Increased Salinity Tolerance of Cowpea Plants by Dual Inoculation of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus clarum and a Nitrogen-fixer Azospirillum brasilense

References

• Adiku, G., Renger, M., Wessolek, G., Facklam, M. and Hech-Bucholtz, C. 2001. Stimulation of dry matter production and seed yield of common beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agric. Water Manag. 47: 55-68.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Karaki, G. N., Hammad, R. and Rusan, M. 2001. Response of two tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 11: 41-47.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, S. F., Grimshaw, H. F. and Rowl, A. B. 1984. Chemical analysis. In: Methods in plant ecology. Pp. 185-344. Eds. Moore P. D. and Chapman, S. B. Blackwell Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Bayuelo-Jimenez, J., Debouck, D. G. and Lynch, J. P. 2003. Growth, gas exchange, water relations and ion composition of Phaseolus species grown under saline conditions. Field Crop Res. 80: 207-222.
   Google Scholar
• Biro, B., Koves-Péchy, K., Voros, I., Takacs, T., Eggenberger, P. and Strasser, R. J. 2000. Interrelations between Azospirillum and Rhizobium nitrogen-fixers and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in sterile, AMF-free or normal soil conditions App. Soil Ecol. 15: 159-168.
   Google Scholar
• Bohrer, G., Kagan-Zur, V, Roth-Bejerano, N., Ward, D., Beck, G. and Bonifacio, E. 2003. Effects of different Kalahari-desert VA mycorrhizal communities on mineral acquisition and depletion from the soil by host plants. J. Arid Environ. 55: 193-208.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing theprincipal of proteindye binding. Annal Biochem. 72: 248-254.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, D. J., Hamerlynck, E. P. and Hahn, D. 2003. Interactions between the salt marsh grass Spartina patens, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and sediment bacteria during the growing season. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35: 501-511.
   Google Scholar
• Copeman, R. H., Martin, C. A. and Stutz, J. C. 1996. Tomato growth in response to salinity and mycorrhizal fungi from saline or nonsaline soil. Hort. Sci. 31: 341-344.
   Google Scholar
• Cordovilla, M. P, Ligero, F. and Lluch, C. 1994. The effect of salinity on N fixation and assimilation in Vicia faba. J. Exp. Bot. 45: 1483-1488.
   Google Scholar
• Cordovilla, M. P., Ocana, A., Ligero, F. and Lluch, C. 1995. Salinity effects on growth analysis and nutrient composition in four grain legumes-Rhizobium symbiosis. J. Plant Nutr. 18: 1595-1609.
   Google Scholar
• Csonka, L. N. and Hanson, A. D. 1991. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 45: 569-606.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, M. J., Ligero, F. and Lluch, C. 1994. Effects of salt stress on growth and nitrogen fixation by pea, faba-bean, common bean and soybean plants. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 26: 371-376.
   Google Scholar
• Dobereiner, J. 1978. Influence of environmental factor on the occurrence of S. lipoferum in soil and roots. In: Environmental role of N2 nfixing blue green algae and symbiotic bacteria. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 26: 343-352.
   Google Scholar
• El-Mokadem, M. T., Helemish, F. A., Abdel-Wahab, S. M. and Abou-El-Nour. M. M. 1991. Salt response of clover and alfalfa inoculated with salt tolerant strains of Rhizobium. Ain Shams Sci. Bull. 28B: 441-468.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, G., Zhang, F. S., Li, X. L., Tian, C. Y, Tang, C. and Rengel, Z. 2002. Improved tolerance of maize plants to salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhiza is related to higher accumulation of soluble sugars in roots. Mycorrhiza 12: 185-190.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, S., Elizabeth, Miguel M. J. and Mori, G. B. 2003. Effect of root exudates on the exopolysaccharide composition and the lipopolysaccharide profile of Azospirillum brasilense Cd under saline stress. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219: 53-62.
   Google Scholar
• Georgiev, G. I. and Atkias, C. A. 1993. Effects of salinity on N2 fixation, nitrogen metabolism and export and diffusive conductance of cowpea root nodules. Symbiosis 15: 239-255.
   Google Scholar
• Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. and Gianinazzi, S. 1976. Enzymatic studies on the metabolism on Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza, Effect of mycorrhiza formation and phosphorus nutrition on soluble phosphatase activities in onion roots. Physiol. Veg. 14: 833-841.
   Google Scholar
• Giller, K. E. and Cadish, G. 1995. Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: an approach to agriculture. Plant Soil 174: 255-277.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, E. P, Brown, J. J. and Blumwald, E. 1999. Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 18: 227255.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, R., Bums, R. and Holsten, R. 1973. Applications of the acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5: 47-81.
   Google Scholar
• Hirrel, M. C. 1981. The effect of sodium and chloride salts on the germination of Gigaspora margaria. Mycology 43: 610-617.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. L. 1967. Soil chemical Analysis. Prence Hall of India Ltd, New Delhi, India.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, N. F., Miller, R. H. and Forkiln, R. E. 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentic-Hall of India Private & Ltd. New Delhi, 2nd Indian Rep.
   Google Scholar
• Jha, D. K., Sharma, G. D. and Mishra, R. R. 1993. Mineral nutrition in the tripartite interaction between Frankia, Glomus and Alnus at different soil phosphorus regimes. New Phytol. 123: 307-311.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, J. F., Paul, L. R. and Finlay, R. D. 2004. Microbial interactions in the mycorrhizosphere and their significance for sustainable agriculture FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 48: 1-13.
   Google Scholar
• Juniper, S. and Abbott, L. 1993. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and soil salinity. Mycorrhiza 44: 45-57.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. and Unger, I. 2000. Effect of salinity on growth water relation and ion accumulation of subtropical perennial Halophyte, Atriplex graffithii Var. stocksii. Annals of Bot. 85: 225-232.
   Google Scholar
• Lesueur, D, Ingleby, K., Odee, D., Chamberlain, J. Wilson, J., Manga, T. T., Sarrailh, J. M. and Pottinger, A. 2001. Improvement of forage production in Calliandra calothyrsus: methodology for the identification of an effective inoculum containing Rhizobium strains and arbuscular mycorrhizal isolates. J. Biotech. 91: 269-282.
   Google Scholar
• Maayhuis, F. J. M. and Amtmann, A. 2004. K+ Nutrition and Na+ toxicity: The basic of cellular K+/Na+ ratios. Annals Botany. 84: 123-133.
   Google Scholar
• Marschner, H. 1995. Saline soil. Pp. 567-680. IN: Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• McMillen, B. G., Juniper, S. and Abbott, L. K. 1998. Inhibition of hyphal growth of a vesicularnarbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in soil containing sodium chloride limits the spread of infection from spores. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30: 1639-1646.
   Google Scholar
• Minerdi, D., Fani, R., Gallo, R., Boarino, A., Bonfante, P. and Munns, R. 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ. 16: 1524.
   Google Scholar
• Minerdi, D., Fani, R., Gallo, R., Boarino, A. and Munns, R. 2000. Nitrogen Fixation genes in an endosymbiotic Burkholderia strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 725-732.
   Google Scholar
• Muscolo, A., Panuccio, M. R. and Sidari, M. 2003. Effects of salinity on growth, carbohydrate metabolism and nutritive properties of KiKuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst). Plant science 164: 1103-1110.
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo, G. and Naidoo, Y. 2001. Effect of salinity and nitrogen on growth, ion relations and proline accumulation in Triglochin bulbosa. WetlandEcol. Managem. 9: 491-497.
   Google Scholar
• Netondo, G. W., Onyango, J. C. and Beck, E. 2004. Sorghum and salinity. Crop Science 44: 797-805.
   Google Scholar
• Okon, Y. and Vanderleyden, J. 1997 Root-associated Azospirillum species can stimulate plants. ASM News 63: 366-370.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, C. M. and Bloss, H. E. 1988. Growth and nutrition of guayule (Parthenium argentatum) in a saline soil as influenced by vesicularnarbuscular mycorrhiza andphosphorus fertilization. New Phytol. 108: 315-321.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. and Hayman, D. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 55: 158-161.
   Google Scholar
• Piper, C. S. 1950. Soil and plant analysis. Inter. Sci. Publ., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Puppi, G., Azcon, R. and Hoflich, G. 1994. Management of positive interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with essential groups of soil microorganisms. pp. 201-215. In: Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems. Gianinazzi, S. and Schouepp, H., Eds.
   Google Scholar
• Rabie, G. H. and Al-Humiany, A. 2004. Role of VA-mycorrhiza on the growth of cowpea plant and their associative effect with N2-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria as biofertilizers in calcareous soil . Food, Agric. Environ. 2: 185-191.
   Google Scholar
• Rabie, G. H. 2005. Influence of VA-mycorrhizal fungi and kinetin on the response of mungbean plants to irrigation with seawater. Mycorrhiza (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Rao, D. L. N. 1998. Biological amelioration of salt-affected soils. Pp. 21-238. In: Microbial Interactions in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 1. Science Publishers, Enfield, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, A. V. and Tak, R. 2002. Growth of different tree species and their nutrition uptake in limestone mine spoil as influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in India arid zone. J Arid Environ. 51: 113-119.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Lozano, J. M., Azcon, R. and Gomez, M. 1996. Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular-mycorrhizal Glomus species in Lactuca sativa plants. Physiol. Plant. 98: 767-772.
   Google Scholar
• Saini, V. K., Bhandari, S. C. and Tarafdar, J. C. 2004. Comparison of crop yield, soil microbial C, N and P, N-fixation, nodulation and mycorrhizal infection in inoculated and non-inoculated sorghum and chickpea crops. Field Crops Res. 89: 39-47.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, R. P, Choudhary, A., Gulati, A., Dahiya, H. C., Jaiwal, P. K. and Sengar, R. S. 1997. Response of plants to salinity in interaction with other a biotic and factors. Pp. 25-39. In: Jaiwal, P. K., Singh, R. P, Gulati, A. Eds. Strategies for Improving Salt tolerance in Higher Plants. Science Publishers, Enfield, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, I. H. 1960. Principals and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, C., He, X., Zhong, Y. and Chen, J. 2002. Effects of VA mycorrhizae and Frankia dual inoculation on growth and nitrogen fixation of Hippophae tibetana. Forest Ecol. Managem. 170: 307-312.
   Google Scholar
• Tain, C. Y, Feng, G., Li, X. L. and Zhang, F. S. 2004. Different effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates from saline or non-saline soil on salinity tolerance of plants Appl. Soil Ecol. 26: 143-148.
   Google Scholar
• Tomar, O. S., Minhas, P. S., Sharma, V. K. and Gupt, R. J. K. 2003. Response of nine forage grasses to saline irrigation and its schedules in a semi-arid climate of north-west India. J. Arid Environ. 55: 533-544.
   Google Scholar
• Trouvelot, A., Kough, J. and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. 1986. Measure des taux de mycorhization VA d UN system radiculaire. Recherche de methode d, estimation ayant une signification fonctionnelle. In: Netical aspects of mycorrhizae. Pp. 217-221. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Press, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Valdes, M. and Sanchez-Francia, D. 1996. Response of Alnus and Casuarina to endomycorrhizal inoculation. Rev. Mexicana Microbiol. 12: 65-67.
   Google Scholar
• Veatch, M. E., Smith, S. E. and Vandemark, F. 2004. Shoot biomass productions of Medicago truncatula Exposed to NaCl. Crop Sci. 44: 1008-1013.
   Google Scholar
• Yano-Melo, A. M., Saggin, O. J. and Maia, L. C. 2003. Tolerance of mycorrhized banana (Musa sp. cv. Pacovan) plantlets to saline stress. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 95: 343-348.
   Google Scholar
• Zahran, H. H. and Abu-Gharbia, M. A. 1995. Development and structure of bacterial root-nodules of two Egyptian cultivars of Vicia faba L. under salt and water stresses. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut Univ. 24: 1-10.
   Google Scholar
• Zahran, H. H. 1999. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol. Molecular Biol Rev. 63: 968-989.
   Google Scholar
• Zandavalli, R. B., Dillenburg, L. R. and Paulo, V. D. 2004. Growth responses of Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae) to inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum. Appl. Soil Ecol. 25(3): 245-255.
   Google Scholar
• Zou, N., Dort, P. J. and. Marcar, N. E. 1995. Interaction of salinity and rhizobial strains on growth and N2 fixation by Acacia ampliceps. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27: 409-413.
   Google Scholar