Role of proline under changing environments

References

• Foyer CH, Noctor G. Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: a metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant Cell 2005; 17:1866 - 75; 10.1105/tpc.105.033589; PMID: 15987996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serraj R, Sinclair TR. Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions?. Plant Cell Environ 2002; 25:333 - 41; 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00754.x; PMID: 11841674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf M, Foolad MR. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot 2007; 59:206 - 16; 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnert HJ, Jensen RG. Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants. Trends Biotechnol 1996; 14:89 - 97; 10.1016/0167-7799(96)80929-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancey PH. Compatible and counteracting solutes In: Strange K ed. Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994:81-109.
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf M, Harris PJC. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci 2004; 166:3 - 16; 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes D, Hanson AD. Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1993; 44:357 - 84; 10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.002041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare PD, Cress WA, Van Staden J. Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant Cell Environ 1998; 21:535 - 53; 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00309.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munns R. Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytol 2005; 167:645 - 63; 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01487.x; PMID: 16101905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes D, Nadolska-Orczyk A, Rich PJ. Salinity, osmolytes and compatible solutes In: Lauchli A, Luttge U, eds. Salinity, Environment, Plant, Molecules. Netherlands: Al-Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002:181-204.
   Google Scholar
• Naidu BP, Paleg LG, Aspinall D, Jennings AC, Jones GP. Amino acid and glycine betaine accumulation in cold-stressed wheat seedlings. Phytochem 1991; 30:407 - 9; 10.1016/0031-9422(91)83693-F
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi R, Sharma SS. Changes in proline content accompanying the uptake of zinc and copper by Lemna minor.. Ann Bot (Lond) 1993; 72:151 - 4; 10.1006/anbo.1993.1093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi R, Sharma SS. Proline accumulation in wheat seedlings exposed to zinc and copper. Phytochem 1993; 33:1339 - 42; 10.1016/0031-9422(93)85086-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schat H, Sharma SS, Vooijs R. Heavy metal-induced accumulation of free proline in a metal-tolerant and a nontolerant ecotype of Silene vulgaris.. Physiol Plant 1997; 101:477 - 82; 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01026.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma SS, Dietz KJ. The significance of amino acids and amino acid-derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress. J Exp Bot 2006; 57:711 - 26; 10.1093/jxb/erj073; PMID: 16473893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strizhov N, Abrahám E, Okrész L, Blickling S, Zilberstein A, Schell J, et al. Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during salt-stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1, ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis.. Plant J 1997; 12:557 - 69; 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.00557.x; PMID: 9351242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare PD, Cress WA. Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline accumulation in plants. Plant Growth Regul 1997; 21:79 - 102; 10.1023/A:1005703923347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fougère F, Le Rudulier D, Streeter JG. Effects of salt stress on amino acid, organic acid, and carbohydrate composition of roots, bacteroids, and cytosol of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Physiol 1991; 96:1228 - 36; 10.1104/pp.96.4.1228; PMID: 16668324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangopadhyay G, Basu S, Mukherjee B, Gupta S. Effects of salt and osmotic shocks on unadapted and adapted callus lines of tobacco. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 1997; 49:45 - 52; 10.1023/A:1005860718585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madan S, Nainawatee HS, Jain RK, Chowdhury JB. Proline and proline metabolising enzymes in in-vitro selected NaCl-tolerant Brassica juncea L. under salt stress. Ann Bot (Lond) 1995; 76:51 - 7; 10.1006/anbo.1995.1077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrusa LM, Winicov I. Proline status in salt tolerant and salt sensitive alfalfa cell lines and plants in response to NaCl. Plant Physiol Biochem 1997; 35:303 - 10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel HJ, Davis BD. Glutamic- d-semialdehyde and Δ'-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, intermediates in the biosynthesis of proline. J Am Chem Soc 1952; 74:109 - 12; 10.1021/ja01121a025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhar PN, Amrutha RN, Sangam S, Verma DP, Kishor PB. Biochemical characterization, homology modeling and docking studies of ornithine delta-aminotransferase--an important enzyme in proline biosynthesis of plants. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:709 - 19; 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.04.006; PMID: 17604199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armengaud P, Thiery L, Buhot N, Grenier-De March G, Savouré A. Transcriptional regulation of proline biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula reveals developmental and environmental specific features. Physiol Plant 2004; 120:442 - 50; 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.00251.x; PMID: 15032841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen N, Villarroel R, Van Montagu M. Osmoregulation of a pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.. Plant Physiol 1993; 103:771 - 81; 10.1104/pp.103.3.771; PMID: 8022935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschle K, Funck D, Hellmann H, Däschner K, Binder S, Frommer WB. A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and its potential role in protection from proline toxicity. Plant J 2001; 27:345 - 56; 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01101.x; PMID: 11532180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyosue T, Yoshiba Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydration in Arabidopsis.. Plant Cell 1996; 8:1323 - 35; PMID: 8776899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen N, Hua XJ, May M, Van Montagu M. Environmental and developmental signals modulate proline homeostasis: evidence for a negative transcriptional regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:8787 - 91; 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8787; PMID: 8710950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribarits A, Abdullaev A, Tashpulatov A, Richter A, Heberle-Bors E, Touraev A. Two tobacco proline dehydrogenases are differentially regulated and play a role in early plant development. Planta 2007; 225:1313 - 24; 10.1007/s00425-006-0429-3; PMID: 17106685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen N, Hermans C. Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 2008; 35:753 - 9; 10.1007/s00726-008-0061-6; PMID: 18379856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosens NH, Thu TT, Iskandar HM, Jacobs M. Isolation of the ornithine-delta-aminotransferase cDNA and effect of salt stress on its expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.. Plant Physiol 1998; 117:263 - 71; 10.1104/pp.117.1.263; PMID: 9576796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue X, Liu A, Hua X. Proline accumulation and transcriptional regulation of proline biosynthesis and degradation in Brassica napus.. BMB Rep 2009; 42:28 - 34; 10.5483/BMBRep.2009.42.1.028; PMID: 19192390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendrakumar CSV, Suryanarayana T, Reddy AR. DNA helix destabilization by proline and betaine: possible role in the salinity tolerance process. FEBS Lett 1997; 410:201 - 5; 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00588-7; PMID: 9237629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matysik J. Alia., Bhalu B, Mohanty P. Molecular mechanisms of quenching of reactive oxygen species by proline under stress in plants. Curr Sci 2002; 82:525 - 32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnoff N, Cumbes QJ. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochem 1989; 28:1057 - 60; 10.1016/0031-9422(89)80182-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Dickman MB. Proline suppresses apoptosis in the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum trifolii.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3459 - 64; 10.1073/pnas.0407960102; PMID: 15699356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta SK, Gaur JP. Heavy-metal-induced proline accumulation and its role in ameliorating metal toxicity in Chlorella vulgaris. New Phytol 1999; 143:253 - 9; 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00447.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Zeng B, Sun Z, Zhu C. Relationship between proline and Hg2+-induced oxidative stress in a tolerant rice mutant. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2009; 56:723 - 31; 10.1007/s00244-008-9226-2; PMID: 18787889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alia PPS, Mohanty P. Involvement of proline in protecting thylakoid membranes against free radical-induced photodamage. J Photochem Photobiol 1997; 38:253 - 7; 10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07470-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabados L, Savouré A. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci 2010; 15:89 - 97; 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009; PMID: 20036181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C, Claybrook DL, Huang AH. Transport of glycine, serine, and proline into spinach leaf mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 227:180 - 7; 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90361-2; PMID: 6416178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentsch D, Hirner B, Schmelzer E, Frommer WB. Salt stress-induced proline transporters and salt stress-repressed broad specificity amino acid permeases identified by suppression of a yeast amino acid permease-targeting mutant. Plant Cell 1996; 8:1437 - 46; PMID: 8776904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwacke R, Grallath S, Breitkreuz KE, Stransky E, Stransky H, Frommer WB, et al. LeProT1, a transporter for proline, glycine betaine, and gamma-amino butyric acid in tomato pollen. Plant Cell 1999; 11:377 - 92; PMID: 10072398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagneul D, Aïnouche A, Duhazé C, Lugan R, Larher FR, Bouchereau A. A reassessment of the function of the so-called compatible solutes in the halophytic plumbaginaceae Limonium latifolium.. Plant Physiol 2007; 144:1598 - 611; 10.1104/pp.107.099820; PMID: 17468212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiba Y, Kiyosue T, Katagiri T, Ueda H, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, et al. Correlation between the induction of a gene for delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and the accumulation of proline in Arabidopsis thaliana under osmotic stress. Plant J 1995; 7:751 - 60; 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1995.07050751.x; PMID: 7773306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CT, Chen L, Lin CC, Kao CH. Regulation of proline accumulation in detached rice leaves exposed to excess copper. Plant Sci 2001; 160:283 - 90; 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00393-9; PMID: 11164600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LP, Mehta SK, Liu ZP, Yang ZM. Copper-induced proline synthesis is associated with nitric oxide generation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.. Plant Cell Physiol 2008; 49:411 - 9; 10.1093/pcp/pcn017; PMID: 18252734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi BN, Gaur JP. Relationship between copper- and zinc-induced oxidative stress and proline accumulation in Scenedesmus sp. Planta 2004; 219:397 - 404; 10.1007/s00425-004-1237-2; PMID: 15014994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csonka LN, Hanson AD. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annu Rev Microbiol 1991; 45:569 - 606; 10.1146/annurev.mi.45.100191.003033; PMID: 1741624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy D, Basu N, Bhunia A, Banerjee S. Counteraction of exogenous L-proline with NaCl in salt-sensitive cultivar of rice. Biol Plant 1993; 35:69 - 72; 10.1007/BF02921122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain MJ, Mathur GM, Koul SK, Sarin NS. Ameliorative effects of proline on salt stress-induced lipid peroxidation in cell lines of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Cell Rep 2001; 20:463 - 8; 10.1007/s002990100353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehsanpour AA, Fatahian N. Effects of salt and proline on Medicago sativa callus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 2003; 73:53 - 6; 10.1023/A:1022619523726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong CL, Green CE. Establishment and maintenance of friable, embryogenic maize callus and the involvement of L-proline. Planta 1985; 164:207 - 14; 10.1007/BF00396083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claparols I, Santos MA, Torné JM. Influence of some exogenous amino acids on the production of maize embryogenic callus and on endogenous amino acid content. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 1993; 34:1 - 11; 10.1007/BF00048457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan DR, Widholm JM. Proline accumulation and its implication in cold tolerance of regenerable maize callus. Plant Physiol 1987; 83:703 - 8; 10.1104/pp.83.3.703; PMID: 16665311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Q, Ashraf M, Athar HUR. Exogenously applied proline at different growth stages enhances growth of two maize cultivars grown under water deficit conditions. Pak J Bot 2007; 39:1133 - 44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamran M, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M, Akram NA. Alleviation of drought- induced adverse effects in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using proline as a pre-sowing seed treatment. Pak J Bot 2009; 41:621 - 32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Q, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M, Humera H. Ameliorating effect of foliar applied proline on nutrient uptake in water stressed maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Pak J Bot 2008; 40:211 - 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam MM, Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MN, Shimoishi Y, Nakamura Y, et al. Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase antioxidant enzyme activities and confer tolerance to cadmium stress in cultured tobacco cells. J Plant Physiol 2009; 166:1587 - 97; 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.04.002; PMID: 19423184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcelo J, Poschenrieder C. Plant water relations as affected by heavy metal stress: A review. J Plant Nutr 1990; 13:1 - 37; 10.1080/01904169009364057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poschenrieder CH, Barcelo J. Water relations in heavy metal stressed plants In: Prasad MNV ed. Heavy metal stress in plants: from biomolecules to ecosystems. New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House, 2004:249-70.
   Google Scholar
• Singh PK, Tewari RK. Cadmium toxicity induced changes in plant water relations and oxidative metabolism of Brassica juncea L. plants. J Environ Biol 2003; 24:107 - 12; PMID: 12974420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa G, Morel JL. Water relations, gas exchange and amino acid content in Cd-treated lettuce. Plant Physiol Biochem 1994; 32:561 - 70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadallah MAA. Effects of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to salt stress. Biol Plant 1999; 42:249 - 57; 10.1023/A:1002164719609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Ahmed C, Ben Rouina B, Sensoy S, Boukhriss M, Ben Abdullah F. Exogenous proline effects on photosynthetic performance and antioxidant defense system of young olive tree. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:4216 - 22; 10.1021/jf9041479; PMID: 20210359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton EW 3rd, Heckathorn SA. Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas complex II is protected by proline and betaine. Plant Physiol 2001; 126:1266 - 74; 10.1104/pp.126.3.1266; PMID: 11457977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmström KO, Somersalo S, Mandal A, Palva TE, Welin B. Improved tolerance to salinity and low temperature in transgenic tobacco producing glycine betaine. J Exp Bot 2000; 51:177 - 85; 10.1093/jexbot/51.343.177; PMID: 10938824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour MMF. Protection of plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells by glycinebetaine and proline against NaCl stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 1998; 36:767 - 72; 10.1016/S0981-9428(98)80028-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil SD, Nuccio ML, Hanson AD. Betaines and related osmoprotectants. Targets for metabolic engineering of stress resistance. Plant Physiol 1999; 120:945 - 50; 10.1104/pp.120.4.945; PMID: 10444077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paleg LG, Stewart GR, Bradbeer JW. Proline and glycine betaine influence protein solvation. Plant Physiol 1984; 75:974 - 8; 10.1104/pp.75.4.974; PMID: 16663771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DJ, McKee IF, Farage PK, Baker NR. Analysis of limitations to CO2 assimilation on exposure of leaves of two Brassica napus cultivars to UV-B. Plant Cell Environ 1997; 20:633 - 40; 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00093.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopal V. The influence of exogenous proline on the stomatal resistance in Vicia faba.. Physiol Plant 1981; 52:292 - 6; 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb08508.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopal V, Sinha SK. Influence of exogenously supplied proline on relative water content in wheat and barley. Indian J Exp Biol 1980; 18:1523 - 4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foyer CH, Harbinson JC. Oxygen metabolism and the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. In: Foyer CH, Mullineaux PM eds. Causes of photooxidative stress and amelioration of defense systems in plants., Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 1994:1-42.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez ME, Lamb C. Oxidative burst-mediated defense responses in plant disease resistance. In: Scandalios JG ed. Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold spring Harbor Press, 1997:815-39.
   Google Scholar
• Bolwell GP, Bindschedler LV, Blee KA, Butt VS, Davies DR, Gardner SL, et al. The apoplastic oxidative burst in response to biotic stress in plants: a three-component system. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1367 - 76; 10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1367; PMID: 11997382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doke N. The oxidative burst: Role in signal transduction and plant stress. In: Scandalios JG ed. Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antixoidant defenses. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1997:785-813.
   Google Scholar
• Fath A, Bethke P, Beligni V, Jones R. Active oxygen and cell death in cereal aleurone cells. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1273 - 82; 10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1273; PMID: 11997375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson MD. Reactive oxygen species and programmed cell death. Trends Biochem Sci 1996; 21:83 - 6; PMID: 8882579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tevini M, Braun J, Fieser G. The protective functions of epidermal layer of rice seedlings against ultraviolet-B radiation. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 53:329 - 33; 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb03636.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies KJ. Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. I. general aspects. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:9895 - 901; PMID: 3036875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1986; 58:61 - 97; PMID: 3521218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imlay JA, Linn S. DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 1988; 240:1302 - 9; 10.1126/science.3287616; PMID: 3287616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schützendübel A, Polle A. Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1351 - 65; 10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1351; PMID: 11997381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alscher RG, Donahue JL, Cramer CL. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: Relationships in green cells. Physiol Plant 1997; 100:224 - 33; 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb04778.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dat J, Vandenabeele S, Vranová E, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Van Breusegem F. Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000; 57:779 - 95; 10.1007/s000180050041; PMID: 10892343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mano J. Early events in environmental stresses in plants: Induction mechanisms of oxidative stress. In: Inze D, Montagu MV eds. Oxidative Stress in Plants. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002:217-46.
