The in vitro resistance of IgG2 to proteolytic attack concurs with a comparative paucity of autoantibodies against peptide analogs of the IgG2 hinge

References

• Reichert JM. Metrics for antibody therapeutics development. mAbs 2010; 2:695 - 700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferis R. Antibody therapeutics: isotype and glycoform selection. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1401 - 1413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman GM, Cunningham BA, Gall WE, Gottlieb PD, Rutishauser U, Waxdal MJ. The covalent structure of an entire gammaG immunoglobulin molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1969; 63:78 - 85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Fcgamma receptors as regulators of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:34 - 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruggemann M, Williams GT, Bindon CI, Clark MR, Walker MR, Jefferis R, et al. Comparison of the effector functions of human immunoglobulins using a matched set of chimeric antibodies. J Exp Med 1987; 166:1351 - 1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Vezina C, Flynn GC, Liu YD, Rehder DS, et al. Structural and functional characterization of disulfide isoforms of the human IgG2 subclass. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16206 - 16215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wypych J, Li M, Guo A, Zhang Z, Martinez T, Allen MJ, et al. Human IgG2 antibodies display disulfide-mediated structural isoforms. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16194 - 16205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo EM, Wims LA, Chan LA, Morrison SL. Human IgG2 can form covalent dimers. J Immunol 2003; 170:3134 - 3138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruhns P, Iannascoli B, England P, Mancardi DA, Fernandez N, Jorieux S, et al. Specificity and affinity of human Fcgamma receptors and their polymorphic variants for human IgG subclasses. Blood 2009; 113:3716 - 3725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider-Merck T, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Berger S, Rossen K, van Berkel PH, Derer S, et al. Human IgG2 antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor effectively trigger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity but, in contrast to IgG1, only by cells of myeloid lineage. J Immunol 2009; 184:512 - 520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezski RJ, Jordan RE. Cleavage of IgGs by proteases associated with invasive diseases: An evasion tactic against host immunity?. mAbs 2010; 2:212 - 220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearing AJ, Thorpe SJ, Miller K, Mangan M, Varley PG, Dudgeon T, et al. Selective cleavage of human IgG by the matrix metalloproteinases, matrilysin and stromelysin. ImmunolLett 2002; 81:41 - 48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezski RJ, Vafa O, Petrone D, Tam SH, Powers G, Ryan MH, et al. Tumor-associated and microbial proteases compromise host IgG effector functions by a single cleavage proximal to the hinge. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106:17864 - 17869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick RB Jr, Baltimore RS, Squier SU, Reynolds HY. IgG proteolytic activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis 1985; 151:589 - 598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan MH, Petrone D, Nemeth JF, Barnathan E, Bjorck L, Jordan RE. Proteolysis of purified IgGs by human and bacterial enzymes in vitro and the detection of specific proteolytic fragments of endogenous IgG in rheumatoid synovial fluid. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1837 - 1846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferis R, Weston PD, Stanworth DR, Clamp JR. Relationship between the papain sensitivity of human gammaG immunoglobulins and their heavy chain subclass. Nature 1968; 219:646 - 649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner MW, Bennich HH, Natvig JB. Pepsin digestion of human G-myeloma proteins of different subclasses. I. The characteristic features of pepsin cleavage as a function of time. Clin Exp Immunol 1970; 7:603 - 625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brezski RJ, Knight DM, Jordan RE. The Origins, Specificity and Potential Biological Relevance of Human Anti-IgG Hinge Autoantibodies. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1153 - 1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezski RJ, Luongo JL, Petrone D, Ryan MH, Zhong D, Tam SH, et al. Human anti-IgG1 hinge autoantibodies reconstitute the effector functions of proteolytically inactivated IgGs. J Immunol 2008; 181:3183 - 3192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diemel RV, ter Hart HGJ, Derksen GJA, Koenderman AHL, Aalberse RC. Characterization of immunoglobulin G fragments in liquid intravenous immunoglobulin products. Transfusion 2005; 45:1601 - 1609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baici A, Knopfel M, Fehr K, Skvaril F, Boni A. Kinetics of the different susceptibilities of the four human immunoglobulin G subclasses to proteolysis by human lysosomal elastase. Scand J Immunol 1980; 12:41 - 50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Pawel-Rammingen U, Johansson BP, Bjorck L. IdeS, a novel streptococcal cysteine proteinase with unique specificity for immunoglobulin G. EMBO J 2002; 21:1607 - 1615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persselin JE, Stevens RH. Anti-Fab antibodies in humans. Predominance of minor immunoglobulin G subclasses in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1985; 76:723 - 730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumia S, Goede JS, Fischler M, Luginbuhl A, Frick S, Fodor P, et al. Human F(ab')(2)-containing immune complexes together with anti-hinge natural antibodies stimulate complement amplification in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2951 - 2961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yano S, Kaku S, Suzuki K, Terazaki C, Sakayori T, Kawasaki T, et al. Natural antibodies against the immunoglobulin F(ab')2 fragment cause the elimination of antigens recognized by the F(ab')2 from the circulation. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:3128 - 3133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preithner S, Elm S, Lippold S, Locher M, Wolf A, da Silva AJ, et al. High concentrations of therapeutic IgG1 antibodies are needed to compensate for inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by excess endogenous immunoglobulin G. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1183 - 1193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEarchern JA, Oflazoglu E, Francisco L, McDonagh CF, Gordon KA, Stone I, et al. Engineered anti-CD70 antibody with multiple effector functions exhibits in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. Blood 2007; 109:1185 - 1192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JO, Karki S, Lazar GA, Chen H, Dang W, Desjarlais JR. Optimization of antibody binding to FcgammaRIIa enhances macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2517 - 2527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oflazoglu E, Stone IJ, Brown L, Gordon KA, van Rooijen N, Jonas M, et al. Macrophages and Fc-receptor interactions contribute to the antitumour activities of the anti-CD40 antibody SGN-40. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:113 - 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presta LG. Molecular engineering and design of therapeutic antibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:460 - 470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohl WR. Wood C. Isotype selection and Fc engineering: Design and construction of fit-for-purpose therapeutic antibodieas. Antibody Drug Discovery 2011; London Imperial College Press In Press
   Google Scholar
• Lai Z, Kimmel R, Petersen S, Thomas S, Pier G, Bezabeh B, et al. Multi-valent human monoclonal antibody preparation against Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived from transgenic mice containing human immunoglobulin loci is protective against fatal pseudomonas sepsis caused by multiple serotypes. Vaccine 2005; 23:3264 - 3271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark MR. IgG effector mechanisms. Chem Immunol 1997; 65:88 - 110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armour KL, Clark MR, Hadley AG, Williamson LM. Recombinant human IgG molecules lacking Fcg receptor I binding and monocyte triggering activities. European Journal of Immunology 1999; 29:2613 - 2624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields RL, Namenuk AK, Hong K, Meng YG, Rae J, Briggs J, et al. High resolution mapping of the binding site on human IgG1 for Fcgamma RI, Fc gamma RII, Fcgamma RIII and FcRn and design of IgG1 variants with improved binding to the Fcgamma R. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6591 - 6604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peipp M, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Schneider-Merck T, Bleeker WW, Dechant M, Beyer T, et al. Antibody fucosylation differentially impacts cytotoxicity mediated by NK and PMN effector cells. Blood 2008; 112:2390 - 2399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M, et al. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1109 - 1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galili U. The alpha-gal epitope and the anti-Gal antibody in xenotransplantation and in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:674 - 686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo CV, Picha K, McCabe F, Millar H, Tawadros R, Tam SH, et al. CNTO 859, a humanized anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody, is a potent inhibitor of breast cancer metastasis and tumor growth in xenograft models. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1261 - 1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar