2,775
Views
86
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Hydroclimatology of Western Canada—Review and Prospects

Pages 1-28 | Published online: 23 Jan 2013

References

  • Alexander , M. A. , Matrosova , L. , Penland , C. , Scott , J. and Chang , P. 2008 . Forecasting Pacific SSTs: Linear inverse model predictions of the PDO. . Journal of Climate , 21 ( 2 ) : 385 – 402 .
  • Barlow , M. , Nigam , S. and Berbery , E. H. 2001 . ENSO, Pacific decadal variability, and U.S. summertime precipitation, drought, and stream flow. . Journal of Climate , 14 : 2105 – 2118 .
  • Beamish , R. J. 1993 . Climate and exceptional fish production off the west coast of North America. . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 2270 – 2291 .
  • Beebee , R. A. and Manga , M. 2004 . Variation in the relationship between snowmelt runoff in Oregon and ENSO and PDO. . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 40 : 1011 – 1024 .
  • Benson , L. , Linsley , B. , Smoot , J. , Mensing , S. , Lund , S. , Stine , S. and Sarna-Wojcicki , A. 2003 . Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the climate of the Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada. . Quaternary Research , 59 : 151 – 159 .
  • Biondi , F. , Gershunov , A. and Cayan , D. R. 2001 . North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661. . Journal of Climate , 14 : 5 – 10 .
  • Bitz , C. M. and Battisti , D. S. 1999 . Interannual to decadal varability in climate and the glacier mass balance in Washington, Western Canada, and Alaska. . Journal of Climate , 12 : 3181 – 3196 .
  • Bond , N. A. and Harrison , D. E. 2000 . The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, air-sea interaction and central north Pacific winter atmospheric regimes. . Geophysical Research Letters , 27 ( 5 ) : 731 – 734 .
  • Bond , N. A. , Overland , J. E. , Spillane , M. and Stabeno , P. 2003 . Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific. . Geophysical Research Letters , 30 2183doi:10.1029/2003GL018597
  • Bonsal , B. R. and Lawford , R. G. 1999 . Teleconnections between El Niño and La Niña events and summer extended dry spells on the Canadian prairies. . International Journal of Climatology , 19 : 1445 – 1458 .
  • Bonsal , B. R. , Shabbar , A. and Higuchi , K. 2001 . Impacts of low frequency variability modes on Canadian winter temperature. . International Journal of Climatology , 21 : 95 – 108 .
  • Bonsal , B. R. , Prowse , T. D. , Duguay , C. R. and Lacroix , M. P. 2006 . Impacts of large-scale teleconnections on freshwater-ice break/freeze- up dates over Canada. . Journal of Hydrology , 330 : 340 – 353 .
  • Bowling , L. C. , Storck , P. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 2000 . Hydrologic effects of logging in western Washington, United States. . Water Resources Research , 36 ( 11 ) : 3223 – 3240 .
  • Brabets , T. P. and Walvoord , M. A. 2009 . Trends in streamflow in the Yukon River basin from 1944–2005 and the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. . Journal of Hydrology , 371 : 108 – 119 .
  • Brito-Castillo , L. , Diaz-Castro , S. , Salinas-Zavala , C. A. and Douglas , A. V. 2003 . Reconstruction of long- term winter streamflow in the Gulf of California continental watershed. . Journal of Hydrology , 278 : 39 – 50 .
  • Brown , R. D. and Goodison , B. E. 1996 . Journal of Climate , 9 : 1299 – 1318 . Interannual variability in reconstructed Canadian snow cover,1915, -1992
  • Bum , D. H. 2008 . Climatic influences on streamflow timing in the headwaters of the Mackenzie River Basin. . Journal of Hydrology , 352 : 225 – 238 .
  • Burn , D. H. , Cunderlik , J. M. and Pietroniro , A. 2004 . Hydrological trends and variability in the Liard River basin. . Hydrological Sciences Journal , 49 : 5367
  • Cayan , D. R. , Kammerdiener , S. A. , Dettinger , M. D. , Caprio , J. M. and Peterson , D. H. 2001 . Changes in the onset of spring in the western United States. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 82 : 399 – 415 . DOI: 10.1175/1520- 0477(2001)082<0399:CIT00S>2.3.C0;2
  • Ceballos , L. I. , Di Lorenzo , E. , Hoyos , C. D. , Schneider , N. and Taguchi , B. 2009 . North Pacific Gyre Oscillation synchronizes climate fluctuations in the eastern and western boundary systems. . Journal of Climate , 22 : 5163 – 5174 .
  • Changnon , D. , McKee , T. B. and Doesken , N. J. 1993 . Annual snowpack patterns across the Rockies: Long-term trends and associated 500-mb synoptic patterns. . Monthly Weather Review , 121 : 633 – 647 .
  • Chen , Z. and Grasby , S. E. 2009 . Impact of decadal and century-scale oscillations on hydroclimate trend analyses. . Journal of Hydrology , 365 : 122 – 133 .
  • D'Arrigo , R. and Wilson , R. 2006 . On the Asian expression of the PDO. . International Journal of Climatology , 26 : 1607 – 1617 .
  • Dettinger , M. D. and Diaz , H. F. 2000 . Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability. . Journal of Hydrometeorology , 1 ( 4 ) : 289 – 310 .
  • Dettinger , M. D. , Cayan , D. R. , McCabe , G. J. and Marengo , J. A. 2000 . “ Multiscale streamflow variability associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation ” . In El Niño and the Southern Oscillation—Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts Edited by: Diaz , H. F. and Markgraf , V. 113 – 147 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Dery , S. J. and Wood , E. F. 2005 . Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada. . Geophysical Research Letters , 32 : L10401 doi:10.1029/2005GL022845
  • Di Lorenzo , E. , Schneider , N. , Cobb , K. M. , Franks , P. J. S. , Chhak , K. , Miller , A. J. , McWilliams , J. C. , Borgard , S. J. , Arango , H. , Curchitser , E. , Powell , T. M. and Reviere , P. 2008 . North Pacific Gyre Oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change. . Geophysical Research Letters , 35 : L08607 doi:10.1029/2007GL032838
  • Duguay , C. R. , Prowse , T. D. , Bonsal , B. R. , Brown , R. D. , Lacroix , M. P. and Menard , P. 2006 . Recent trends in Canadian lake ice cover. . Hydrological Processes , 20 : 781 – 801 .
  • Ellis , A. W. , Goodrich , G. B. and Garfin , G. M. 2010 . A hydroclimatic index for examining patterns of drought in the Colorado River basin. . International Journal of Climatology , 30 : 236 – 255 . DOI: 10.1002/joc.1882
  • Fleming , S. W. 2008 . Approximate record length constraints for experimental identification of dynamical fractals. . Annalen der Physik , 17 : 955969
  • Fleming , S. W. and Moore , R. D. 2008 . Local-scale controls on hydrologic responses to climatic variability. . CMOS Bulletin , 36 : 15 – 19 .
  • Fleming , S. W. and Whitfield , P. H. 2010 . “ Exploratory spatiotemporal mapping of ENSO and PDO surface meteorological signals in British Columbia, Yukon, and southeast Alaska ” . In Atmosphere-Ocean In Press
  • Fleming , S. W. , Moore , R. D. and Clarke , G. K. C. 2006 . Glacier-mediated streamflow teleconnections to the Arctic Oscillation. . International Journal of Climatology , 26 : 619 – 636 .
  • Fleming , S. W. , Whitfield , P. H. , Moore , R. D. and Quilty , E. J. 2007 . Regime-dependent streamflow sensitivities to Pacific climate modes across the Georgia-Puget transboundary ecoregion. . Hydrological Processes , 21 : 3264 – 3287 .
  • Francis , R. C. and Hare , S. R. 1994 . Decadal-scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific: A case for historical science. . Fisheries Oceanography , 3 : 279 – 291 .
  • Francis , R. C. , Hare , S. R. , Hollowed , A. B. and Wooster , W. S. 1998 . Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the NE Pacific. . Fisheries Oceanography , 7 : 1 – 21 .
  • Gedalof , Z. and Smith , D. J. 2001 . Interdecadal climate variability and regime-scale shifts in Pacific North America. . Geophysical Research Letters , 28 : 1515 – 1518 .
  • Gedalof , Z. , Mantua , N. J. and Peterson , D. L. 2002 . A multi-century perspective of variability in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: New insights from tree rings and coral. . Geophysical Research Letters , 29 : 2204 doi:10.1029/2002GL015824
  • Gershunov , A. and Barnett , T. P. 1998 . Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 79 : 2715 – 2725 .
  • Gobena , A. and Gan , T. 2006 . Low-frequency variability in south western Canadian streamflow: Links to large-scale climate anomalies. . International Journal of Climatology , 26 : 18431869
  • Gutzler , D. S. , Kann , D. M. and Thornbrugh , C. 2002 . Modulation of ENSO-based long-lead outlooks of southwestern U.S. winter precipitation by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. . Weather and Forecasting , 17 : 1163 – 1172 .
  • Hamlet , A. F. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 1999 . Columbia River streamflow forecasting based on ENSO and PDO climate signals. . Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management , 125 : 333 – 341 .
  • Hamlet , A. F. , Mote , P. W. , Clark , M. P. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 2005 . Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the western United States. . Journal of Climate , 18 ( 21 ) : 4545 – 4561 .
  • Hanson , R. T. , Newhouse , M. W. and Dettinger , M. D. 2004 . A methodology to asess relations between climatic variability and variations in hydrologic time series in the southwestern United States. . Journal of Hydrology , 287 : 252 – 269 .
  • Hare , S. R. 1996 . Low-frequency climate variability and salmon production. Ph.D. thesis Seattle : University of Washington . 306p
  • Hare , S. R. and Francis , R. C. 1995 . “ Climate change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean ” . In Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , Ocean climate and northern fish populations Edited by: Beamish , R. J. Vol. 121 , 357 – 372 .
  • Hare , S. R. and Mantua , N. J. 2000 . Empirical evidence for northeast Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. . Progress in Oceanography , 47 ( 2–4 ) : 103 – 145 .
  • Hare , S. R. , Mantua , N. J. and Francis , R. C. 1999 . Inverse production regimes: Alaskan and West Coast Salmon. . Fisheries , 24 ( 1 ) : 6 – 14 .
  • Harshburger , B. , Ye , H. and Dzialoski , J. 2002 . Observational evidence of the influence of Pacific SSTs on winter precipitation and spring stream discharge in Idaho. . Journal of Hydrology , 264 : 157169
  • Hartmann , B. and Wendler , G. 2005 . Pacific climate shift on the climatology of Alaska. . Journal of Climate , 18 : 4824 – 4839 . The significance of the1976
  • Hessl , A. E. , McKenzie , D. and Schellhaas , R. 2004 . Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the inland Pacific Northwest. . Ecological Applications , 14 ( 2 ) : 425 – 442 .
  • Hidalgo , H. G. and Dracup , J. A. 2003 . ENSO and PDO effects on hydoclimate variations of the Upper Colorado River basin. . Journal of Hydrometeorology , 4 : 5 – 23 .
  • Hodge , S. M. , Trabant , D. C. , Krimmel , R. M. , Heinricchs , T. A. , March , R. S. and Josberger , E. G. 1998 . Climatic variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America. . Journal of Climate , 11 : 2161 – 2179 .
  • Hodgkins , G. A. 2009 . (1977–2006) of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: The influence of glaciers. . Water Resources Research , 45 : W06502 Streamflow changes in Alaska between the cool phase (1947–1976) and the warm phase:, doi:10.1029/2008WR007575
  • Hsieh , W. W. 2007 . Nonlinear principal component analysis of noisy data. . Neural Networks , 20 : 434 – 443 .
  • Jain , S. and Lall , U. 2000 . Magnitude and timing of annual maximum floods: trends and large-scale climatic associations for the Blacksmith Fork River, Utah. . Water Resources Research , 36 ( 12 ) : 3641 – 3651 .
  • Jain , S. and Lall , U. 2001 . Floods in a changing climate: Does the past represent the future? . Water Resources Research , 37 ( 12 ) : 3193 – 3205 .
  • Josberger , E. G. , Bidlake , W. R. , March , R. S. and Kennedy , B. W. 2007 . Glacier mass-balance fluctuations in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA. . Annals of Glaciology , 46 : 291 – 296 .
  • Kaplan , A. , Kushnir , Y. and Cane , M. A. 2000 . Reduced Space Optimal Interpolation of historical marine sea level pressure: 1854–1992. . Journal of Climate , 13 : 2987 – 3002 .
  • Kiem , A. S. , Franks , S. W. and Kuczera , G. 2002 . Multi- decadal variability of flood risk. . Geophysical Research Letters , 30 : 1035 doi:10.1029/2002GL015992
  • Kiffney , P. M. , Bull , J. P. and Feller , M. C. 2002 . Climatic and hydrologic variability in a coastal watershed of southwestern British Columbia. . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 38 ( 5 ) : 1437 – 1451 .
  • Knox , J. L. and Lawford , R. G. 1990 . The relationship between Canadian prairie dry and wet months and circulation anomalies in the mid-troposphere. . Atmosphere-Ocean , 28 ( 2 ) : 189 – 215 .
  • Linkin , M. E. and Nigam , S. 2008 . The North Pacific Oscillation-West Pacific teleconnection pattern: Mature-phase structure and winter impacts. . Journal of Climate , 21 : 1979 – 1997 .
  • Litzow , M. A. 2006 . Climate regime shifts and community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska: How do recent shifts compare with 1976/1977? . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 63 : 1386 – 1396 .
  • Loik , M. E. , Breshears , D. D. , Laurenroth , W. K. and Belnap , J. 2004 . A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems: Climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA. . Oecologia , 141 : 269 – 281 .
  • Lorenz , E. N. 1963 . Deterministic nonperiodic flow. . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 20 : 130 – 141 .
  • Mantua , N. J. and Hare , S. R. 2002 . The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. . Journal of Oceanography , 58 : 35 – 44 .
  • Mantua , N. J. , Hare , S. R. , Zhang , Y. , Wallace , J. M. and Francis , R. C. 1997 . A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 78 : 1069 – 1079 .
  • McCabe , G. J. and Dettinger , M. J. 1999 . Decadal variations in the strength of ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western United States. . International Journal of Climatology , 18 : 1399 – 1410 .
  • McCabe , G. J. and Dettinger , M. J. 2002 . Primary modes and predictability of year-to-year snowpack variations in the western United states from teleconnections with Pacific Ocean climate. . Journalof Hydrometeorology , 3 : 13 – 25 .
  • McCabe , G. J. , Palecki , M. A. and Betancourt , J. L. 2004 . Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States. . PNAS , 101 ( 12 ) : 4136 – 4141 .
  • Miller , A. J. and Schneider , N. 2000 . Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific Ocean: Theories, observations and ecosystem impacts. . Progress in Oceanography , 47 : 355 – 379 .
  • Minobe , S. 1997 . A 50–70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America. . Geophysical Research Letters , 24 ( 6 ) : 683 – 686 .
  • Minobe , S. 1999 . Resonance in bidecadal and pentadecadal climate oscillations over the North Pacific: Role in climatic regime shifts. . Geophysical Research Letters , 26 ( 7 ) : 855 – 858 .
  • Molnar , P. and Ramirez , J. A. 2001 . Recent trends in precipitation of streamflow in the Rio Puerco basin. . Journal of Climate , 14 : 2317 – 2328 .
  • Moore , R. D. 1991 . Hydrology and water supply in the Fraser River basin , Water in sustainable development: Exploring our common future in the Fraser River Basin (Vancouver: UBC Westwater Research Centre) Edited by: Dorcey , A. H. J. and Griggs , J. R. 21 – 40 .
  • Moore , R. D. 1996 . Snowpack and runoff responses to climatic variations, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. . Northwest Science , 70 : 321 – 333 .
  • Moore , R. D. and Demuth , M. N. 2001 . Mass balance and streamflow variability at Place Glacier, Canada, in relation to recent climate fluctuations. . Hydrological Processes , 15 : 3473 – 3486 .
  • Moore , R. D. and McKendry , I. G. 1996 . Spring snowpack anomaly patterns and winter climatic variability, British Columbia, Canada. . Water Resources Research , 32 ( 3 ) : 623 – 632 .
  • Moore , R. D. and Scott , D. F. 2005 . Camp Creek revisited: Streamflow changes following salvage harvesting in a medium-sized, snowmelt-dominated catchment. . Canadian Water Resources Journal , 30 : 331 – 344 .
  • Moore , R. D. , Fleming , S. W. , Menounos , B. , Wheate , R. , Fountain , A. , Stahl , K. , Holm , K. and Jakob , M. 2009 . Glacier change in western North America: Influences on hydrology, geomorphic hazards and water quality. . Hydrological Processes , 23 : 42 – 61 .
  • Mote , P. W. 2003 . Trends in snow water equivalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes. . Geophysical Research Letters , 30 : 1601 doi:10.1029/2003GL017258
  • Neal , E. G. , Walter , M. T. and Coffeen , C. 2002 . Linking the Pacific Decadal Oscillation to seasonal stream discharge patterns in Southeast Alaska. . Journal of Hydrology , 263 : 188 – 197 .
  • Newman , M. , Compo , G. P. and Alexander , M. A. 2003 . ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. . Journal of Climate , 16 ( 23 ) : 3853 – 3857 .
  • Overland , J. E. and Wang , M. 2007 . Future climate of the North Pacific Ocean. . EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union , 88 doi:10.1029/2007EO160003, 2007
  • Overland , J. E. , Salo , S. and Adams , J. M. 1999 . Salinity signature of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. . Geophysical Research Letters , 26 : 9 doi:10.1029/1999GL900241
  • Overland , J. E. , Percival , D. B. and Mofjeld , H. O. 2006 . Regime shifts and red noise in the North Pacific. . Deep-Sea Research , 53 : 582 – 588 .
  • Overland , J. E. , Rodionov , S. , Minobe , S. and Bond , N. 2008 . North Pacific regime shifts: Definitions, issues and recent transitions. . Progress in Oceanography , 77 : 92 – 102 .
  • Papineau , J. M. 2001 . Wintertime temperature anomalies in Alaska correlated with ENSO and PDO. . International Journal of Climatology , 21 : 1577 – 1592 .
  • Pavia , E. G. , Graef , F. and Reyes , J. 2006 . Notes and Correspondence: PDO-ENSO effects in the climate of Mexico. . Journal of Climate , 19 : 6433 – 6438 .
  • Pederson , G. T. , Fagre , D. B. , Gray , S. T. and Graumlich , L. J. 2004 . Decadal-scale climate drivers for glacial dynamics in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. . Geophysical Research Letters , 31 : 12 doi:10.1029/2004GL019770
  • Peterson , D. L. , Silsbee , D. G. and Richmond , K. T. 1999 . Detecting long-term hydrological patterns at Crater Lake, Oregon. . Northwest Science , 73 ( 2 ) : 121 – 130 .
  • Power , S. , Tseitkin , F. , Torok , S. , Lavery , B. , Dahni , R. and McAvaney , B. 1998 . Australian temperature, Australian rainfall, and the Southern Oscillation, 1919–1992: Coherent variability and recent changes. . Australian Meteorological Magazine , 47 : 85 – 101 .
  • Power , S. , Tseitkin , F. , Mehta , V. , Lavery , B. , Torok , S. and Holbrook , N. 1999 . Decadal climate variability in Australia during the twentieth century. . International Journal of Climatology , 19 : 169 – 184 .
  • Praskievicz , S. and Chang , H. 2009 . Winter precipitation intensity and ENSO/PDO variability in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. . International Journal of Climatology , 29 : 2033 – 2039 . DOI: 10.1002/joc.1838
  • Rasmussen , L. A. and Conway , H. 2004 . Climate and glacier variability in western North America. . Journal of Climate , 17 : 1804 – 1815 .
  • Rodenhuis , D. R. , Bennett , K. E. , Werner , A. T. , Murdock , T. Q. and Bronaugh , D. 2009 . Hydro-climatology and future climate impacts in British Columbia. Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria, Victoria BC 132
  • Rodionov , S. N. 2006 . The use of prewhitening in climate regime shift detection . Geophysical Research Letters , 33 : L12707 doi:10.1029/2006GL025904
  • Romolo , L. , Prowse , T. D. , Blair , D. , Bonsal , B. R. and Martz , L. W. 2006a . The synoptic climate controls on hydrology in the upper reaches of the Peace River Basin. Part I: Snow accumulation. . Hydrological Processes , 20 : 4097 – 4111 .
  • Romolo , L. , Prowse , T. D. , Blair , D. , Bonsal , B. R. , Marsh , P. and Martz , L. W. 2006b . The synoptic climate controls on hydrology in the upper reaches of the Peace River Basin. Part II: Snow ablation. . Hydrological Processes , 20 : 4113 – 4129 .
  • Rood , S. B. , Samuelson , G. M. , Weber , J. K. and Wywrot , K. A. 2005 . Twentieth-century decline in streamflows from the hydrological apex of North America. . Journal of Hydrology , 306 : 215 – 233 .
  • Rudnick , D. L. and Davis , R. E. 2003 . Red noise and regime shifts. . Deep-Sea Research , 50 : 691 – 699 .
  • Schneider , N. and Cornuelle , B. D. 2005 . The forcing of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. . Journal of Climate , 18 : 4355 – 4373 .
  • Schiefer , E. , Menounos , B. and Wheate , R. 2007 . Recent volume loss of British Columbian glaciers, Canada. . Geophysical Research Letters , 34 : L16503 doi:10.1029/2007GL03078
  • Shabbar , A. and Bonsal , B. R. 2004 . Associations between low frequency variability modes and winter temperature extremes in Canada. . Atmosphere-Ocean , 42 ( 2 ) : 127 – 140 .
  • Slaymaker , H. O. 1972 . “ Recent fluctuations in the mean discharge of the Fraser River. In: Contemporary Geography: Research Trends ” . In B.C. Geographical Series No. 16. Tantalus, Vancouver, BC
  • Spence , C. 2002 . (1965 to 1998) in five Northwest Territories and Nunavut rivers. . Canadian Water Resources Journal , 27 : 135 – 154 . Streamflow variability
  • Stahl , K. , Moore , R. D. and McKendry , I. G. 2006 . The role of synoptic-scale circulation in the linkage between large-scale ocean-atmosphere indices and winter surface climate in British Columbia, Canada. . International Journal of Climatology , 26 : 541 – 560 . (DOI: 10.1002/joc.1268)
  • Stenseth , N. C. , Ottersen , G. , Hurrell , W. J. , Mysterurd , A. , Lima , M. , Chan , K.-S. , Yoccoz , N. G. and Ådlandsvik. , B. 2003 . Studying climate effects on ecology through the use of climate indices: The North Atlantic oscillation, El Niño southern oscillation and beyond. . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B , 270 : 2087 – 2096 .
  • Trenberth , K. E. 1997 . The definition of El Niño. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 78 ( 12 ) : 2771 – 27777 .
  • Trenberth , K. E. and Hurrell , J. W. 1994 . Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. . Climate Dynamics , 9 : 303 – 319 .
  • Viles , H. A. and Goodie , A. S. 2003 . Interannual, decadal and multidecadal scale climatic variability and geomorphology. . Earth-Science Reviews , 61 : 105 – 131 .
  • Walker , G. T. and Bliss , E. W. 1932 . World Weather V. . Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society , 4 ( 36 ) : 53 – 84 .
  • Wallace , J. M. and Thompson , D. W. J. 2002 . Annular modes and climate prediction. . Physics Today , 55 : 28 – 33 .
  • Wang , G. and Schimel , D. 2003 . Climate change, climate modes, and climate impacts. . Annual Review of Environment and Resources , 28 : 1 – 28 .
  • Wang , J. Y. , Whitfield , P. H. and Cannon , A. J. 2006 . Influence of Pacific climate patterns on low-flows in British Columbia and Yukon, Canada. . Canadian Water Resources Journal , 31 : 25 – 40 .
  • Wu , A. M. , Hsieh , W. W. and Tang , B. Y. 2006 . Neural network forecasts of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures. . Neural Networks , 19 : 145 – 154 . DOI 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.01.004 2006
  • Yarnal , B. 1984 . Synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation over British Columbia in relation to the mass-balance of Sentinel Glacier. . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 74 : 1467375 – 392 .
  • Yeh , S. W. , Kang , Y. J. , Noh , Y. and Miller , A. J. “ What controlled the North Pacific climate transitions of the winters of 1976–77 and 1988–89? ” . In Journal of Climate, submitted Submitted
  • Zhang , Y. 1996 . An observational study of atmosphere-ocean interactions in the northern oceans on interannual and interdecadal time-scales. Ph.D. thesis Seattle : University of Washington . WA
  • Zhang , Y. , Wallace , J. M. and Battisti , D. S. 1997 . ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900–93. . Journal of Climate , 10 : 1004 – 1020 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.