   Google Scholar
• Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 2002; 7:405 - 10; 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9; PMID: 12234732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabala S. Non-invasive microelectrode ion flux measurements in plant stress physiology. In: Volkov A ed. Plant Electrophysiology – Theory and Methods. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006:35–71.
   Google Scholar
• Bohnert HJ, Nelson DE, Jensen RG. Adaptation to environmental stresses. Plant Cell Rep 1995; 7:1099 - 111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Z, Lakkineni K, Zhang Z, Verma DP. Removal of feedback inhibition of delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiol 2000; 122:1129 - 36; 10.1104/pp.122.4.1129; PMID: 10759508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyogi KK. PHOTOPROTECTION REVISITED: Genetic and Molecular Approaches. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1999; 50:333 - 59; 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.333; PMID: 15012213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noctor G, Foyer CH. Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1998; 49:249 - 79; 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.249; PMID: 15012235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuma E, Murakami Y, Shimoishi Y, Tada M, Murata Y. Effects of exogenous application of proline and betaine on the growth of tobacco cultured cells under saline conditions. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2004; 50:1301 - 5; 10.1080/00380768.2004.10408608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuin TA, Shabala S. Compatible solutes reduce ROS-induced potassium efflux in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell Environ 2007; 30:875 - 85; 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01674.x; PMID: 17547658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoque MA, Banu MN, Okuma E, Amako K, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, et al. Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase NaCl-induced ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities, and proline improves salt tolerance more than glycinebetaine in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension-cultured cells. J Plant Physiol 2007; 164:1457 - 68; 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.10.004; PMID: 17223225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul S, Sharma SS, Mehta IK. Free radical scavenging potential of L-proline: evidence from in vitro assays. Amino Acids 2008; 34:315 - 20; 10.1007/s00726-006-0407-x; PMID: 17086481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khedr AHA, Abbas MA, Wahid AAA, Quick WP, Abogadallah GM. Proline induces the expression of salt-stress-responsive proteins and may improve the adaptation of Pancratium maritimum L. to salt-stress. J Exp Bot 2003; 54:2553 - 62; 10.1093/jxb/erg277; PMID: 14512386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Nun N, Poljakoff-Mayber A. Salinity stress and the content of proline in roots of Pisum sativum and Tamarix tetragyna.. Ann Bot (Lond) 1977; 41:173 - 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevyakova N, Bakulina E, Kuznetsov V. Proline antioxidant role in the common ice plant subjected to salinity and paraquat treatment inducing oxidative stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 2009; 56:663 - 9; 10.1134/S1021443709050124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendiran K, Ramanujam MP. Alleviation of ultraviolet-B radiation-induced growth inhibition of green gram by triadimefon. Biol Plant 2003; 46:621 - 4; 10.1023/A:1024840301092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day TA, Vogelmann TC. Alterations in photosynthesis and pigment distributions in pea leaves following UV-B exposure. Physiol Plant 1995; 94:433 - 40; 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb00950.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saradhi PP, Alia, Arora S, Prasad KV. Proline accumulates in plants exposed to UV radiation and protects them against UV induced peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209:1 - 5; 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1461; PMID: 7726821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora S, Saradhi PP. Light induced enhancement in proline levels under stress is regulated by non-photosynthetic events. Biol Plant 2002; 45:629 - 32; 10.1023/A:1022355721123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedina IS, Georgieva K, Grigorova I. Light-dark changes in proline content of barley leaves under salt stress. Biol Plant 2002; 45:59 - 63; 10.1023/A:1015175802847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedina IS, Grigorova ID, Georgieva KM. Response of barley seedlings to UV-B radiation as affected by NaCl. J Plant Physiol 2003; 160:205 - 8; 10.1078/0176-1617-00760; PMID: 12685037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramlage WJ, Leopold AC, Parrish DJ. Chilling stress to soybeans during imhibition. Plant Physiol 1978; 61:525 - 9; 10.1104/pp.61.4.525; PMID: 16660329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larcher W. Effects of low temperature stress and frost injury on plant productivity. In: Johnson CB, ed. Physiological processes limiting plant productivity. London: Butterworths, 1981:253-69.
   Google Scholar
• Leopold AC. Temperature effects on soybean imbibition and leakage. Plant Physiol 1980; 65:1096 - 8; 10.1104/pp.65.6.1096; PMID: 16661338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare PD, Cress WA, van Staden J. A regulatory role for proline metabolism in stimulating Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination. Plant Growth Regul 2003; 39:41 - 50; 10.1023/A:1021835902351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedina LS, Tsonev T, Guleva EI. The effect of pretreatment with proline on the response of Pisum sativum to salt stress. Photoynthetica 1993; 29:521 - 7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itai C, Paleg LG. Responses of water-stressed Hordeum distichum L. and Cucumis sativus to proline and betaine. Plant Sci Lett 1982; 25:329 - 35; 10.1016/0304-4211(82)90163-8
   Google Scholar
• Botha FC, Potgieter GP, Botha AM. Respiratory metabolism and gene expression during seed germination. Plant Growth Regul 1992; 11:211 - 24; 10.1007/BF00024560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty K. Role of proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway in biosynthesis of plant phenolics for functional food and environmental applications: a review. Process Biochem 2004; 39:789 - 804; 10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00088-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posmyk MM, Janas KM. Effects of seed hydropriming in presence of exogenous proline on chilling injury limitation in Vigna radiata L. seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 2007; 29:509 - 17; 10.1007/s11738-007-0061-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster BD, Leopold AC. The ultrastructure of dry and imbibed cotyledons of soybean. Am J Bot 1977; 64:1286 - 93; 10.2307/2442492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin KL, Kuo SJ. Chilling-induced lipid degradation in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L. cv Hybrid C) fruit. Plant Physiol 1989; 90:1049 - 56; 10.1104/pp.90.3.1049; PMID: 16666850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Swaaij AC, Jacobsen E, Feenstra WJ. Effect of cold hardening, wilting and exogenously applied proline on leaf proline content and frost tolerance of several genotypes of Solanum.. Physiol Plant 1985; 64:230 - 6; 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02341.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alia, Saradhi PP. Proline accumulation under heavy metal stress. J Plant Physiol 1991; 138:554 - 8; 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)80240-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talanova VV, Titov AF, Boeva NP. Effect of increasing concentrations of lead and cadmium on cucumber seedlings. Biol Plant 2000; 43:441 - 4; 10.1023/A:1026735603890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farago ME, Mullen WA. Plants which accumulate metals. IV. A possible copper-proline complex from the roots of Armeria maritime.. Inorg Chim Acta 1979; 32:L93 - 4; 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)91627-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Knecht JA, Van Dillen M, Koevoets PLM, Schat H, Verkleij JAC, Ernst WHO. Phytochelatins in cadmium-sensitive and cadmium-tolerant Silene vulgaris.. Plant Physiol 1994; 104:255 - 61; PMID: 12232077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Yin H, Li X. Protective effects of proline against cadmium toxicity in micropropagated hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum L. Plant Cell Rep 2009; 28:325 - 33; 10.1007/s00299-008-0643-5; PMID: 19043719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal M, Sharma S, Kaur N, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, et al. Exogenous proline application reduces phytotoxic effects of selenium by minimising oxidative stress and improves growth in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:354 - 67; 10.1007/s12011-010-8699-9; PMID: 20455031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnoff N, Stewart GR. Nitrogen assimilation and zinc toxicity to zinc-tolerant and non-tolerant clones of Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. New Phytol 1987; 107:671 - 80; 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00905.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma SS, Schat H, Vooijs R. In vitro alleviation of heavy metal-induced enzyme inhibition by proline. Phytochemistry 1998; 49:1531 - 5; 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00282-9; PMID: 11711061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastori R, Petrović M, Petrović N. Effect of excess lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc on water relations in sunflower. J Plant Nutr 1992; 15:2427 - 39; 10.1080/01904169209364485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J-T, Chang S-C, Chen K-S. Enhancement of intracellular proline level in cells of Anacystis nidulans (cyanobacteria) exposed to deleterious concentrations of copper. J Phycol 1995; 31:376 - 9; 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1995.00376.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J-T, Hsieh M-T, Kow L-C. Role of proline accumulation in response to toxic copper in Chlorella sp. (chlorophyceae) cells. J Phycol 1998; 34:113 - 7; 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340113.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen AL, Feldner HC, Rosendahl L. Effect of proline on nitrogenase activity in symbiosomes from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max L.) subjected to drought stress. J Exp Bot 1996; 47:1533 - 9; 10.1093/jxb/47.10.1533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuma E, Soeda K, Tada M, Murata Y. Exogenous proline mitigates the inhibition of growth of Nicotiana tabacum cultured cells under saline conditions. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2000; 46:257 - 63; 10.1080/00380768.2000.10408781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Dubey RS. Modulation of nitrate reductase activity in rice seedlings under aluminium toxicity and water stress: role of osmolytes as enzyme protectant. J Plant Physiol 2005; 162:854 - 64; 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.09.011; PMID: 16146311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl DH, Kennelly EJ, Zhu Y, Schubert KR, Shearer G. Proline accumulation, nitrogenase (C2H2 reducing) activity and activities of enzymes related to proline metabolism in drought-stressed soybean nodules. J Exp Bot 1991; 42:831 - 7; 10.1093/jxb/42.7.831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krall JP, Edwards GE, Andreo CS. Protection of pyruvate, Pi dikinase from maize against cold lability by compatible solutes. Plant Physiol 1989; 89:280 - 5; 10.1104/pp.89.1.280; PMID: 16666527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paleg LG, Doughlas TJ, Van Daal A, Keech DB. Proline and betaine protect enzymes against heat inactivation. Aust J Plant Physiol 1981; 8:107 - 14
   Google Scholar
• Schobert B. Is there an osmotic regulatory mechanism in algae and higher plants?. J Theor Biol 1977; 68:17 - 26; 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90224-7; PMID: 916702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janas KM, Cvikrova M, Palagiewicz A, Eder J. Alterations in phenylpropanoid content in soybean roots daring low temperature acclimation. Plant Physiol Biochem 2000; 38:587 - 93; 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00778-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty P, Atallah MT, Shetty K. Enhancement of total phenolic, L-DOPA and proline contents in germinating faba bean (Vicia faba) in response to bacterial elicitors. Food Biotechnol 2001; 15:47 - 67; 10.1081/FBT-100103894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali G, Srivastava PS, Iqbal M. Proline accumulation, protein pattern and photosynthesis in bacopa monniera regenerants grown under NaCl stress. Biol Plant 1999; 42:89 - 95; 10.1023/A:1002127711432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf M. Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 1994; 13:17 - 42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu SY, Hsu YT, Kao CH. The effect of polyethylene glycol on proline accumulation in rice leaves. Biol Plant 2003; 46:73 - 8; 10.1023/A:1022362117395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishor PBK, Sangam S, Amrutha RN, Laxmi PS, Naidu KR, Rao K, et al. Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: Its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Curr Sci 2005; 88:424 - 38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oztürk L, Demir Y. In vivo and in vitro protective role of proline. Plant Growth Regul 2002; 38:259 - 64; 10.1023/A:1021579713832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rains DW, Hamlyn G. Jones TJF, Jones MB. Plant tissue and protoplast culture: applications to stress physiology and biochemistry Plants under Stress. Cambridge University Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes D, Verslues PE, Sharp RE. Role of amino acids in abiotic stress resistance. In: Singh BK, ed. Plant Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Biotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999:319-56.
   Google Scholar
• Singh TN, Aspinall D, Paleg LG. Proline accumulation and varietal adaptability to drought in barley: a potential metabolic measure of drought resistance. Nat New Biol 1972; 236:188 - 90; PMID: 4503738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai VK. Role of amino acids in plant responses to stresses. Biol Plant 2002; 45:481 - 7; 10.1023/A:1022308229759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanower P, Brzozowska J. Effects of osmotic stress on composition of free amino acids in cotton leaves. Phytochem 1975; 14:1691 - 4; 10.1016/0031-9422(75)85275-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slukhai SI, Shvedova OE. Dynamics of free amino acid contents in maize plants in connection with soil water regimes. Fizio Biokhim kul’t Rast 1972; 4:151 - 6
   Google Scholar
• Thakur PS, Rai VK. Dynamics of amino acid accutnulation in two differentially drought resistant Zea mays cultivars in response to osmotic stress. Environ Exp Bot 1982; 22:221 - 6; 10.1016/0098-8472(82)90042-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CW, Lin CC, Kao CH. Proline, ornithine, arginine and glutamic acid contents in detached rice leaves. Biol Plant 2000; 43:305 - 7; 10.1023/A:1002733117506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur P, Rai V. Exogenously supplied amino acids and water deficits in Zea mays cultivars. Biol Plant 1985; 27:458 - 61; 10.1007/BF02894717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai VK, Sharma UD. Amino acids can modulate ABA induced stomatal closure, stomatal resistance and K+ fluxes in Vicia faba leaves. Beitr Biol Pflanzenphysiol 1991; 66:393 - 405
   Google Scholar
• Rai VK, Kumari A. Modulation of membrane permeability by amino acids in Vinca major.. Experientia (Basel) 1983; 39:301 - 3; 10.1007/BF01955316
   Google Scholar
• Rana U, Rai VK. Modulation of calcium uptake by exogenous amino acids in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 1996; 18:117 - 20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos MA, Camara R, Rodriguez P, Glaparols I, Torne JM. Influence of exogenous maize callus subjects to salt stress. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 1996; 47:59 - 65; 10.1007/BF02318966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfi G, Koves F, Bito M, Sebestyen R. The role of amino acids during water stress in species accumulating proline. Phyton Intl J Exp Bot 1974; 32:121 - 7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez E, Garcia PC, López-Lefebre LR, Rivero RM, Ruiz JM, Romero L. Proline metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency in French Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Strike). Plant Growth Regul 2002; 36:261 - 5; 10.1023/A:1016583430792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer B. Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycinebetaine on growth of salt-stressed tomato plants. Plant Sci 2003; 165:693 - 9; 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00222-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare PD, Cress WA, van Staden J. The effects of exogenous proline and proline analogues on in vitro shoot organogenesis in Arabidopsis.. Plant Growth Regul 2001; 34:203 - 7; 10.1023/A:1013326526875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare PD. A regulatory role for proline metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynth. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• García-Ríos M, Fujita T, LaRosa PC, Locy RD, Clithero JM, Bressan RA, et al. Cloning of a polycistronic cDNA from tomato encoding γ-glutamyl kinase and γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:8249 - 54; 10.1073/pnas.94.15.8249; PMID: 9223347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang CS, Lu Q, Verma DP. Removal of feedback inhibition of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the first two steps of proline biosynthesis in plants. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20491 - 6; 10.1074/jbc.270.35.20491; PMID: 7657626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez MM, Heyser JW. Growth inhibition by exogenous proline and its metabolism in saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 1988; 7:305 - 8; 10.1007/BF00269924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SL, Kao CH. Cadmium induced changes in proline level and peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 1995; 17:67 - 71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanjo T, Fujita M, Seki M, Kato T, Tabata S, Shinozaki K. Toxicity of free proline revealed in an arabidopsis T-DNA-tagged mutant deficient in proline dehydrogenase. Plant Cell Physiol 2003; 44:541 - 8; 10.1093/pcp/pcg066; PMID: 12773641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar