A comprehensive review on the availability of bioactive compounds, phytochemicals, and antioxidant potential of plum (Prunus Domestica)

Figures & data

Table 1. Percentage of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, skin color, VCEAC (vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity), and IC₅₀ of different cultivars of plums.

Cultivars	Skin Color	TPC	TFC	VCEAC	IC50	Reference
Stanley	Blue plums	180.9	110.7	250.1	19.3	^[Citation8]
Longjohn	Purple plums	217.0	150.9	290.0	17.3	^[Citation17]
Mirabellier	Yellow plums	137.4	95.8	211.4	32.1	^[Citation18]
NY 9	Purple plums	125.0	64.9	239.4	46.0	^[Citation17]
Early Magic	Red plums	143.5	68.0	205.0	15.7	^[Citation19]
Antumn sweet	Red plums	229.6	93.0	352.2	20.9	^[Citation8]
NY 6	Blue plums	163.4	109.5	263.4	24.4	^[Citation17]
Castleton	Purple plums	175.4	107.8	264.6	13.8	^[Citation18]
Beltsville Elite	Purple plums	373.6	257.4	567.4	31.4	^[Citation19]
NY 101	Yellow plums	182.3	144.9	289.7	27.9	^[Citation8]

Table 2. The phytochemicals in plums along with its concentration in plums, their general chemical structures for the flavonoid backbones, and their nutritional aspects with its identification and quantification techniques.

Phytochemicals		Concentration in plums	Chemical structure	Nutritional aspects	Identification techniques	Referances
Antioxidant activity by hydroxy-cinnamic acid (mg per 100g)	Neochlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid)	18.3–215.7		It possesses anti-inflammatory effect. It reduces the cancer risk by decreasing scavenging activity of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and detoxification and modification of carcinogen metabolism.	UPLC-MS/MS. Using an BEH Acquity C18 column (100mm*2.1mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min.	^[Citation39]
	Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid)	0.9–21.3		It is effective against diabetes by reducing blood glucose level. It is heart healthy and used for cardiovascular health.	UPLC-MS/MS. Using an BEH Acquity C18 column (100mm*2.1mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min.	^[Citation39]
Flavonols	Quercetin 3-rutinoside (rutin)	2.8–7.7		It is affected by glucose uptake improvement in vivo and in vitro, thus showing antidiabetic effect, increasing the release of insulin, and reducing the blood glucose level.	FT-IR Bruker, 55 spectrometer in the frequency range of 400-1800c/m.	^[Citation40]
	Quercetin 3-galactoside (hyperoside)	3.1–3.6		It is effective against cell oxidative damage, by scavenging the ROS (reactive oxygen species), increasing the antioxidant activity of enxymes.	HPLC-MS/MS, using UV-visible- DAD detector. Column prontosil C18 (250mm*4.6mm, film thickness 5 μm)	^[Citation41]
	Quercetin 3-glucoside (isoquercitrin)	1.2–2.4		It is a potential antioxidant, plant pigment. It is an effective anti-fatigue agent, effective for cancer patients by the prevention and the formation of thromboembolism.	ESI-MS and MS/MS analysis HV-capillary 4100V, capillary exist 134.3V, end plate offset is 500V.	^[Citation41]
	Quercetin derivative 1	0.6–1.8		It is effective in improving cardic function, decreasing lipis peroxidation and free radicals scavenging activity.	HPLC-DAD-ESIMS, prontosil C18 column (250mm*4.6mm, film thickness 5 mm)	^[Citation26]
	Quercetin derivative 2	0.3–0.9		It is effective in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, and hypercholesterolemia.	HPLC-DAD analysis, reversed phase C18 Nucelosil column (150mm*4,6mm, film thickness 5 µm)	^[Citation26]
Anthocyanins	Cyaniding derivative	2.1–3.1		Responsible for the red color of plums.	LC-ESI-MS, Reversed phase column C18 (250mm*4.6mm, film thickness 4 μm)	^[Citation25]
	Cyaniding 3-glucoside (kuromanin)	2.1–13.5		It is a prominent anthocyanin, showing anti-inflammatory effect; it is useful in preventing DNA damage.	HPLC and LC/ES-MS, hypersil column (125mm*4.0mm, film thickness 5 µm) with flow rate of 0.8ml per min.	^[Citation42]
	Cyanidin 3-rutinoside (keracyanin)	14.2–33.5		C3R is a potent antioxidant showing anti-carcinogenic, anti-hyperglycemic and increased cardiovascular properties.	HPLC and LC/ES-MS, hypersil column (125mm*4.0mm, film thickness 5 µm) with flow rate of 0.8ml per min.	^[Citation42]
	Peonidin 3-glucoside	0.9–1.2		Commonly known as methylcyanidin is a plant metabolite knowm for its antioxidant potential.	LC-MS/MS analysis, Acquity BEH C18 column (50mm*2mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with flowrate of 4.0ml per min.	^[Citation16]
	Peonidin derivative	1.9–11.5		It is acyanidin microbial metabolite. it showed formidable apoptotic and inhibitory effect on metastatic cells of human breast cancer.	LC-MS/MS analysis, Acquity BEH C18 column (50mm*2mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with flowrate of 4.0ml per min.	^[Citation16]

Figure 1. Mechanism of action of bioactive compounds in plum.

Figure 2. Heath benefits of plum.

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