References

• Cornblatt B, Lenzenweger M, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The continuous performance test, identical pairs version: II. Contrasting attentional profiles in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1989; 29(1): 65–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson EB, Sax KW, Strakowski SM. Attentional performance in patients with psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(1): 137–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G, Hickie I, Brodaty H, et al. Cognitive function in depression: A distinct pattern of frontal impairment in melancholia. Psychol Med 1999; 29(1): 73–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe J, Granholm E, Butters N, Saunders E, Janowsky D. Verbal memory deficits associated with major affective disorders: A comparison of unipolar and bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 1987; 13(1): 83–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam E, Thase M, Haas G, Keshavan M, Sweeney JA. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in depression determined by Wisconsin card sorting test performance. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156(5): 780–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney JA, Kmiec J, Kupfer D. Neuropsychological impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48(7): 674–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobin C, Sackeim HA. Psychomotor symptoms of depression. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(1): 4–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, McKay AP, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES. Neuropsychological impairments in unipolar depression: the influence of perceived failure on subsequent performance. Psychol Med 1996; 26(5): 975–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati P, Amar G, Raoux N, Ergis AM, Allilaire JF. Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1999; 89(3): 171–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beats BC, Sahakian BJ, Levy R. Cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in the elderly depressed. Psychol Med 1996; 26(3): 591–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood KA, Alexopoulos GS, Van Gorp WG. Executive dysfunction in geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(7): 1119–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman KI. Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15(6): 548–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishiai S, Sugihila M, Ichikaw T, Gono S, Watabikis S. Clock drawing test and unilateral spatial neglect. Neurology 1993; 43(1): 106–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman KI, Shedletsky R, Silver IL. The challenge of time: clock-drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1986; 1(2): 135–40.
   Google Scholar
• Chan-Weiner DA, Sullivan EV, Shear PK, Famam R, Lim KO, Yesavage JA, et al. Brain structural and cognitive correlates of clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1999; 5(6): 502–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo BK, Rice VA, Legendre SA, Salmon DP, Jeste DV, Sewell DD. The clock drawing test as a measure of executive dysfunction in elderly depressed patients. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17(4): 190–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderland T, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Lawlor BA, Gundersheimer J, Newhouse PA, et al. Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease: a novel measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37(8): 725–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf-Klein GP, Silverstone FA, Levy AP, Brod MS. Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. J Am Geriatr Society 1989; 37(8): 730–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuokko H, Hadjistavropoulos T, Miller JA, Beattie BL. The Clock Test: a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease. J Am Geriatr Society 1992; 40(6): 579–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royall DR, Cordes JA, Polk M. CLOX: an executive clock drawing task. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64(5): 588–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez MF, Ala T, Underwood KL. Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40(11): 1095–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Denihan A, Bruce I, Coakley D, Lawlor BA. The clock drawing test in primary care: sensitivity in dementia detection and specificity against normal and depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16(10): 935–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. BJP 1979; 134:382–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ozer SK, Demir B, Tugal O, Kabakci E, Yazici MK. Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale: Inter-Rater Reliability and Validity Study. Turk Psikiyatri Derg-Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 12(3): 185–94. (Turkish).
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman M, Posternak MA, Chelminski I. Derivation of a definition of remission on the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale corresponding to the definition of remission on the Hamilton rating scale for depression. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38(6): 577–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV, Hahn SR, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD Study. JAMA 1994; 272(22): 1749–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corapcioglu A, Koroglu E, Ceyhun B, Dogan O. Turkish version of psychiatric diagnostic scale (Prime-MD) in primary health care services. Nöropsikiyatri Gündemi 1996; 1:3–10. (Turkish).
   Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. ‘Mini-Mental State’; a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12(3): 189–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockrell JR, Folstein MF. Mini-mental states examination (MMSE). Psychopharmacol Bulletin 1988; 24(4): 689–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg S, Jeppson L. Cognitive functioning and survival in psychogeriatric patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 84(2): 160–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy DW, Clarnette R. Standardized Mini Mental State Examination. Canada: New Grange Pres; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E, Winocur G, Shulman KI, Delis DC. Clock drawing: a neuropsychological analysis. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Manos PJ, Wu R. The ten point clock test: a quick screen and grading method for cognitive impairment in medical and surgical patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 1994; 24(3): 229–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson YI, Arfken CL, Birge SJ. Clock completion: an objective screening test for dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41(11): 1235–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manos PJ. Ten point clock test sensitivity for Alzheimer's disease in patients with MMSE scores greater than 23. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 14(6): 454–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBattista C. Executive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2005; 5(1): 79–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drakeford JL, Edelstyn NM, Oyebode F, Srivastava S, Calthorpe WR, Mukherjee T. Recollection deficiencies in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175(3): 205–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marazziti D, Consoli G, Picchetti M, Carlini M, Faravelli L. Cognitive impairment in major depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 626(1): 83–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Arnone G, Pantieri G, Cocci C, et al. The clock-drawing test in elderly Italian community dwellers: associations with sociodemographic status and risk factors for vascular cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003; 16(4): 287–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuji Nishiwaki Y, Breeze E, Smeeth L, Bulpitt CJ, Peters R, Fletcher AE. Validity of the clock-drawing test as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160(8): 797–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M. Neuropsychological function in young patients with unipolar depression. Psychol Med 1997; 27(6): 1277–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer BW, Boone KB, Lesser IM. Neuropsychological deficits among older depressed patients with predominantly psychological or vegetative symptoms. J Affect Disord 1996; 41(1): 17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin MP, Mitchell P, Goodwin GM. Cognitive deficits in depression. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:200–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant MM, Thase ME, Sweeney JA. Cognitive Disturbance in Outpatient Depressed Younger Adults: Evidence of Modest Impairment. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(1): 35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch HJ, Gürtler K, Szecsey A. Correlation of Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE), Syndrom-Kurztest (SKT) and Clock test (CT) scores in patients with cognitive impairment assessed by means of multiple regression and response surface analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005; 40(1): 7–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juby A, Tench S, Baker V. The value of clock drawing in identifying executive cognitive dysfunction in people with a normal Mini-Mental State Examination score. CMAJ 2002; 167(8): 859–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahelin HB, Monsch AV, Spiegel R. Early diagnosis of dementia via a two-step screening and diagnostic procedure. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9(Suppl.1): S123–S30.
   Google Scholar
• Seigerschmidt E, Mosch E, Siemen M, Forstl H, Bickel H. The clock drawing test and questionable dementia: Reliability and validity. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17(11): 1048–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juby A. Correlation between the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination and three methods of clock drawing scoring. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12(2): 87–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schramm U, Berger G, Muller R, Kratzsch T, Peters J, Frolich L. Psychometric properties of Clock Drawing Test and MMSE or Short Performance Test in dementia screening in a memory clinic population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17(3): 254–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto E, Peters R. Literature review of the Clock Drawing Test as a tool for cognitive screening. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 27(3): 201–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar