Eating Duration throughout a Rotating Shift Schedule: A Case Study

Abstract

Objective

The impact of the rotation between different shifts and free days within a short period of time on the food consumption is poorly addressed in the literature. Our objective was to characterize the eating duration (ED) over 10 d of clockwise rotating and to associate it with the intake of energy and macronutrients.

Methods

Thirty male shift-workers from a mining company were evaluated over a complete rotation shift schedule of 10 consecutive days (2 d of morning shifts, 2 d of afternoon shifts, 24 h free-day, 2 d of night shifts, and three free days). ED was defined as the interval between the first meal after awaking and last meal before sleep onset. Sleep/wake periods and food intake were evaluated by actigraphy and 24 h recalls, respectively. Generalized models were used to analyze the variation in ED and its association with nutrient intake over the shift schedule.

Results

ED periods showed significant variations throughout shift rotation and were associated with energy intake. The highest energy intake (3410 ± 235 kcal) and longest ED (20.7 ± 1.2 h) were found on Day 5, the day between afternoon and night shifts, and a part of Day 6 (night shift), i.e., in the longest period of wakefulness and the shortest sleep duration (4.7 ± 0.3 h) (p < 0.05 for all). The lowest energy intake (1284 ± 125 kcal) and shortest ED (4.96 ± 0.7 h) (p < 0.05) occurred after the last night shift (Day 7). The balance between the percentage of macronutrients did not differ statistically between the ED periods.

Conclusions

In general, longer periods of wakefulness showed greater energy intake, demonstrating the tendency of workers to eat around the clock during their shift. Even with the energy intake variation, the balance of macronutrients remained the same over the ED periods. Despite the need of confirmation in future studies, these results suggest that the management of ED period could be considered in the nutritional approach of shift workers.

Keywords:

• Food intake
• eating duration
• nutrition
• shift workers
• rotation shift schedule

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the volunteers for being part of this research. We are grateful to the collaborating researcher Regina M. Fisberg for facilitating the use of the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) software.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Author’s contributions

CAC, LPM, and DER designed the research; LPM and DER conducted the research; CAC, LPM, TVCL, and DER analyzed the data; CAC, LPM, TVCL, CRCM, and DER wrote the paper. All authors read the article, provided critical reviews, and approved the final manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG); and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (88882.429139/2019-01).