Neural networks in intestinal immunoregulation

References

• Berthoud HR, Bereiter DA, Jeanrenaud B. Role of the autonomic nervous system in the mediation of LHA electrical stimulation-induced effects on insulinemia and glycemia. J Auton Nerv Syst 1980; 2:183 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(80)90044-2; PMID: 7021651
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsson C, Chen BN, Jones S, Chataway TK, Costa M, Brookes SJ. Comparison of extrinsic efferent innervation of guinea pig distal colon and rectum. J Comp Neurol 2006; 496:787 - 801; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20965; PMID: 16628614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss WM, Starling EH. The movements and innervation of the small intestine. J Physiol 1899; 24:99 - 143; PMID: 16992487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pack RJ, Richardson PS, Smith IC, Webb SR. The functional significance of the sympathetic innervation of mucous glands in the bronchi of man. J Physiol 1988; 403:211 - 9; PMID: 3253421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52:595 - 638; PMID: 11121511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furness JB, Costa M. Morphology and distribution of intrinsic adrenergic neurones in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1971; 120:346 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324897; PMID: 5153840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips RJ, Rhodes BS, Powley TL. Effects of age on sympathetic innervation of the myenteric plexus and gastrointestinal smooth muscle of Fischer 344 rats. Anat Embryol (Berl) 2006; 211:673 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0123-z; PMID: 17024301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu YY, Peng SJ, Lin HY, Pasricha PJ, Tang SC. 3-D imaging and illustration of mouse intestinal neurovascular complex. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G1 - 11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00209.2012; PMID: 23086917
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capurso L, Friedmann CA, Parks AG. Adrenergic fibres in the human intestine. Gut 1968; 9:678 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.9.6.678; PMID: 5717969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Furness JB, O’Brien PE, Costa M. Noradrenergic nerves in human small intestine. Distribution and ultrastructure. Gastroenterology 1984; 87:513 - 29; PMID: 6745604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorban G, Defaweux V, Demonceau C, Flandroy S, Van Lerberghe PB, Falisse-Poirrier N, et al. Interaction between dendritic cells and nerve fibres in lymphoid organs after oral scrapie exposure. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:1057 - 65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-007-0476-6; PMID: 17823814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felten DL, Felten SY, Carlson SL, Olschowka JA, Livnat S. Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue. J Immunol 1985; 135:Suppl 755s - 65s; PMID: 2861231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manni M, Granstein RD, Maestroni G. β2-Adrenergic agonists bias TLR-2 and NOD2 activated dendritic cells towards inducing an IL-17 immune response. Cytokine 2011; 55:380 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.013; PMID: 21683614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestroni GJ. Dendritic cell migration controlled by alpha 1b-adrenergic receptors. J Immunol 2000; 165:6743 - 7; PMID: 11120793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestroni GJ, Mazzola P. Langerhans cells beta 2-adrenoceptors: role in migration, cytokine production, Th priming and contact hypersensitivity. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 144:91 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.039; PMID: 14597102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagawa Y, Matsumoto M, Togashi H. Enhanced dendritic cell antigen uptake via alpha2 adrenoceptor-mediated PI3K activation following brief exposure to noradrenaline. J Immunol 2010; 185:5762 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1001899; PMID: 20935206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders VM. The beta2-adrenergic receptor on T and B lymphocytes: do we understand it yet?. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:195 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.001; PMID: 21855626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YS, Kouassi E, Revillard JP. Differential regulation of mouse B-cell activation by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation depending on type of mitogens. Immunology 1990; 69:367 - 72; PMID: 2155873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasprowicz DJ, Kohm AP, Berton MT, Chruscinski AJ, Sharpe A, Sanders VM. Stimulation of the B cell receptor, CD86 (B7-2), and the beta 2-adrenergic receptor intrinsically modulates the level of IgG1 and IgE produced per B cell. J Immunol 2000; 165:680 - 90; PMID: 10878340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohm AP, Sanders VM. Norepinephrine and beta 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulate CD4+ T and B lymphocyte function in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53:487 - 525; PMID: 11734616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Ariki S, Husband AJ. The role of sympathetic innervation of the gut in regulating mucosal immune responses. Brain Behav Immun 1998; 12:53 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brbi.1997.0509; PMID: 9570861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Ward PA. Catecholamines-crafty weapons in the inflammatory arsenal of immune/inflammatory cells or opening pandora’s box?. Mol Med 2008; 14:195 - 204; PMID: 18079995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips RJ, Powley TL. Macrophages associated with the intrinsic and extrinsic autonomic innervation of the rat gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2012; 169:12 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2012.02.004; PMID: 22436622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou RC, Stinson MW, Noble BK, Spengler RN. Beta-adrenergic receptor regulation of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from rats with experimental arthritis. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 67:7 - 16; PMID: 8707933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub RH, Pongratz G, Weidler C, Linde HJ, Kirschning CJ, Glück T, et al. Ablation of the sympathetic nervous system decreases gram-negative and increases gram-positive bacterial dissemination: key roles for tumor necrosis factor/phagocytes and interleukin-4/lymphocytes. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:560 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432134; PMID: 16028124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon MD, Sherman DL. Noradrenergic innervation of serotoninergic neurons in the myenteric plexus. J Comp Neurol 1987; 259:193 - 210; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902590203; PMID: 3584557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren O.. Sympathetic input into the enteric nervous system. Gut2000; 47 (Suppl 4): iv33-5; discussion iv6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobin G, Giglio D, Lundgren O.. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the alimentary tract. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60:3-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Luo X, Shen J, Zhu W, Chen K, Jiang H. Molecular dynamics of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor correlating biological functions. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2006; 7:195 - 200; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920306777452321; PMID: 16787259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima K, Fujii T, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H. Critical roles of acetylcholine and the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulation of immune function. Life Sci 2012; 91:1027 - 32; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.006; PMID: 22659391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian J, Galitovskiy V, Chernyavsky AI, Marchenko S, Grando SA. Plasticity of the murine spleen T-cell cholinergic receptors and their role in in vitro differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells toward the Th1, Th2 and Th17 lineages. Genes Immun 2011; 12:222 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gene.2010.72; PMID: 21270829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, Amella CA, Tanovic M, Susarla S, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. Nature 2003; 421:384 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01339; PMID: 12508119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima K, Yoshikawa K, Fujii YX, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H. Expression and function of genes encoding cholinergic components in murine immune cells. Life Sci 2007; 80:2314 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.036; PMID: 17383684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skok M, Grailhe R, Changeux JP. Nicotinic receptors regulate B lymphocyte activation and immune response. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 517:246 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.05.011; PMID: 15963492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skok M, Grailhe R, Agenes F, Changeux JP. The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in lymphocyte development. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 171:86 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.011; PMID: 16253349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchgessner AL, Gershon MD. Identification of vagal efferent fibers and putative target neurons in the enteric nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1989; 285:38 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902850105; PMID: 2568999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst MC, Kelly JB, Powley TL. Vagal preganglionic projections to the enteric nervous system characterized with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 1997; 381:81 - 100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970428)381:1<81::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-G; PMID: 9087421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter GC, Phillips RJ, Baronowsky EA, Powley TL. Versatile, high-resolution anterograde labeling of vagal efferent projections with dextran amines. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 178:1 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.11.003; PMID: 19056424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosas-Ballina M, Olofsson PS, Ochani M, Valdés-Ferrer SI, Levine YA, Reardon C, et al. Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit. Science 2011; 334:98 - 101; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1209985; PMID: 21921156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon C, Duncan GS, Brüstle A, Brenner D, Tusche MW, Olofsson PS, et al. Lymphocyte-derived ACh regulates local innate but not adaptive immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1410 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221655110; PMID: 23297238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Brookes SJ, Hennig GW. . Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system. Gut2000; 47 (Suppl 4):iv15-9; discussion iv26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furness JB. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology. Nature reviews. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:286 - 94
   Google Scholar
• Berthoud HR, Jedrzejewska A, Powley TL. Simultaneous labeling of vagal innervation of the gut and afferent projections from the visceral forebrain with dil injected into the dorsal vagal complex in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1990; 301:65 - 79; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903010107; PMID: 1706359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manber L, Gershon MD. A reciprocal adrenergic-cholinergic axoaxonic synapse in the mammalian gut. Am J Physiol 1979; 236:E738 - 45; PMID: 443427
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jonge WJ, van der Zanden EP, The FO, Bijlsma MF, van Westerloo DJ, Bennink RJ, et al. Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:844 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1229; PMID: 16025117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizi ES. Presynaptic modulation of neurochemical transmission. Prog Neurobiol 1979; 12:181 - 290; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(79)90011-X; PMID: 39316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub RH, Wiest R, Strauch UG, Härle P, Schölmerich J. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in intestinal inflammation. Gut 2006; 55:1640 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.091322; PMID: 17047110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni-Narla A, Beitz AJ, Brown DR. Catecholaminergic, cholinergic and peptidergic innervation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in porcine jejunum and ileum. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 298:275 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004419900096; PMID: 10571116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado M, Abad C, Martinez C, Juarranz MG, Arranz A, Gomariz RP, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the immune system: potential therapeutic role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2002; 80:16 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-001-0291-5; PMID: 11862320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado M, Ganea D. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced macrophage chemokine production by vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 2001; 167:966 - 75; PMID: 11441105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado M, Gonzalez-Rey E, Ganea D. The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide generates tolerogenic dendritic cells. J Immunol 2005; 175:7311 - 24; PMID: 16301637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massacand JC, Kaiser P, Ernst B, Tardivel A, Bürki K, Schneider P, et al. Intestinal bacteria condition dendritic cells to promote IgA production. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2588; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002588; PMID: 18596964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boirivant M, Fais S, Annibale B, Agostini D, Delle Fave G, Pallone F. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide modulates the in vitro immunoglobulin A production by intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:576 - 82; PMID: 8119526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips RJ, Powley TL. . Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract: patterns of aging. Auton Neurosci 2007; 136:1-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allione A, Bernabei P, Bosticardo M, Ariotti S, Forni G, Novelli F. Nitric oxide suppresses human T lymphocyte proliferation through IFN-gamma-dependent and IFN-gamma-independent induction of apoptosis. J Immunol 1999; 163:4182 - 91; PMID: 10510354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifone MG, D’Alò S, Parroni R, Millimaggi D, Biordi L, Martinotti S, et al. Interleukin-2-activated rat natural killer cells express inducible nitric oxide synthase that contributes to cytotoxic function and interferon-gamma production. Blood 1999; 93:3876 - 84; PMID: 10339496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdan C. Nitric oxide and the immune response. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:907 - 16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1001-907; PMID: 11577346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchgessner AL, Tamir H, Gershon MD. . Identification and stimulation by serotonin of intrinsic sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus of the guinea pig gut: activity-induced expression of Fos immunoreactivity. J Neurosci1992; 12:235-48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grønstad KO, DeMagistris L, Dahlström A, Nilsson O, Price B, Zinner MJ, et al. The effects of vagal nerve stimulation on endoluminal release of serotonin and substance P into the feline small intestine. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20:163 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528509089650; PMID: 2581309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idzko M, Panther E, Stratz C, Müller T, Bayer H, Zissel G, et al. The serotoninergic receptors of human dendritic cells: identification and coupling to cytokine release. J Immunol 2004; 172:6011 - 9; PMID: 15128784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchida Y, Hatao F, Fujisawa M, Murata T, Kaminishi M, Seto Y, et al. Neuronal stimulation with 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor induces anti-inflammatory actions via α7nACh receptors on muscularis macrophages associated with postoperative ileus. Gut 2011; 60:638 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.227546; PMID: 21115544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormsbee HS 3rd, Fondacaro JD. Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1985; 178:333 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-178-42016; PMID: 3919396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes SJ, Steele PA, Costa M. Identification and immunohistochemistry of cholinergic and non-cholinergic circular muscle motor neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine. Neuroscience 1991; 42:863 - 78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90050-X; PMID: 1720229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball ES, Persico FJ, Vaught JL. Neurokinin-induced generation of interleukin-1 in a macrophage cell line. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 540:688 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27213.x; PMID: 2462840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Payan DG, Brewster DR, Goetzl EJ. Specific stimulation of human T lymphocytes by substance P. J Immunol 1983; 131:1613 - 5; PMID: 6194207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong WZ, Zou DW, Li ZS, Zou XP, Zhu AY, Xu GM, et al. Study of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Dig Dis 2004; 5:103 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-9573.2004.00168.x; PMID: 15612244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shanahan F, Denburg JA, Fox J, Bienenstock J, Befus D. Mast cell heterogeneity: effects of neuroenteric peptides on histamine release. J Immunol 1985; 135:1331 - 7; PMID: 2409146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng B, La JH, Schwartz ES, Gebhart GF. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. Neural and neuro-immune mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1085 - 98; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00542.2011; PMID: 22403791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge WJ, The FO, van der Coelen D, Bennink RJ, Reitsma PH, van Deventer SJ, et al. Mast cell degranulation during abdominal surgery initiates postoperative ileus in mice. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:535 - 45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.04.017; PMID: 15300586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bree SH, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, van de Bovenkamp FS, Di Giovangiulio M, Farro G, Nemethova A, et al. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase as treatment of postoperative ileus. Gut 2012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302615; PMID: 23242119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genton L, Kudsk KA. Interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system: role of neuropeptides and nutrition. Am J Surg 2003; 186:253 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00210-1; PMID: 12946828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A. Neuroinflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:37; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-7-37; PMID: 20615234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geboes K.. Immunopathological studies of the small intestinal intramural nervous system and of intramural vessels in Crohn's disease. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg1993; 55:267-301; discussion -3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arranz A, Juarranz Y, Leceta J, Gomariz RP, Martínez C. VIP balances innate and adaptive immune responses induced by specific stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4. Peptides 2008; 29:948 - 56; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.019; PMID: 18359536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden DR, Couvrette JRN, Ciolino A, McQuoid C, Blaszyk H, Sharkey KA, et al. Indiscriminate loss of myenteric neurones in the TNBS-inflamed guinea-pig distal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil2005; 17:751-60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belai A, Boulos PB, Robson T, Burnstock G. Neurochemical coding in the small intestine of patients with Crohn’s disease. Gut 1997; 40:767 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.40.6.767; PMID: 9245931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumdar S, Das KM. Immunocytochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P in the colon from normal subjects and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87:176 - 81; PMID: 1370872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Ruckebusch Y. Postoperative intestinal motility in dogs and sheep. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23:682 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01072352; PMID: 685935
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zittel TT, Reddy SN, Plourde V, Raybould HE. Role of spinal afferents and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the postoperative gastric ileus in anesthetized rats. Ann Surg 1994; 219:79 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199401000-00013; PMID: 8297181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalff JC, Buchholz BM, Eskandari MK, Hierholzer C, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, et al. Biphasic response to gut manipulation and temporal correlation of cellular infiltrates and muscle dysfunction in rat. Surgery 1999; 126:498 - 509; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6060(99)70091-7; PMID: 10486602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalff JC, Carlos TM, Schraut WH, Billiar TR, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:378 - 87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.1999.0029900378; PMID: 10419919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, Bauer AJ. Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis inflammatory response resulting in postsurgical ileus. Ann Surg 1998; 228:652 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199811000-00004; PMID: 9833803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge WJ, van den Wijngaard RM, The FO, ter Beek ML, Bennink RJ, Tytgat GN, et al. Postoperative ileus is maintained by intestinal immune infiltrates that activate inhibitory neural pathways in mice. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:1137 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)01197-1; PMID: 14517797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain MG, Blennerhassett PA, Collins SM. Impaired sympathetic nerve function in the inflamed rat intestine. Gastroenterology 1991; 100:675 - 82; PMID: 1847118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson K, McHugh K, Collins SM. The mechanism of altered neural function in a rat model of acute colitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:156 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70230-0; PMID: 8978354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motagally MA, Neshat S, Lomax AE. Inhibition of sympathetic N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ current underlies the reduction in norepinephrine release during colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1077 - 84; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00006.2009; PMID: 19264956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straub RH, Grum F, Strauch U, Capellino S, Bataille F, Bleich A, et al. Anti-inflammatory role of sympathetic nerves in chronic intestinal inflammation. Gut 2008; 57:911 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.125401; PMID: 18308830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai A, Lu N, Guo Y, Chen J, Liu Z. Modulation of inflammatory response via alpha2-adrenoceptor blockade in acute murine colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:353 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03894.x; PMID: 19250273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCafferty DM, Wallace JL, Sharkey KA. Effects of chemical sympathectomy and sensory nerve ablation on experimental colitis in the rat. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:G272 - 80; PMID: 9124351
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xia CM, Colomb DG Jr, Akbarali HI, Qiao LY. . Prolonged sympathetic innervation of sensory neurons in rat thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglia during chronic colitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil2011; 23:801-e339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthoud HR, Kressel M, Raybould HE, Neuhuber WL. Vagal sensors in the rat duodenal mucosa: distribution and structure as revealed by in vivo DiI-tracing. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1995; 191:203 - 12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187819; PMID: 7771683
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams RM, Berthoud HR, Stead RH. Vagal afferent nerve fibres contact mast cells in rat small intestinal mucosa. Neuroimmunomodulation 1997; 4:266 - 70; PMID: 9650820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek M, Kurosawa M, Lundeberg T, Ericsson A.. Activation of vagal afferents after intravenous injection of interleukin-1beta: role of endogenous prostaglandins. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience1998; 18:9471-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 2000; 405:458 - 62; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35013070; PMID: 10839541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey KJ. The inflammatory reflex. Nature 2002; 420:853 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01321; PMID: 12490958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cailotto C, Costes LM, van der Vliet J, van Bree SH, van Heerikhuize JJ, Buijs RM, et al. Neuroanatomical evidence demonstrating the existence of the vagal anti-inflammatory reflex in the intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil2012; 24:191-200, e93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbers T, De Haan JJ, Hadfoune M, Zhang Y, Luyer MD, Grundy D, et al. Lipid-enriched enteral nutrition controls the inflammatory response in murine Gram-negative sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1996 - 2002; PMID: 20639744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghia JE, Blennerhassett P, Kumar-Ondiveeran H, Verdu EF, Collins SM. The vagus nerve: a tonic inhibitory influence associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1122 - 30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.016; PMID: 17030182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr-Urtreger A, Kedmi M, Rosner S, Karmeli F, Rachmilewitz D. Increased severity of experimental colitis in alpha 5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit-deficient mice. Neuroreport 2005; 16:1123 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200507130-00018; PMID: 15973160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosas-Ballina M, Ochani M, Parrish WR, Ochani K, Harris YT, Huston JRN, et al. Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11008 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803237105; PMID: 18669662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vida G, Peña G, Deitch EA, Ulloa L. α7-cholinergic receptor mediates vagal induction of splenic norepinephrine. J Immunol 2011; 186:4340 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1003722; PMID: 21339364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nance DM, Burns J. Innervation of the spleen in the rat: evidence for absence of afferent innervation. Brain Behav Immun 1989; 3:281 - 90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1591(89)90028-7; PMID: 2611414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellinger DL, Lorton D, Hamill RW, Felten SY, Felten DL. Acetylcholinesterase staining and choline acetyltransferase activity in the young adult rat spleen: lack of evidence for cholinergic innervation. Brain Behav Immun 1993; 7:191 - 204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brbi.1993.1021; PMID: 8219410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton BO, Martelli D, McKinley MJ, Trevaks D, Anderson CR, McAllen RM. Neural regulation of inflammation: no neural connection from the vagus to splenic sympathetic neurons. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:1180 - 5; PMID: 22247284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Dowd SE, Scurlock B, Acosta-Martinez V, Lyte M. Memory and learning behavior in mice is temporally associated with diet-induced alterations in gut bacteria. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:557 - 67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.004; PMID: 19135464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, Jackson W, Lu J, Jury J, et al. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology2011; 141:599-609, e1-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercik P, Park AJ, Sinclair D, Khoshdel A, Lu J, Huang X, et al. The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:1132 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01796.x; PMID: 21988661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercik P, Verdu EF, Foster JA, Macri J, Potter M, Huang X, et al. Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice. Gastroenterology2010; 139:2102-12e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassaing B, Darfeuille-Michaud A. The commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1720 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.054; PMID: 21530738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPont AW, DuPont HL. The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut. Nature reviews. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8:523 - 31
   Google Scholar
• Mawdsley JE, Rampton DS. Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Gut 2005; 54:1481 - 91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2005.064261; PMID: 16162953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawdsley JE, Rampton DS. The role of psychological stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 13:327 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000104861; PMID: 17709955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar