Classroom Achievement Goal Structure, School Engagement, and Substance Use Among 10^th Grade Students in Norway

Figures & data

Table 1 Multigroup Comparisons for Testing of Measurement Invariance Between Unconstrained Model and Constrained Model by Gender

	Chi sq	df	p
Model 1
Unconstrained model	842.41	188	.00
Model 2
Constrained model by gender	862.24	204	.00
Model 1—Model 2 difference	19.83	16	.23

Figure 1 Latent achievement goal classroom structure and motivational engagement among boys/girls respectively.

Table 2 Bivariate Correlation (Boys Above Diagonal and Girls Below Diagonal) and Descriptives for Total Sample Including Mean (Range 1–5 for All Variables), Standard Deviance, Skewness, Kurtosis, and Alpha

	1	2	3	4	5
1. Mastery		.47^*^*	.25^*^*	.47^*^*	.54^*^*
2. Performance approach	.26^*^*		.54^*^*	.35^*^*	.29^*^*
3. Performance avoidance	− .04	.48^*^*		.23^*^*	.18^*^*
4. Motivational engagement	.29^*^*	.21^*^*	− .02		.59^*^*
5. Affective engagement	.50^*^*	.15^*^*	− .02	.50^*^*
Mean level total sample	3.72	3.55	2.99	4.02	3.37
Mean level difference boys-girls^*	.01	.03	.17^*^*	− .21^*^*	.01
St. Dev.	.72	.77	.95	.70	.73
Skewness	− .64	− .36	− .01	− .91	− .35
Kurtosis	1.36	.71	− .13	2.03	.79
Alpha	.78	.82	.89	.82	.84

^*Mean level (boys) subtracted by mean level (girls).

^**p <  .01.

Table 3 Prevalence of Smoking and Drinking (Smoking and Drinking)

	Boys n (%)	Girls n (%)
Smoking 1–2 times or more past 30 days	112 (17.45%)	102 (17.53%)
Smoking 3–5 times or more past 30 days	81 (12.62%)	67 (11.51%)
Drinking 1–2 times or more past 30 days	207 (32.34)	254 (43.71)
Drinking 3–5 times or more past 30 days	85 (13.28%)	91 (15.66%)

Table 4 Intraclass Correlation (ICC) and Design Effect (DEFF)

	ICC	DEFF
Mastery	.039	1.766
Performance approach	.031	1.650
Performance avoidance	.020	1.393
Motivational engagement	.031	1.650
Affective engagement	.029	1.570
Smoking 1–2 times or more past 30 days	.049	1.963
Smoking 3–5 times or more past 30 days	.050	1.982
Drinking 1–2 times or more past 30 days	.040	1.786
Drinking 3–5 times or more past 30 days	.019	1.373

Table 5 Unadjusted Odds-Ratios (Confidence Interval 95%) for Smoking and Drinking by Classroom Goal Structure, and Motivational and Affective School Engagement

	Smoking	Smoking	Drinking	Drinking
	1–2 or more	3–5 or more	1–2 or more	3–5 or more
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Mastery	.81^* (.66–1.00)	.70^*^* (.55–.88)	.85^* (.72–1.00)	.75^*^* (.60–.93)
Perf. app.	.89 (.73–1.08)	.77^* (.61–1.00)	1.03 (.89–1.21)	.87 (.70–1.07)
Perf. avoid.	.97 (.83–1.14)	.88 (.73–1.07)	1.07 (.94–1.21)	.97 (.82–1.15)
Motiv. engag.	.51^*^* (.41–.62)	.45^*^* (.36–.57)	.69^*^* (.59–.82)	.51^*^* (.41–.64)f
Aff. engag.	.61^*^* (.50–.75)	.56^*^* (.44–.71)	.79^*^* (.68–.93)	.60^*^* (.48–.74)
Gender	1.01 (.75–1.35)	.90 (.64–1.27)	1.63^*^* (1.29–2.05)	1.21 (88–1.67)

^**p <  .01 ^*p <  .05.

Table 6 Multiple Odds-Ratios (Confidence Interval 95%) for Smoking and Drinking

	Smoking	Smoking	Drinking	Drinking
	1–2 or more	3–5 or more	1–2 or more	3–5 or more
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Mastery 1.20 (93–1.55)	1.03 (.76–1.41)	1.03 (.84–1.25)	1.09 (.83–1.42)
Motiv. engag.	.49^*^* (.38–.64)	.44^*^* (.32–.60)	.64^*^* (.52–.80)	.53^*^* (.41–.70)
Aff. engag.	.83 (.63–1.09)	.89 (.64–1.24)	.97 (.78–1.21)	.83 (.62–1.11)
Gender	–	–	1.86^*^* (1.45–2.38)	–

^**p <  .01.