CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED SUBALPINE CATCHMENTS IN THE SOUTHERN INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

References

• Baron , J. 1992 . “Biogeochemical Fluxes,” in: “Biogeochemistry of a Subalpine Ecosystem, Loch Vale Watershed.” . In Ecological Studies Vol. 90 , New York : Springer-Verlag . : 218–231
   Google Scholar
• Binkley , D. and Brown , T. C. 1993 . “Forest Practices as Nonpoint Sources of Pollution in North America.” . Water Resources Bulletin. , 29 ( 5 ) : 729 – 740 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. H. , Clow , D. W. , Ingersoll , G. P. , Mast , M. A. , Spahr , N. E. and Turk , J. T. 1995 . “Nitrogen Deposition and Release in Alpine Watersheds, Loch Vale, Colorado, USA,” . In Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments , IAHS Publ. 228 Edited by: Tonnessen , Williams and Tranter . 243 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , J. D. 1982 . Upper Penticton Creek Experimental Watershed Study. Kamloops Region, B.C. Ministry of Forests and Lands
   Google Scholar
• Christophersen , N. , Robson , A , Neal , C. , Whitehead , P. G. , Vigerust , B. and Henriksen , A. 1990 . “Evidence for Long-term Deterioration of Streamwater Chemistry and Soil Acidification at the Birkenes Catchment, Southern Norway.” . Journal Hydrology. , 116 : 63 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Claridge , G. C.C. 1975 . “Transit Time: a Factor Affecting Element Balances in Small Catchments.” . New Zealand Journal Science. , 18 : 294 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell , J. C. 1992 . “Cation Export from Alaskan Arctic Watersheds.” . Hydrobiologia , 240 : 15 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronan , C. S. , Reiners , W. A. , Reynolds , R. C. Jr. and Lang , G. E. 1978 . “Forest Floor Leaching: Contributions from Mineral, Organic, and Carbonic Acids in New Hampshire Subalpine Forests.” . Science , 200 : 309 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning , A. S. , Baron , J. , Mast , M. A. and Arthur , M. 1992 . “Hydrological Pathways and Chemical Composition of Runoff During Snowmelt in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A.” . Water Air Soil Pollution. , 59 : 107 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• English , M. C. , Jeffries , D. S. , Foster , N. W. , Semkin , R. G. and Hazlett , P. W. 1986 . “A Premilinary Assessment of the Chemical and Hydrological Interaction of Acidic Snowmelt Water with the Terrestrial Portion of a Canadian Shield Catchment.” . Water Air Soil Pollution. , 31 ( 1/2 ) : 27 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeze , R. A. and Cherry , J. C. 1979 . Groundwater Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall . U.S.A
   Google Scholar
• Feller , M. C. 1977 . “Nutrient Movement Through Western Hemlock - Western Redcedar Ecosystems in Southwestern British Columbia.” . Ecology , 58 : 1269 – 1283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feller , M. C. and Kimmins , J. P. 1979 . “Chemical Characteristics of Small Streams near Haney, British Columbia.” . Water Resources Research. , 15 ( 2 ) : 247 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederiksen , R. L. 1972 . “Nutrient Budget of a Doulgas-Fir Forest on an Experimental Watershed in Western Oregon,” . Proceedings: Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems - A Symposium , : 115 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Garrels , R. M. and MacKenzie , F. T. 1967 . “ Origin of the Chemical Compositions of some Springs and Lakesw.” . In Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems; Advances in Chemistry Series 67 Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , R. J. 1970 . “Mechanisms Controlling World Water Chemistry.” . Science , 170 : 1088 – 1090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjessing , E. T. , Henriksen , A. , Johanessen , M. and Wright , R. F. 1976 . “Effects of Acid Precipitation On Fresh Water Chemistry. Impact of Acid Precipitation on Forest and Freshwater Ecosystems in Norway.” . In Fr6176: 65–85. SNSF Project, Oslo
   Google Scholar
• Hazlett , P. W. , English , M. C. and Foster , N. W. 1992 . “Ion Enrichment of Snowmelt Water by Processes Within a Podzolic Soil.” . Journal Environmental Quality. , 21 ( 1 ) : 102 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Hendershot , W. H. , Mendes , L. , Lalonde , H. , Courchesne , F. and Savoie , S. 1992 . “Soil and Stream Water Chemistry During Spring Snowmelt.” . Nordic Hydrology. , 23 : 13 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , G. S. , Swank , W. T. , Waide , J. B. and Grier , C. C. 1978 . “Nutrient Budgets of Appalachian and Cascade Region Watersheds: a Comparison.” . Forest Science. , 24 ( 3 ) : 385 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. O. 1995 . The Response of Water Chemistry to Hydrological Conditions and Flow Paths under Different Forest Cover Types in Small Subalpine Catchments. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. O. and Golding , D. L. 1997 . “Controls on Groundwater Chemistry in Subalpine Catchments in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.” . In Journal Hydrology, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. O. and Quick , M. C. 1997 . “A Component Based Water Chemistry Simulator for Small Subalpine Watersheds.” . Canadian Water Resources Journal. , 22 ( 3 ) : 299 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacks , G. and Paces , T. 1987 . “Chemical Changes in Acid Runoff Along its Pathway Through Granitic Minicatchments.” . In International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways Bolkesjo , , Norway
   Google Scholar
• Jeffries , D. S. , Kelso , J. R.M. and Morrison , I. K. 1988 . “Physical Chemical and Biological Characteristics of the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Ontario.” . Canadian Journal Fisheries Aquatic Science. , 45 : Supp1 3
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. H. and Reynolds , R. C. Jr . 1977 . “Chemical Character of Headwater Streams in Vermont and New Hampshire.” . Water Resources Research. , 13 ( 2 ) : 469 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Kendall , C. , Campbell , D. H. , Burns , D. A. , Shanley , J. B. , Silva , S. R. and Chang , C. C.Y. 1995 . “Tracing Sources of Nitrate in Snowmelt Runoff Using the Oxygen and Nitrogen Isotopic Compositions of Nitrate,” . In Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments , IAHS Publ. 228 Edited by: Tonnessen , Williams and Tranter . 339 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Krajina , V. J. 1969 . “Ecology of Forest Trees in British Columbia.” . Ecology Western North America. , 2 : 1 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Kozak , A. 1970 . “A Simple Method to Test Parallelism and Coincidence for Curvilinear, Multiple Linear and Multiple Curvilinear Regressions.” Prepared for the ” . In 3rd Conference of the Advisory Group of Forest Statisticians, Section 25, I.U.F.R.O., Jouy-en-Joses, France, September 7–11, 1970
   Google Scholar
• Likens , G. E. , Bormann , F. H. , Johnson , N. M. , Fisher , D. W. and Pierce , R. S. 1970 . “Effects of Forest Cutting and Herbicide Treatment On Nutrient Budgets in the Hubbard Brook Watershed-Ecosystem.” . Ecological Monographs , 40 : 23 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Likens , G. E. and Bormann , F. H. 1995 . Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem, , 2nd Edition New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Likens , G. E. , Bormann , F. H. , Pierce , R. S. and Reiners , W. A. 1978 . “Recovery of a Deforested Ecosystem.” . Science , 199 : 492 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linsley , R. K. and Franzini , J. B. 1979 . Water Resources Engineering New York : McGraw-Hill Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , C. W. , Noel , D. S. and Federer , C. A. 1984 . “Effects of Forest Clearcutting in New England on Stream Chemistry.” . Journal Environmental Quality. , 13 : 204 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , R. B. 1968 . “Flows and Cycles of Macro- and Micro-Elements in a Forest Soil and its Environment.” . Transactions International Congress Soil Science. , 9 ( 4 ) : 232 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson , J. A. , Craig , D. and Foster , N. W. 1987 . “Precipitation, Surface and Subsurface Water Chemistry in a Tolerant Hardwood Forest Basin.” . In International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways Bolkesjo , , Norway
   Google Scholar
• Nodvin , S. C. , Driscoll , C. T. and Likens , G. E. 1988 . “Soil Processes and Sulfate Loss at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.” . Biogeochemistry. , 5 ( 2 ) : 185 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Paces , T. 1986 . “Weathering Rates of Gneiss and Depletion of Exchangeable Cations in Soils under Environmental Acidification.” . Journal Geological Society. , 143 : 673 – 677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson , D. L. 1985 . U-Pb Geochronometry and Regional Geology of the Southern Okanagan Valley, B.C.: The Western Boundary of a Metamorphic Core Complex. M.Sc. thesis, U.B.C., Vancouver, B.C
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , R. A. and Stewart , K. M. 1990 . “Longitudinal and Seasonal Variations in a Northern Appalachian Stream.” . Water Resources Bulletin. , 26 ( 3 ) : 489 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , D. C. , MacLeod , D. A. and Cressen , M. S. 1981 . “Factors Affecting the Chemistry of Precipitation And River Water in an Upland Catchment.” . Journal Hydrology. , 50 : 129 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler , D. W. , Newbury , R. W. , Beaty , K. G. and Campbell , P. 1976 . “Natural Water and Chemical Budgets for a Small Precambrian Lake Basin in Central Canada.” . In Journal Fisheries Research Board 2526 – 2543 . Canada 33
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener , J. C. 1975 . Water, Water Chemistry and Hydrochemical Balance of Dissolved Ions in Carnation Creek Watershed Vancouver Island, July 1971- May 1974. Tech. Rep 564 Environment Canada Nanaimo B.C
   Google Scholar
• Seip , H. M. 1980 . “Acidification of Freshwaters - Sources and Mechanisms.” . In Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation Edited by: Drablos , D. and Tollan , A. 358 – 365 . Oslo. : SNSF project .
   Google Scholar
• Stottlemeyer , R. and Troendle , C. 1987 . “Trends in Streamwater Chemistry and Input Output Balances, Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado.” USDA Forest Service Research Paper. RM-275
   Google Scholar
• Swank , W. T. and Douglass , J. E. 1975 . “Nutrient Flux in Undisturbed and Manipulated Forest Ecosystems in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.” . I.A.S.H. Publ. , 117 : 445 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Swank , W. T. 1988 . “Stream Chemistry Responses to Disturbance,” . In Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta Edited by: Swank , W. T. and Crossley , D. A. Jr . New York : Springer-Verlag . (Ecological Studies66: 339–357
   Google Scholar
• Thorne , J. F. , Anderson , J. E. and Horiuchi , K. M. 1988 . “Cation Cycling in a Base-poor and Base-rich Northern Hardwood Forest Ecosystem.” . Journal Environmental Quality. , 17 : 95 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek , P. M. 1977 . “The Regulation of Element Concentrations in Mountain Streams in the Northeastern United States.” . Ecological Monographs , 47 : 65 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , D. C. 1977 . Chemical Variation in a Small Mountain Watershed. M.Sc. thesis, Utah State University
   Google Scholar
• Zeman , L. J. 1973 . Chemistry of Troposheric Fallout and Streamflow in a Small Mountainous Watershed Near Vancouver, British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, U.B.C., Vancouver, B.C
   Google Scholar