Delatre E, Saad MJ. Insulin secretion in patients deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Horm Metab Res 1991; 23:171 - 3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1003644; PMID: 1874475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moonsammy GI, Stewart MA. Purification and properties of brain aldose reductase and L-hexonate dehydrogenase. J Neurochem 1967; 14:1187 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1967.tb06166.x; PMID: 6078595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder H, Lu D, Finley J 4th, An J, Cohen J, Antinozzi PA, et al. Overexpression of a modified human malonyl-CoA decarboxylase blocks the glucose-induced increase in malonyl-CoA level but has no impact on insulin secretion in INS-1-derived (832/13) beta-cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6479 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M010364200; PMID: 11113153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenquin M, Szollosi A, Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan J, Henquin JC. Both triggering and amplifying pathways contribute to fuel-induced insulin secretion in the absence of sulfonylurea receptor-1 in pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32316 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M402076200; PMID: 15175349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsholme P, Bender K, Kiely A, Brennan L. Amino acid metabolism, insulin secretion and diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:1180 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0351180; PMID: 17956307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan CJ, Madiraju MS, Delghingaro-Augusto V, Peyot ML, Prentki M. Fatty acid signaling in the beta-cell and insulin secretion. Diabetes 2006; 55:Suppl 2 S16 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-S003; PMID: 17130640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan CJ, Prentki M. The islet beta-cell: fuel responsive and vulnerable. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:285 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2008.07.006; PMID: 18774732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odegaard ML, Joseph JW, Jensen MV, Lu D, Ilkayeva O, Ronnebaum SM, et al. The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate carrier is part of a metabolic pathway that mediates glucose- and glutamine-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16530 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.092593; PMID: 20356834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsubo K, Takamatsu S, Minowa MT, Yoshida A, Takeuchi M, Marth JD. Dietary and genetic control of glucose transporter 2 glycosylation promotes insulin secretion in suppressing diabetes. Cell 2005; 123:1307 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.041; PMID: 16377570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira HR, Curi R, Carpinelli AR. Glucose induces an acute increase of superoxide dismutase activity in incubated rat pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:C507 - 10; PMID: 9950779
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pillai R, Huypens P, Huang M, Schaefer S, Sheinin T, Wettig SD, et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator/hypoxia-inducible factor-1beta plays a critical role in maintaining glucose-stimulated anaplerosis and insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:1014 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.149062; PMID: 21059654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentki M, Vischer S, Glennon MC, Regazzi R, Deeney JT, Corkey BE. Malonyl-CoA and long chain acyl-CoA esters as metabolic coupling factors in nutrient-induced insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:5802 - 10; PMID: 1556096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roduit R, Nolan C, Alarcon C, Moore P, Barbeau A, Delghingaro-Augusto V, et al. A role for the malonyl-CoA/long-chain acyl-CoA pathway of lipid signaling in the regulation of insulin secretion in response to both fuel and nonfuel stimuli. Diabetes 2004; 53:1007 - 19; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1007; PMID: 15047616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnebaum SM, Ilkayeva O, Burgess SC, Joseph JW, Lu D, Stevens RD, et al. A pyruvate cycling pathway involving cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30593 - 602; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M511908200; PMID: 16912049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnebaum SM, Jensen MV, Hohmeier HE, Burgess SC, Zhou YP, Qian S, et al. Silencing of cytosolic or mitochondrial isoforms of malic enzyme has no effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rodent islets. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28909 - 17; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M804665200; PMID: 18755687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalbert A, Brennan L, Fiehn O, Hankemeier T, Kristal BS, van Ommen B, et al. Mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics: limitations and recommendations for future progress with particular focus on nutrition research. Metabolomics 2009; 5:435 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11306-009-0168-0; PMID: 20046865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuit F, De Vos A, Farfari S, Moens K, Pipeleers D, Brun T, et al. Metabolic fate of glucose in purified islet cells. Glucose-regulated anaplerosis in beta cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18572 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.30.18572; PMID: 9228023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spégel P, Malmgren S, Sharoyko VV, Newsholme P, Koeck T, Mulder H. Metabolomic analyses reveal profound differences in glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism in glucose-responsive and -unresponsive clonal β-cell lines. Biochem J 2011; 435:277 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20100655; PMID: 21208194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark R, Pasquel F, Turcu A, Pongratz RL, Roden M, Cline GW, et al. Phosphoenolpyruvate cycling via mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase links anaplerosis and mitochondrial GTP with insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26578 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.011775; PMID: 19635791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szpunar J. Advances in analytical methodology for bioinorganic speciation analysis: metallomics, metalloproteomics and heteroatom-tagged proteomics and metabolomics. Analyst 2005; 130:442 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b418265k; PMID: 15776152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trygg J, Holmes E, Lundstedt T. Chemometrics in metabonomics. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:469 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr060594q; PMID: 17269704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verspohl EJ, Händel M, Ammon HP. Pentosephosphate shunt activity of rat pancreatic islets: its dependence on glucose concentration. Endocrinology 1979; 105:1269 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-105-5-1269; PMID: 385305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund S, Johansson E, Sjöström L, Mellerowicz EJ, Edlund U, Shockcor JP, et al. Visualization of GC/TOF-MS-based metabolomics data for identification of biochemically interesting compounds using OPLS class models. Anal Chem 2008; 80:115 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0713510; PMID: 18027910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Han J, Long YS, Lock J, Weir GC, Epstein PN, et al. Malic enzyme is present in mouse islets and modulates insulin secretion. Diabetologia 2008; 51:2281 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-008-1155-0; PMID: 18802677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Liew CW, Handy DE, Zhang Y, Leopold JA, Hu J, et al. High glucose inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, leading to increased oxidative stress and beta-cell apoptosis. FASEB J 2010; 24:1497 - 505; http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-136572; PMID: 20032314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar