3,970
Views
96
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Genetic Regulations of the Biosynthesis of Microbial Surfactants: An Overview

, &
Pages 165-186 | Published online: 15 Apr 2013

References

  • Andersen , J.B. , Koch , B. , Nielsen , T.H. , Sørensen , D. Hansen , M. 2003 . Surface motility in Pseudomonas sp. DSS73 is required for efficient biological containment of the root-pathogenic microfungi Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum . Microbiology , 149 : 37 – 46 .
  • Arima , K. , Kakinuma , A. and Tamura , G. 1968 . Surfactin, a crystalline peptide lipid surfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis: isolation, characterization and its inhibition of fibrin clot formation . Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications , 31 : 488 – 494 .
  • Askolin , S. , Nakari-Setälä , T. and Tenkanen , M. 2001 . Overproduction, purification, and characterization of the Trichoderma reesei hydrophobin HFBI . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 57 : 124 – 130 .
  • Bach , H. , Berdichevsky , Y. and Gutnick , D. 2003 . An exocellular protein from the oil-degrading microbe Acinetobacter venetianus RAG-1 enhances the emulsifying activity of the polymeric bioemulsifier emulsan . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 69 : 2608 – 2615 .
  • Banat , I. 2000 . Potential commercial applications of microbial surfactants . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 53 : 495 – 508 .
  • Benincasa , M. , Contiero , J. , Manresa , M.A. and Moreaes , I.O. 2002 . Rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI growing on soapstock as the sole carbon source . Journal of Food Engineering , 54 : 283 – 288 .
  • Bodour , A.A. , Guerrero-Barajas , C. , Jiorle , B.V. , Malcomson , M.E. , Paull , A.K. , Somogyi , A. , Trinh , L.N. , Bates , R.B. and Maier , R.M. 2004 . Structure and characterization of flavolipids, a novel class of biosurfactants produced by Flavobacterium sp. strain MTN11 . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 70 ( 1 ) : 114 – 120 .
  • Braun , P.G. , Hildebrand , P.D. , Ells , T.C. and Kobayashi , D.Y. 2001 . Evidence and characterization of a gene cluster required for the production of viscosin, a lipopeptide biosurfactant, by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 47 : 294 – 301 .
  • Burger , M.M. , Glaser , L. and Burton , R.M. 1963 . The enzymatic synthesis of a rhamnose-containing glycolipid by extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 238 : 2595 – 2601 .
  • Cameotra , S. and Makkar , R. 2004 . Recent applications of biosurfactants as biological and immunological molecules . Current Opinion in Microbiology , 7 : 262 – 266 .
  • Cirigliano , M.C. and Carman , G.M. 1985 . Purification and characterizafton of liposan, a bioemulsifier from Candida lipolytica . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 50 : 846 – 850 .
  • Cosby , W.M. , Vollenbroich , D. , Lee , O.H. and Zuber , P. 1998 . Altered srf expression in Bacillus subtilis resulting from changes in culture pH is dependent on the Spo0K oligopeptide permease and the ComQX system of extracellular control . Journal of Bacteriology , 180 : 1438 – 1445 .
  • Daniels , R. , Vanderleyden , J. and Michiels , J. 2004 . Quorum sensing and swarming migration in bacteria . FEMS Microbiology Reviews , 28 : 261 – 289 .
  • Das , P. , Mukherjee , S. and Sen , R. 2008 . Antimicrobial potential of a lipopeptide biosurfactant derived from a marine Bacillus circulans . Journal of Applied Microbiology , (doi:10.1111/j.1365–2672.2007.03701.x)
  • Desai , J.D. and Banat , I.M. 1997 . Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential . Microbiology Molecular Biology Reviews , 61 : 47 – 64 .
  • Deshpande , M. and Daniels , L. 1995 . Evaluation of sophorolipid biosurfactant production by Candida bombicola using animal fat . Bioresource Technology , 54 : 143 – 150 .
  • Deziel , E. , Lepine , F. , Milot , S. and Villemur , R. 2003 . rhlA is required for the production of a novel biosurfactant promoting swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy) alkanoic acids (HAAs), the precursors of rhamnolipids . Microbiology , 149 : 2005 – 2013 .
  • Dubern , J.F. , Lagendijk , E.L. , Lugtenberg , B.J.J. and Bloemberg , G.V. 2005 . The heat shock genes dnaK, dnaJ, and grpE are involved in regulation of putisolvin biosynthesis in Pseudomonas putida PCL1445 . Journal of Bacteriology , 187 : 5967 – 5976 .
  • Dubern , J.F. , Lugtenberg , B.J.J. and Bloemberg , G.V. 2006 . The ppuI-rsaL-ppuR quorum sensing system regulates biofilm formation of Pseudomonas putida PCL 1445 by controlling biosynthesis of the cyclic lipopeptides putisolvins I and II . Journal of Bacteriology , 188 ( 8 ) : 2898 – 2906 .
  • Dubey , K. and Juwarkar , A. 2001 . Distillery and curd whey wastes as viable alternative sources for biosurfactant production . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 17 : 61 – 69 .
  • Franzetti , A. , Bestett , G. , Caredda , P. , La Colla , P. and Tamburini , E. 2008 . Surface-active compounds and their role in the access to hydrocarbons in Gordonia strains . FEMS Microbiology Ecology , 63 ( 2 ) : 238 – 248 .
  • Guerra-Santos , L.H. , Kappeli , O. and Fiechter , A. 1984 . Pseudomonas aeruginosa biosurfactant production in continuous culture with glucose as carbon source . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 48 : 301 – 305 .
  • Guerra-Santos , L.H. , Kappeli , O. and Fiechter , A. 1986 . Dependence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa continuous culture biosurfactant production on nutritional and environmental factors . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 24 : 443 – 448 .
  • Gurjar , M. , Khire , J.M. and Khan , M.I. 1995 . Bioemulsifier production by Bacillus stearothermophilus VR-8 isolate . Letters in Applied Microbiology , 21 ( 2 ) : 83 – 86 .
  • Haba , E. , Espuny , M.J. , Busquets , M. and Manresa , A. 2000 . Screening and production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 47T2 NCIB 40044 from waste frying oils . Journal of Applied Microbiology , 88 : 379 – 387 .
  • Hasumi , K. , Takizawa , K. , Takahashi , F. , Park , J.K. and Endo , A. 1995 . Inhibition Acyl-CoA: Cholestrol acyltransferase by isohalobacillin, a complex of novel cyclic acylpeptides produced by Bacillus sp. A1238 . Journal of Antibiotics , 48 : 1419 – 1424 .
  • He , H. , Shen , B. , Korshalla , J. and Carter , G.T. 2001 . Circulocins, new antibacterial lipopeptides from Bacillus circulans, J2154 . Tetrahedron , 57 : 1189 – 1195 .
  • Hisatsuka , K. , Nakahara , T. , Sano , N. and Yamada , K. 1971 . Formation of rhamnolipid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its function in hydrocarbon fermentation . Agricultural and Biological Chemistry , 35 : 686 – 692 .
  • Horowitz , S. and Currie , J.K. 1990 . Novel dispersants of silicon and aluminum nitride . Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology , 11 : 637 – 59 .
  • Ito , S. , Kinta , M. and Inoue , S. 1980 . Growth of yeasts on n-alkanes: Inhibition by a lactonic sophorolipid produced by Torulopsis bombicola . Agricultural Biological Chemistry , 44 : 2221 – 2223 .
  • Itoh , S. 1971 . Rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on n-paraffin . Journal of Antibiotics , 24 : 855 – 859 .
  • Itoh , S. and Suzuki , T. 1974 . Fructose-lipids of Arthrobacter, Corynebacteria, Nocardia and Mycobacteria grown on fructose . Agricultural Biological Chemistry , 38 : 1443 – 1449 .
  • Kalinovskaya , N.I. , Ivanova , E.P. , Alexeeva , Y.V. , Gorshkova , N.M. Kuznetsova , T.A. 2004 . Low-molecular-weight, biologically active compounds from marine Pseudoalteromonas sp . Current Microbiology , 48 : 441 – 446 .
  • Kitamoto , D. , Akiba , S. , Hioki , C. and Tabuchi , T. 1990a . Extracellular accumulation of mannosylerythritol lipids by a strain of Candida antarctica . Agricultural Biological Chemistry , 54 : 31 – 36 .
  • Kobayashi , T. , Ito , S. and Okamoto , K. 1987 . Production of Mannosylerythritol by Candida sp. KSM-1529 . Agricultural Biological Chemistry , 51 : 1715 – 171 .
  • Koch , B. , Nielsen , T.H. , Sorensen , D. , Andersen , J.B. and Christophersen , C. 2002 . Lipopeptide production in Pseudomonas sp. DSS73 is regulated by components of sugar beet seed exudate via the Gac two-component regulatory system . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 68 : 4509 – 4516 .
  • Kuiper , I. , Lagendijk , E.L. , Pickford , R. , Derrick , J.P. , Lamers , G.E.M. , Thomas-Oates , J.E. , Lugtenberg , B.J.J. and Bloemberg , G.V. 2004 . Characterization of two Pseudomonas putida lipopeptide biosurfactants, putisolvin I and II, which inhibit biofilm formation and break down existing biofilms . Molecular Microbiolgy , 51 ( 1 ) : 97 – 113 .
  • Lee , S.C. , Kim , S.H. , Park , I.H. , Chung , S.Y. and Choi , Y.L. 2007 . Isolation and structural analysis of bamylocin A, novel lipopeptide from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LP03 having antagonistic and crude oil-emulsifying activity . Archives of Microbiology , 188 : 307 – 312 .
  • Li , H. , Tanikawa , T. , Sato , Y. , Nakagawa , Y and Matsuyama , T. 2005 . Serratia marcescens gene required for surfactant serrawettin W1 production encodes putative aminolipid synthetase belonging to nonribosomal peptide synthetase family . Microbiology and Immunology , 49 : 303 – 10 .
  • Liu , L. , Nakano , M. , Lee , O.H. and Zuber , P. 1996 . Plasmid-amplified comS enhances genetic competence and suppresses sinR in Bacillus subtilis . Journal of Bacteriology , 178 : 5144 – 5152 .
  • Luttinger , A. , Hahn , J. and Dubnau , D. 1996 . Polynucleotide phosphorylase is necessary for competence development in Bacillus subtilis . Molecular Microbiology , 19 : 343 – 356 .
  • Makkar , R.S. and Cameotra , S.C. 1999 . Biosurfactant production by microorganisms on unconventional carbon sources . Journal of Surfactants and Detergents , 2 ( 2 ) : 237 – 241 .
  • Marahiel , M.A. , Konz , D. and Dokel , S. 1999 . Molecular and biochemical characterization of the protein template controlling biosynthesis of the lipopeptide lichenysin of Bacillus licheniformis . Journal of Bacteriology , 181 : 133 – 140 .
  • Matsuyama , T. , Kameda , K. and Yano , I. 1986 . Two kinds of bacterial wetting agents: aminolipid and glycolipid . Proceedings of Japan Society of Mass Spectrometry , 11 : 125 – 128 .
  • Matsuyama , T. , Keneda , K. , Ishizuka , I. , Toida , T. and Yano , I. 1990 . Surface-active novel glycolipid and linked 3-hydroxy fatty acids produced by Serratia rubidaea . Journal of Bacteriology , 172 ( 6 ) : 3015 – 3022 .
  • Matsuyama , T. , Sogawa , M. and Nakagawa , Y. 1989 . Fractal spreading growth of Serratia marcescens which produces surface-active exolipids . FEMS Microbiology Letters , 61 : 243 – 246 .
  • Menkhaus , M. , Ullrich , C. , Kluge , B. , Vater , J. Vollenbroich , D. 1993 . Structural and functional organization of the surfactin synthetase multienzyme system . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 268 : 7678 – 7684 .
  • Mercade , M.E. , Manresa , M.A. , Robert , M. , Espuny , M.J. , de Andres , C. and Guinea , J. 1993 . Olive oil mill effluent (OOME). New substrate for biosurfactant production . Bioresource Technology , 43 : 1 – 6 .
  • Morikawa , M. , Daido , H. , Takao , T. , Murata , S. , Shimonishi , Y. and Imanaka , T. 1993 . A new lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Arthrobacter sp. strain MIS38 . Journal of Bacteriology , 175 ( 20 ) : 6459 – 6466 .
  • Morita , T. , Konishi , M. , Fukuoka , T. , Imura , T. and Kitamoto , D. 2007 . Microbial conversion of glycerol into glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, by a basidiomycete yeast, Pseudozyma antarctica JCM 10317T . Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering , 104 ( 1 ) : 78 – 81 .
  • Mukherjee , S. , Das , P. and Sen , R. 2006 . Towards commercial production of microbial surfactants . Trends in Biotechnology , 24 : 509 – 514 .
  • Mulligan , C.N. 2005 . Environmental applications for biosurfactants . Environmental Pollution , 133 : 183 – 198 .
  • Nakar , D. and Gutnick , D.L. 2001 . Analysis of the wee gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the polymeric bioemulsifier from the oil-degrading strain Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1 . Microbiology , 147 : 1937 – 1946 .
  • Nakar , D. and Gutnick , D.L. 2003 . Involvement of a protein tyrosine kinase in production of the polymeric bioemulsifier emulsan from the oil-degrading strain Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1 . Journal of Bacteriology , 185 : 1001 – 1009 .
  • Neu , T.R. and Poralla , K. 1990 . Emulsifying agents from bacteria isolated during screening for cells with hydrophobic surfaces . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 32 : 521 – 525 .
  • Nitschke , M. and Pastore , G.M. 2003 . Cassava flour wastewater as a substrate for biosurfactant production . Applied Biochemistry Biotechnology , 106 : 295 – 302 .
  • Nitschke , M. and Pastore , G.M. 2006 . Production and properties of a surfactant obtained from Bacillus subtilis grown on cassava wastewater . Bioresource Technology , 97 : 336 – 341 .
  • Nitschke , M. , Costa , S.G.V.A.O. , Haddad , R. , Gonsalves , L.A.G. Eberlin , M.N. 2005 . Oil wastes as unconventional substrates for rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI . Biotechnology Progress , 21 : 1562 – 1566 .
  • Ochsner , U.A. , Fiechter , A. and Reiser , J. 1994 . Isolation, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhlAB genes encoding a rhamnosyltransferase involved in rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 269 : 19787 – 19795 .
  • Ochsner , U.A. , Fiechter , A. , Reiser , J. and Witholt , B. 1995 . Production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipid biosurfactants in heterologous hosts . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 61 : 3503 – 3506 .
  • Ochsner , U.A. , Hembach , T. and Fiechter , A. 1996 . Production of rhamnolipid biosurfactants . Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology , 53 : 89 – 118 .
  • Panilaitis , B. , Castro , G.R. , Solaiman , D. and Kaplan , D.L. 2006 . Biosynthesis of emulsan biopolymers from agro-based feedstocks . Journal of Applied Microbiology , doi:10.1111/j.13652672.2006.03078.x
  • Patel , R.M. and Desai , A.J. 1997 . Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa GS3 from molasses . Letters in Applied Microbiology , 25 : 91 – 94 .
  • Pearson , J.P. , Gray , K.M. , Passador , L. , Tucker , K.D. and Eberhard , A. 1994 . Structure of the autoinducer required for the expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America , 91 : 197 – 201 .
  • Persson , A. , Osterberg , E. and Dostalek , M. 1988 . Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas fluorescens 378: growth and product characteristics . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 29 : 1 – 4 .
  • Pesci , E.C. , Pearson , J.P. , Seed , P.C. and Iglewski , B.H. 1997 . Regulation of las and rhl quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Journal of Bacteriology , 179 : 3127 – 3132 .
  • Peypoux , F. , Bonmatin , J.M. and Wallach , J. 1999 . Recent trends in the biochemistry of surfactin . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 51 : 553 – 563 .
  • Rahim , R. , Ochsner , U.A. , Oliveira , C. , Graninger , M. Messner , P. 2001 . Cloning and functional characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhlC gene that encodes rhamnosyltransferase 2, an enzyme responsible for di-rhamnolipid biosynthesis . Molecular Microbiology , 40 : 708 – 718 .
  • Rahman , M.S. , Ano , T. and Shoda , M. 2006 . Second stage production of iturin A by induced germination of Bacillus subtilis RB14 . Journal of Biotechnology , 125 ( 4 ) : 513 – 515 .
  • Raza , Z.A. , Khan , M.S. and Khalid , Z.M. 2007 . Evaluation of distant carbon sources in biosurfactant production by a gamma ray-induced Pseudomonas putida mutant . Process Biochemistry , 42 : 686 – 692 .
  • Robert , M. , Mercade , M.E. , Bosch , M.P. , Parra , J.L. , Espuny , M.J. , Manresa , M.A. and Guinea , J. 1989 . Effect of the carbon source on biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 44Ti . Biotechnology Letters , 11 : 871 – 874 .
  • Rodrigues , L. , Banat , I.M. , Teixeira , J. and Oliveira , R. 2006 . Biosurfactants: potential applications in medicine . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , 57 : 609 – 618 .
  • Ron , E.Z. and Rosenberg , E. 2001 . Natural roles of biosurfactants . Environmental Microbiology , 3 : 29 – 236 .
  • Roongsawang , N. , Hase , K. , Haruki , M. , Imanaka , T. Morikawa , M. 2003 . Cloning and characterization of the gene cluster encoding arthrofactin synthetase from Pseudomonas sp. MIS38 . Chemistry and Biology , 10 : 869 – 880 .
  • Rosenberg , E. , Bekerman , R. , Segal , G. and Ron , E.Z. 2005 . The AlnB protein of the bioemulsan alasan is a peroxiredoxin . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 66 : 536 – 541 .
  • Sen , R. 1997 . Response surface optimization of the critical media components for production of surfactin . Journal of Chemical Technology Biotechnology , 68 : 263 – 270 .
  • Sen , R. and Swaminathan , T. 1997 . Application of response-surface methodology to evaluate the optimum environmental conditions for the enhanced production of surfactin . Applied Microbiology Biotechnology , 47 : 358 – 363 .
  • Sen , R. and Swaminathan , T. 2004 . Response surface modeling and optimization to elucidate the effects of inoculum age & size on surfactin production . Biochemical Engineering Journal , 21 : 141 – 148 .
  • Shabtai , Y. 1990 . Production of exopolysaccharides by Acinetobacter strains in a controlled fed-batch fermentation process using soap stock oil (SSO) as carbon source . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 12 : 145 – 152 .
  • Singh , P. and Cameotra , S.S. 2004 . Potential applications of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences . Trends in Biotechnology , 22 : 142 – 146 .
  • Sunaga , S. , Li , H. , Sato , Y. , Nakagawa , Y. and Matsuyama , T. 2004 . Identification and characterization of the pswP gee required for the parallel production of prodigiosin and serrawettin W1 in Serratia marcescens . Microbiology and Immunology , 48 : 723 – 728 .
  • Syldatk , C. , Lang , S. , Matulovic , U. and Wagner , F. 1985a . Chemical and physical characterization of four interfacial-active rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas sp. DSM 2874 grown on n- alkanes . Z Naturforsch , 40 : 51 – 60 .
  • Syldatk , C. , Lang , S. , Wagner , F. , Wray , V. and Witte , L. 1985b . Production of four interfacial active rhamnolipids from n-alkanes or glycerol by resting cells of Pseudomonas sp. DSM 2874 . Z Naturforsch , 40 : 61 – 67 .
  • Thaniyavarn , J. , Roongsawang , N. , Kameyama , T. , Haruki , M. , Imanaka , T. , Morikawa , M. and Kanaya , S. 2003 . Production and characterization of biosurfactants from Bacillus licheniformis F2.2 . Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry , 67 ( 6 ) : 1239 – 1244 .
  • Toren , A. , Orr , E. , Paitan , Y. , Ron , E.Z. and Rosenberg , E. 2002 . The active component of the bioemulsifier alasan from Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53 is an OmpAlike protein . Journal of Bacteriology , 184 : 165 – 170 .
  • Tran , H. , Ficke , A. , Asiimwe , T. , Höfte , M. and Raaijmakers , J.M. 2007 . Role of the cyclic lipopeptide massetolide A in biological control of Phytophthora infestans and in colonization of tomato plants by Pseudomonas fluorescens . New Phytologist , doi: 10.1111/j.1469–8137.2007.02138.x
  • Trischmann , J.A. , Jensen , P.R. and Fenical , W. 1994 . Halobacillin: a cytotoxic cyclic acylpeptide of the iturin class produced by a marine Bacillus . Tetrahedron Letters , 35 : 5571 – 5574 .
  • Tsuge , K. , Akiyama , T. and Shoda , M. 2001 . Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the iturin A operon . Journal of Bacteriology , 183 : 6265 – 6273 .
  • Uchida , Y. , Tsuchiya , R. , Chino , M. , Hirano , J. and Tabuchi , T. 1989 . Extracellular accumulation of mono- and di-succinoyl trehalose lipids by a strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis grown on n-alkanes . Agricultural Biological Chemistry , 53 : 757 – 763 .
  • Vance-Harrop , M.H. , de Gusmão , N.B. and de Campos-Takaki , G.M. 2003 . New bioemulsifiers produced by Candida lipolytica using D-Glucose and Babassu oil as carbon sources . Brazilian Journal of Microbiology , 34 : 120 – 123 .
  • Venkataramana , K. and Karanth , N.G. 1989 . Factors affecting biosurfactant production using Pseudomonas aeruginosa CFTR-6 under submerged conditions . Journal of Chemical Technology Biotechnology , 45 : 249 – 257 .
  • Winson , M.K. , Camara , M. , Latifi , A. , Foglino , M. Chhabra , S.R. 1995 . Multiple N-acyl-l-homoserine lactone signal molecules regulate production of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America , 92 : 9427 – 9431 .
  • Wu , J.Y. , Yeh , K.L. , Lu , W.B. , Lin , C.L. and Chang , J.S. 2008 . Rhamnolipid production with indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa EM1 isolated from oil-contaminated site . Bioresource Technology , 99 : 1157 – 1164 .
  • Yakimov , M.M. , Abraham , W.-R. , Meyer , H. , Giuliano , L. and Golyshin , P.N. 1999 . Structural characterization of lichenysin A components by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry . Biochimica Biophysica Acta , 1438 : 273 – 80 .
  • Yakimov , M.M. , Kroèger , A. , Slepak , T.N. , Giuliano , L. , Timmis , K.N. and Golyshin , P.N. 1998 . A putative lichenysin A synthetase operon in Bacillus licheniformis: initial characterization . Biochimica Biophysica Acta , 1399 : 141 – 53 .
  • Yakimov , M.M. , Timmis , K.N. , Wray , V. and Fredrickson , H.L. 1995 . Characterization of a new lipopeptide surfactant produced by thermotolerant and halotolerant subsurface Bacillus licheniformis BAS50 . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 61 : 1706 – 1713 .
  • Yu , G.Y. , Sinclair , J.B. , Hartman , G.L. and Bertagnolli , B.L. 2002 . Production of iturin A by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens suppressing Rhizoctonia solani . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 7 : 955 – 963 .
  • Zosim , Z. , Rosenberg , E. and Gutnick , D.L. 1986 . Changes in emulsification specificity of the polymeric bioemulsifier emulsan: effects of alkanols . Colloid and Polymer Science , 264 : 218 – 223 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.