Google Earth Mapping Exercises for Structural Geology Students—A Promising Intervention for Improving Penetrative Visualization Ability

REFERENCES

• Casey, M., Nuttall, R., Pezaris, F., and Benbow, C. 1995. The influence of spatial ability on gender differences in mathematics college entrance test scores across diverse samples. Developmental Psychology , 31:697–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, C.A., and Hegarty, M. 2012. Inferring cross sections of 3D objects: A new spatial thinking test. Learning and Individual Differences , 22:868–874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, A.B., and Burnham, P.S. 1946. Forecasting college achievement: A survey of aptitude tests for higher education. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 291.
   Google Scholar
• Ekstrom, R.B., French, J.W., Harman, H.H., and Derman, D. 1976. Manual from kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Guay, R. 1976. Purdue spatial visualization test. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Hambrick, D.Z., Libarkin, J.C., Petcovic, H.L., Baker, K., Elkins, J., Callahan, C., Turner, S., Rench, T., and LaDue, N. 2011. A test of the circumvention-of-limits hypothesis in scientific problem solving: The case of geological bedrock mapping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 141:397–403.
   Google Scholar
• Kali, Y., and Orion, N. 1996. Spatial abilities of high-school students in the perception of geologic structures. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 33:369–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastens, K.A., and Ishikawa, T. 2006. Spatial thinking in the geosciences and cognitive sciences: A cross-disciplinary look at the intersection of the two fields. In Manduca, C.A., and Mogk, D.W., eds., Earth and mind: How geologists think and learn about the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper 413, p. 53–76.
   Google Scholar
• Linn, M.C., and Petersen, A.C. 1985. Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A metaanalysis. Child Development , 56:1479–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, T.R. 1985. Enhancing the visuo-spatial aptitude of students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 22:395–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, T.R., 1987. A look at spatial abilities in undergraduate women science majors. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 24:757–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, C.T. 1953. Validity study of six spatial relations tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service; RB-53-15.
   Google Scholar
• Ormand, C.J., Manduca, C., Shipley, T.F., Tikoff, B., Harwood, C.L., Atit, K., and Boone, A.P. 2014. Evaluating geoscience students' spatial thinking skills in a multi-institutional classroom study. Journal of Geoscience Education , 62:146–154.
   Google Scholar
• Piburn, M.D., Reynolds, S.J., Leedy, D.E., McAuliffe, C.M., Burk, J.P., and Johnson, J.K. 2002. The hidden Earth: Visualization of geologic features and their subsurface geometry. In Proceedings of the national meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, p. 1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Piburn, M., Reynolds, S., McAuliffe, C., Leedy, D., Birk, J., and Johnson, J. 2005. The role of visualization in learning from computer-based images. International Journal of Science Education , 27:513–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, S., Piburn, M., Leedy, D., McAuliffe, C., Birk, J., and Johnson, J. 2006. The hidden Earth: Interactive, computer-based modules for geoscience learning. In Manduca, C.A., and Mogk, D.W., eds., Earth and mind: How geologists think and learn about the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper 413, p. 157–170.
   Google Scholar
• Science Education Resource Center (SERC) . 2015. Teaching geologic map interpretation using Google Earth. Available at http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/structure/Google_Earth/approach.html (last accessed 13 February 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D., and Campbell, D.T. 2002. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, p. 623.
   Google Scholar
• Shipley, T.F., Tikoff, B., Ormand, C., and Manduca, C. 2013. Structural geology practice and learning, from the perspective of cognitive science. Journal of Structural Geology , 54:72–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorby, S., and Baartmans, B. 2000. The development and assessment of a course for enhancing the 3-D spatial visualization skills of first-year engineering students. Journal of Engineering Education , 89:301–307.
   Google Scholar
• Terlecki, M.S., Newcombe, N.S., and Little, M. 2008. Durable and generalized effects of spatial experience on mental rotation: Gender differences in growth patterns. Applied Cognitive Psychology , 22:996–1013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, B.J. 2008. Introducing geologic map interpretation and cross section construction using Google Earth in a structural geology course. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , 39:7.
   Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, B.J. 2010. Using Google Earth to teach geologic mapping and map interpretation in structural geology courses. In 2010 Structural Geology and Tectonics Forum. Madison, WI.
   Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, B.J. 2011. Using Google Earth: From teaching geologic map interpretation to conducting research in the Western Desert of Egypt. In GSA Penrose Conference, Google Earth: Visualizing the Possibilities for Geoscience Education. Mountain View, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Titus, S., and Horsman, E. 2009. Characterizing and improving spatial visualization skills. Journal of Geoscience Education , 57:242–254.
   Google Scholar
• Uttal, D.H., and Cohen, C.A. 2012. Spatial thinking and STEM education: When, why, and how? Psychology of Learning and Motivation , 57:147–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uttal, D.H., Meadow, N.G., Hand, L.L., Alden, A., Warren, C., and Newcombe, N.S. 2013. The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin , 139:352–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmeyer, S.J., Nicoletti, J., and De Paor, D.G. 2010. The digital revolution in geologic mapping. GSA Today , 20:4–10.
   Google Scholar