Prions in the environment

References

• Prusiner SB. Prusiner SB. An introduction to prion biology and diseases. Prion Biology and Diseases 2004; Cold Spring Harbor, NY Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1 - 89
   Google Scholar
• Greig JR. Scrapie: observation on the transmission of the disease by mediate contact. Vet J 1940; 96:203 - 206
   Google Scholar
• Hadlow WJ, Kennedy RC, Race RE. Natural infection of Suffolk sheep with scrapie virus. J Infect Dis 1982; 146:657 - 664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MW, Williams ES. Horizontal prion transmission in mule deer. Nature 2003; 425:35 - 36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MW, Williams ES, Hobbs NT, Wolfe LL. Environmental source of prion transmission in mule deer. Emerging Infect Dis 2004; 10:1003 - 1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale P, Young C, Stanfield G, Oakes D. Development of a risk assessment for BSE in the aquatic environment. J Appl Microbiol 1998; 84:467 - 477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Environmental Agency. Assessment of risk from BSE carcasses in landfills 1997; London, UK Prepared by Det Norske Veritas Limited
   Google Scholar
• Cummins E, Adkin A. Exposure assessment of TSEs from the landspreading of meat and bone meal. Risk Anal 2007; 27:1179 - 1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paisley LG, Pedersen JH. A quantitative assessment of the BSE risk associated with fly ash slag from the incineration of meat-and-bone meal in a gas-fired power plant in Denmark. Prevent Vet Med 2005; 68:263 - 275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Kobayashi S, Nishiguchi A, Nonaka T, Tstsui T. Evaluation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infection risk of cattle via sewage sludge from wastewater treatment facilities in slaughterhouses in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:137 - 142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen JA, McMahon KD, Benson CH. Prions: Novel pathogens of environmental concern?. J Environ Eng 2006; 132:967 - 969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schramm PT, Johnson CJ, Mathews NE, McKenzie D, Aiken JM, Pedersen JA. Potential role of soil in the transmission of prion disease. Rev Mineral Geochem 2006; 64:135 - 152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Saunders SE, Cassada DA. Detection, occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in agricultural environments. Water Environ Res 2007; 79:1061 - 1084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Saunders SE, Devivo S, Cassada DA. Detection, occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in agricultural environments. Water Environ Res 2008; 80:868 - 879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins RC. Prion stability and infectivity in the environment. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:158 - 168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deleault NR, Harris BT, Rees JR, Supattapone S. Formation of native prions from minimal components in vitro. PNAS 2007; 104:9741 - 9746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DM. Inactivation of transmissible degenerative encephalopathy agents: a review. Vet J 2000; 159:10 - 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathiason CK, Powers JG, Dahmes SJ, Osborn DA, Miller KV, Warren RJ, et al. Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease. Science 2006; 314:133 - 135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angers RC, Browning SR, Seward T, Sigurdarson CJ, Miller MW, Hoover EA, et al. Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease. Science 2006; 311:1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdson CJ, Williams ES, Miller MW, Spraker TR, O'Rourke KI, Hoover EA. Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus). J Gen Virol 1999; 80:2757 - 2764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Rourke KI, Holyoak GR, Clark WW, Mickelson JR, Wang S, Melco RP, et al. PrP genotypes and experimental scrapie in orally inoculated Suffolk sheep in the United States. J Gen Virol 1997; 78:975 - 978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid AE, Bartz JC. The nasal cavity is a route for prion infection in hamsters. J Virol 2007; 81:4482 - 4491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CJ, Pedersen JA, Chappell RJ, McKenzie D, Aiken JM. Oral transmissibility of prion disease Is enhanced by binding of soil particles. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel B, Thomzig A, Buschmann A, Groschup MH, Peters R, Beekes M, et al. Scrapie agent (strain 263K) can transmit disease via the oral route after persistence in soil over years. PLoS ONE 2007; 3:435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams ES, Miller MW, Kreeger TJ, Kahn RH, Thorne ET. Chronic wasting disease of deer and elk: a review with recommendation for management. J Wildlife Manage 2002; 66:551 - 563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USGS National Wildlife Health Center. Map of chronic wasting disease in North America 2008; Accessed at: http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/chronic_wasting_disease/north_america_CWD_map.jsp. 2008
   Google Scholar
• USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Scrapie fact sheet 2004; Accessed at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/fs_ahscrapie.pdf. 2008
   Google Scholar
• Bishop RC. Potential economic impacts of chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin. Human Dim Wild 2004; 9:181 - 192
   Google Scholar
• Seidl AF, Koontz SR. Potential economic impacts of chronic wasting disease in Colorado. Human Dim Wild 2004; 9:241 - 245
   Google Scholar
• Belay ED, Schonberger LB. The public health impact of prion diseases. Ann Rev Pub Health 2005; 26:191 - 212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garruto RM, Reiber C, Alfonso MP, Gastrich H, Needham K, Sunderman S, et al. Risk behaviors in a rural community with a known point-source exposure to chronic wasting disease. Environ Health 2008;
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belay ED, Maddox RA, Williams ES, Miller MW, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB. Chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans. Emerging Infect Dis 2004; 10:977 - 984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong Q, Huang S, Zou WQ, Vanegas D, Wang M, Wu D, et al. Chronic wasting disease of elk: transmissibility to humans examined by transgenic mouse models. J Neurosci 2005; 25:7944 - 7949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh RF, Kincaid AE, Bessen RA, Bartz JC. Interspecies transmission of chronic wasting disease prions to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Virol 2005; 79:13794 - 13796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond GJ, Bossers A, Raymond L, O'Rourke K, McHolland LE, Bryant PK III, et al. Evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease. EMBO J 2000; 19:4425 - 4430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond GJ, Raymond LD, Meade-White KD, Hughson AG, Favara C, Gardner D, et al. Transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: evidence for strains. J Virol 2007; 81:4305 - 4314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning SR, Mason GL, Seward T, Green M, Eliason GAJ, Mathiason C, et al. Transmission of prions from mule deer and elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid PrP. J Virol 2004; 78:13345 - 13350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFauci G, Carp RI, Meeker HC, Ye X, Kim JI, Natelli M, et al. Passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) PrPc. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3773 - 3780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser H, Dickinson AG. Distribution of experimentally induced scrapie lesions in the brain. Nature 1967; 216:1310 - 1311
   Google Scholar
• Bessen RA, Marsh RF. Biochemical and physical-properties of the prion protein from 2 strains of the transmissible mink encephalopathy agent. J Virol 1992; 66:2096 - 2101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessen RA, Marsh RF. Distinct PrP properties suggest the molecular basis of strain variation in transmissible mink encephalopathy. J Virol 1994; 68:7859 - 7868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safar J, Willie H, Itri V, Groth D, Serban H, Torchia M, et al. Eight prion strains have PrPSc molecules with different conformations. Nat Med 1998; 4:1157 - 1165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kascsak R, Rubenstein R, Merz PA, Carp RI, Wisniewski HM, Diringer H. Biochemical differences among scrapie-associated fibrils support the biological diversity of scrapie agents. J Gen Virol 1985; 66:1715 - 1722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughey B, Raymond GJ, Bessen RA. Strain-dependent Differences in B-Sheet Conformations of Abnormal Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32230 - 32235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla Jn, Saa P, Hetz C, Soto C. In Vitro generation of infectious scrapie prions. Cell 2005; 121:195 - 206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla Jn, Morales R, Saa P, Barria M, Gambetti P, Soto C. Cell-free propagation of prion strains. EMBO J 2008; 27:2557 - 2566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P, Gajdusek DC. Survival of scrapie virus after 3 year's interment. Lancet 1991; 337:269 - 270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgsson G, Sigurdarson S, Brown P. Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3737 - 3740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MW, Hobbs NT, Tavener SJ. Dynamics of prion disease transmission in mule deer. Ecol Appl 2006; 16:2208 - 2214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carp RI, Meeker HC, Rubenstein R, Sigurdarson S, Papini M, Kascsak RJ, et al. Characteristics of scrapie isolates derived from hay mites. J Neurovirol 2000; 6:137 - 144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post K, Riesner D, Walldorf V, Mehlhorn H. Fly larvae and pupae as vectors for scrapie. Lancet 1999; 354:1969 - 1970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger H, Heikenwalder M, Zeller N, Kranich J, Schwarz P, Gaspert A, et al. Coincident scrapie infection and nephritis lead to urinary prion excretion. Science 2005; 310:324 - 326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Romero D, Barria MA, Leon P, Morales R, Soto C. Detection of infectious prions in urine. FEBS letters 2008; 582:3161 - 3166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maluquer de Motes C, Grassi J, Simon S, Herva ME, Torres JM, Pumarola M, et al. Excretion of BSE and scrapie prions in stools from murine models. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:205 - 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safar JG, Lessard P, Tamguney G, Freyman Y, Deering C, Letessier F, et al. Transmission and detection of prions in feces. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:80 - 89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Race R, Jenny A, Sutton D. Scrapie infectivity and proteinase K-resistant prion protein in sheep placenta, brain, spleen and lymph node: implications for transmission and antemortem diagnosis. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:949 - 953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerCauteren KC, Burke PW, Phillips GE, Fischer JW, Seward NW, Wunder BA, et al. Elk use of wallows and potential chronic wasting disease transmission. J Wildlife Dis 2007; 43:784 - 788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron RM, Campbell SL, King D, Bellon A, Chapman KE, Williamson RA, et al. High titers of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy infectivity associated with extremely low levels of PrPSc in vivo. J Bio Chem 2007; 282:35878 - 35886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod AH, Murdoch H, Dickinson J, Dennis MJ, Hall GA, Buswell CM, et al. Proteolytic inactivation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. Biochem Biophys Res Com 2004; 317:1165 - 1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherbel C, Pichner R, Groschup MH, Mueller-Hellwig S, Scherer S, Dietrich R, et al. Infectivity of scrapie prion protein PrPSc following In vitro digestion with bovine gastrointestinal microbiota. Zoo Public Health 2007; 54:185 - 190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saa P, Castilla Jn, Soto C. Ultra-efficient replication of infectious prions by automated protein misfolding cyclic amplification. J Bio Chem 2006; 281:35245 - 35252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt TD, Perrott MR, Wilusz CJ, Wilusz J, Supattapone S, Telling GC, et al. Efficient in vitro amplification of chronic wasting disease PrPres. J Virol 2007; 81:9605 - 9608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atarashi R, Wilham JM, Christensen L, Hughson AG, Moore RA, Johnson LM, et al. Simplified ultrasensitive prion detection by recombinant PrP conversion with shaking. Nat Meth 2008; 5:211 - 212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atarashi R, Moore RA, Sim VL, Hughson AG, Dorward DW, Onwubiko HA, et al. Ultrasensitive detection of scrapie prion protein using seeded conversion of recombinant prion protein. Nat Meth 2007; 4:645 - 650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onisko B, Dynin I, Requena J, Silva C, Erickson M, Carter J. Mass spectrometric detection of attomole amounts of the prion protein by nanoLC/MS/MS. J Am Soc Mass Spec 2007; 18:1070 - 1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur WJ, Alldredge AW. Soil ingestion by mule deer in northcentral Colorado. Rang Ecol Manage 1979; 32:67 - 71
   Google Scholar
• Beyer WN, Connor EE, Gerould S. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J Wildlife Manage 1994; 58:375 - 382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CJ, Phillips KE, Schramm PT, McKenzie D, Aiken JM, Pedersen JA. Prions ddhere to soil minerals and remain infectious. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:296 - 302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovesi S, Lieta L, Sequi P, Andrighetto I, Sorgato MC, Bertoli A. Direct detection of soil-bound prions. PLoS ONE 2007; 2:1069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revault M, Quiquampoix H, Baron MH, Noinville S. Fate of prions in soil: Trapped conformation of full-length ovine prion protein induced by adsorption on clays. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1724:367 - 374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasina EN, Dejardin P, Rezaei H, Grosclaude J, Quiquampoix H. Fate of prions in soil: Adsorption kinetics of recombinant unglycosylated ovine prion protein onto mica in laminar flow conditions and subsequent desorption. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:3425 - 3432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp D, Potier P, Jocteur-Monrozier L, Richaume A. Prion degradation in soil: Possible role of microbial enzymes stimulated by the decomposition of buried carcasses. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:6324 - 6329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigou P, Rezaei H, Grosclaude J, Staunton S, Quiquampoix H. Fate of prions in soil: Adsorption and extraction by electroelution of recombinant ovine prion protein from montmorillonite and natural soils. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:1497 - 1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke CM, Rodger J, Smith A, Fernie K, Shaw G, Somerville RA. Fate of prions in soil: detergent extraction of PrP from soils. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:811 - 817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke CM, Shaw G. Fate of prions in soil: longevity and migration of recPrP in soil columns. Soil Biol Biochem 2007; 39:1181 - 1191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao MA, Russo F, Granata V, Berisio R, Zagari A, Gianfreda L. Fate of prions in soil: interaction of a recombinant ovine prion protein with synthetic humic-like mineral complexes. Soil Biol Biochem 2007; 39:493 - 504
   Google Scholar
• Polano M, Anselmi C, Leita L, Negro A, Nobili MD. Organic polyanions act as complexants of prion protein in soil. Biochem Biophys Res Com 2008; 367:323 - 329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucci A, D'Acqui LP, Calamai L. Fate of prions in soil: Interactions of recPrP with organic matter of soil aggregates as revealed by LTA-PAS. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:728 - 733
   Google Scholar
• Ma X, Benson CH, McKenzie D, Aiken JM, Pedersen JA. Adsorption of pathogenic prion protein to quartz sand. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:2324 - 2330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchmayr R, Reichi HE, Schildorfer H, Braun R, Somerville RA. Prion protein: detection in ‘spiked’ anaerobic sludge and degradation experiments under anaerobic conditions. Water Sci Technol 2006; 53:91 - 98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leita L, Fornasier F, Nobili MD, Bertoli A, Genovesi S, Sequi P. Interactions of prion proteins with soil. Soil Biol Biochem 2006; 38:1638 - 1644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maluquer de Motes C, Cano MJ, Torres JM, Pumarola M, Girones R. Detection and survival of prion agents in aquatic environments. Water Res 2008;
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders SE, Bartz JC, Telling GC, Bartelt-Hunt SL. Environmentally-relevant forms of the prion protein. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:6573 - 6579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinckley GT, Johnson CJ, Jacobson KT, Bartholomay C, McMahon KD, McKenzie D, et al. Persistence of pathogenic prion protein during simulated wastewater treatment processes. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:5254 - 5259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Spencer JL, Soutryine A, Guan J, Rendulich J, Balachandran A. Evidence of degradation of abnormal prion protein in tissues from sheep with scrapie during composting. Can J Vet Res 2007; 71:34 - 40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinley MP, Meyer RK, Kenaga L, Rahbar F, Cotter R, Serban A, et al. Scrapie prion rod formation in vitro requires both detergent extraction and limited proteolysis. J Virol 1991; 65:1340 - 1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González L, Martin S, Begara-McGorum I, Hunter N, Houston F, Simmons M, et al. Effects of agent strain and host genotype on PrP accumulation in the brain of sheep naturally and experimentally affected with scrapie. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:17 - 29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González L, Martin S, Jeffrey M. Distinct profiles of PrPd immunoreactivity in the brain of scrapie- and BSE-infected sheep: implications for differential cell targeting and PrP processing. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1339 - 1350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey M, Martin S, González L. Cell-associated variants of disease-specific prion protein immunolabelling are found in different sources of sheep transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1033 - 1045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczius T, Grassi J, Karch H, Groschup MH. Binding of N- and C-terminal anti-prion protein antibodies generates distinct phenotypes of cellular prion proteins (PrPc) obtained from human, sheep, cattle and mouse. FEBS J 2007; 274:1492 - 1502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan T, Wong PK, Chang BG, Li CY, Li RL, Kang SC, et al. Biochemical fingerprints of prion infection: Accumulations of aberrant full-length and N-terminally truncated PrP species are common features in mouse prion disease. J Virol 2005; 79:934 - 943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenfield KN, Powers ET, Kelly JW. Influence of the N-terminal domain on the aggregation properties of the prion protein. Protein Science 2005; 14:2154 - 2166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crozet C, Flamant F, Bencsik A, Aubert D, Samarut J, Baron T. Efficient transmission of two different sheep scrapie Isolates in transgenic mice expressing the ovine PrP gene. J Virol 2001; 75:5328 - 5334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott MR, Safar J, Telling G, Nguyen O, Groth D, Torchia M, et al. Identification of a prion protein epitope modulating transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to transgenic mice. PNAS 1997; 94:14279 - 14284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira JR, Raymond GJ, Hughson AG, Race RE, Sim VL, Hayes SF, et al. The most infectious prion protein particles. Nature 2005; 437:257 - 261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiquampoix H, Burns RG. Interaction between proteins and soil mineral surfaces: environmental and health consequences. Elements 2007; 3:401 - 406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brash JL, Horbett TA. Brash JL, Horbett TA. Proteins at interfaces: an overview. Proteins at Interfaces II: Fundamentals and Applications 1995; Washington, DC American Chemical Society 1 - 21
   Google Scholar
• Quiquampoix H, Abadie J, Baron MH, Leprince F, Matumoto-Pintro PT, Ratcliffe RG, et al. Horbett TA, Brash JL. Mechanisms and consequences of protein adsorption on soil mineral surfaces. Proteins at Interfaces II: Fundamentals and Applications 1995; Washington, DC American Chemical Society 321 - 333
   Google Scholar
• Harter RD, Stotzky G. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, electrophoretic mobility and pH of some stable smectite-protein complexes. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 1973; 37:116 - 123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noinville S, Revault M, Quiquampoix H, Baron MH. Structural effects of drying and rehydration for enzymes in soils: a kinetics-FTIR analysis of alpha-chymotrypsin adsorbed on montmorillonite. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 273:414 - 425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DM, McConnell I, Fernie K. The effect of dry heat on the ME7 strain of mouse-passaged scrapie agent. J Gen Virol 1996; 77:3161 - 3164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge LW, Kjaergaard C, Moldrup P. Colloids and Colloid-Facilitated transport of contaminants in soils: an introduction. Vadose Zone J 2004; 3:321 - 325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack SM, Horbett TA. Brash JL, Horbett TA. The Vroman Effect. Proteins at Interfaces II: Fundamentals and Applications 1995; Washington, DC American Chemical Society 112 - 128
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka M, Miwa T, Horii H, Takata M, Yokoyama T, Nishizawa K, et al. Characterization of a proteolytic enzyme derived from a Bacillus strain that effectively degrades prion protein. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:509 - 515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherbel C, Richner R, Groschup MH, Mueller-Hellwig S, Scherer S, Dietrich R, et al. Degradation of scrapie associated prion protein (PrPSc) by the gastrointestinal microbiota of cattle. Vet Res 2006; 37:695 - 703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown P, Rau EH, Lemieux P, Johnson BK, Bacote AE, Gajdusek DC. Infectivity studies of both ash and air emissions from simulated incineration of scrapie-contaminated tissues. Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:6155 - 6160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantis J, Dennis MM, Salman MD, Gould DH. Effect of time and temperature on PrPCWD immunoreactivity as evidenced by western blot. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:389 - 391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein E, Beecher N. Mad cow disease, Creuzfeld-Jakob disease, other TSEs and biosolids. J Residual Sci Technol 2005; 2:181 - 187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outreach and Education Subcommittee WRBC. Prion potential in biosolids. Water Environ Res 2006; 78:339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar