A comprehensive review on the availability of bioactive compounds, phytochemicals, and antioxidant potential of plum (Prunus Domestica)

ABSTRACT

Plums are the ubiquitous fruit belonging to genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus, consumed as food and have many health benefits and medicinal effect in the treatment of many diseases. Pulp from plums is also used in different beverages. Plums are the potential source of polyphenolic compounds and bioactive compounds such as phenolic, anthocyanins, and carotenoids and many organic acids such as citric acid and malic acid. Plums are also the abundant sources of many minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamins A, B, K, and C. Plums are the abundant sources of predominant antioxidants and phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, crypto-chlorogenic acid, and neo-chlorogenic acid. These antioxidants and bioactive compounds are effective in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, bone heath, and cardiovascular diseases and in maintaining the blood glucose level. Plums helps in the heart diseases prevention, as it is low in fat content and high in dietary fiber. It is also effective in the treatment of lung and oral cancer. The consumption of plums boosts human health and prevents many diseases. The review discusses the importance, production, different varieties of plums along with its nutritional profile, availability of bioactive compounds, phytochemical composition, and antioxidants mainly phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It also introduces the beneficial effect of the bioactive compounds in heart, lungs, and cardiovascular diseases, followed by its in vivo human and animal studies.

Keywords:

• Plums (Prunus Domestica)
• Bioactive Compounds
• Organic Acids
• Antioxidants
• Health Properties

Introduction

Fruits are rich wellsprings of a few organically dynamic segments that add to general wellbeing and decline the danger of endless infections, for example, cardiovascular illness.^[1] They are the most omnipresent wellspring of phenolic mixes. Polyphenols apply an assortment of physiological impacts in in-vitro including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidative exercises.^[2] There is a higher convergence of phenolic phytochemicals in plums, and these organic products remain underutilized in the normal North American eating regimen and underlooked into around the world.

The family Rosaceae is an overwhelming group of organic products, including plum Prunus species, Japanese plum, European plums, apples, blackberries, cherries, nectarine, raspberry, peach, pear, and strawberry. The products of this family are described by particular dietary and physiological attributes. Specifically, these fruits have polyphenolic segments (anthocyanins, nutrient C, and fiber) in high quantities that has prompted expanding examination into the utilitarian properties of these broadly devoured stone foods grown from the ground.^[3]

Plum foods grown from the ground Prunes species are represented in excess of 2000 types of natural products. These fruits are viewed as vital global items because of their expensive purchaser acknowledgment and the assortment of arrangements comprising canned, desiccated, new, prepared to use for cooking, or refined into schnapps. Prunes were also consumed in ancient times like different stone fruits. Most strikingly, Louis Pellier acquired European plums in late nineteenth century which was a creation itself.^[4]

The European plums have been found with its source, some place close to the Caspian Ocean around 2000 years back. The explorers were brought fruit to the USA in seventeenth century, while Japanese plums were grown in China. In the USA, Japanese plum was brought in the late nineteenth century. In the present day, the norm fabricators of industrially developed plums are the Assembled States, Serbia, China, and Romania.^[5]

Plums are usually recognized for attractive surface, marvelous taste, highly soluble sugar part, low calories, and great nutritive esteem. Starches (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol), just as natural acids, for example, citrus and malic acids, notwithstanding fiber (gelatins), tannins, sweet-smelling substances, and compounds, were present in these fruits. These elements add to healthful esteem and flavor of plums. Plums are likewise wealthy in an assortment of mineral and nutrients (vitamin A, B1, B2, and vitamin C); in human body they are basic for various functions and capacities. The minerals with notorious applications which are available in physically huge sums (potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc). Particularly, level of iron, as its rapidly bioavailable, is most elevated in products of the soil. This marvel is credited to the ascorbic corrosive substance in prunes.^[6]

For the most part, plum organic products are reasonable for the human sustenance inferable from their nutritive, dietary high vitality and wellbeing esteems. Higher dietary estimation of plums results due to their extensive inorganic phytochemical constituents and natural substance, for example, starches (mono- and disaccharides, gelatin, and dietary fiber), cell reinforcement mixes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, nutrients, proteins, fat, and so forth. Likewise, plums are crude material wealthy in cinder and minerals, for example, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Furthermore, plums likewise contain microelements, particularly iron and boron.^[7,8]

The rising information and accentuation on the phytochemical capability of specific organic products have prompted the portrayal of plums as wealthy in cell reinforcement limit. The phytochemicals are transcendently subordinates to phenolic acids and flavonoids. These segments have solid cancer prevention agent limits notwithstanding conferring tactile characteristics, for example, taste, shading, and flavor in natural products and vegetables. All these natural products are especially high in cell reinforcement movement, surpassing that of strawberries, oranges, and apples. In particular, plums have shown 4.4 occasions higher absolute cancer prevention agent limit than apples in spite of apples being a standout among the most regularly devoured natural products in the human eating regimen.^[9]

In ordering entire and common nourishments dependent on their one of a kind wholesome synthesis, flavonoid content is a standout among the most imperative techniques for characterization. Since 1990s, different amounts of phenolic mixes, subclass of anthocyanins, and flavonoids have brought expanded enthusiasm for plum-based research. Various medical advantages have been related to the plum foods grown from the ground incorporating enhanced bone wellbeing, cognizance and memory, cancer prevention agent calming impacts, and easement of clogging.^[10]

Importance of plum

While several biological influences related to the nutraceuticals and functional foods are warm topics and evolving trends in the food industry, fruits and vegetables are one of the novel sources of these health paybacks. In a wide range, fruits as well as vegetables are mainly valuable to human health and comprise a number of bioactive compounds to the inhibition of degenerative processes. A lot of epidemiological studies have established prodigious validation that specifies that vegetables- and fruits-rich diet has low chances of degenerative processes caused due to the serious nutritional features that are confined in fresh produce. Therefore, NCI and NRC proposed minimum five daily servings of vegetables and fruits to recover health. However, these recommended number of five servings were consumed by only 17% population in America.^[11]

Plum foods grown from the ground Prunes species are represented in excess of 2000 types of natural products. These fruits are viewed as vital global items because of their expansive purchaser acknowledgment and the assortment of arrangements comprising canned, desiccated, new, prepared to use for cooking or refined into schnaps. The European plums have been found with its source, some place close to the Caspian Ocean around 2000 years back. In the USA, Japanese plum was brought in the late nineteenth century.^[3] In the present day, the norm fabricators of industrially developed plums are the Assembled States, China, Serbia, and Romania. Starches (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol), just as natural acids, for example, citrus and malic acids, notwithstanding fiber (gelatins), tannins, sweet-smelling substances, and compounds, were present in these fruits. These elements add to healthful esteem and flavor of plums. Plums are likewise wealthy in an assortment of mineral and nutrients (vitamins B₁, B₂, C, and A that are basic for various capacities in human bodies.^[12]

The rising information and accentuation on the phytochemical capability of specific organic products have prompted the portrayal of plums as wealthy in cell reinforcement limit. These phytochemicals are flavonoids and phenolic acids. These segments have solid cancer prevention agent limits notwithstanding conferring tactile characteristics, for example, taste, shading, and flavor in natural products refreshments and vegetables. These natural products are especially high in cell reinforcement movement, surpassing that of strawberries, oranges, and apples.^[13]

Dried plums are called prunes and are known for diuretic effect, which is due to higher fiber components. Prior examinations credited diuretic impact of dried plums to the nearness of phenolic (chlorogenic corrosive) and sorbitol that are in organic product, organized with its rich fiber components. Prunes are named dried plums in the USA. The change of name is suggested to spread prunes as a welfare nourishment as opposed to being related with supremacy.^[14] Prunes are prepared modernly by drying the plums at a temperature of about 85–90°C for 18 h. This method is accepted to have begun a great many years back likewise close to the Caspian Ocean, a similar locale wherever the European plums were found. Prunes spread all through Europe by relocation and human progress. Nowadays, USA and California are main maker of dried plum around the world.^[15]

In characterizing entire and common provisions dependent on their one of a kind healthful piece, flavonoid content is a standout among the most imperative techniques for order. High level of phenolic mixes, flavonoids, and anthocyanins found in the plum has brought about a significantly expanded enthusiasm for plum based on looking into since the 1990s. Various medical advantages have been related to the plum products of the soil incorporating enhanced bone wellbeing, discernment and memory, cancer prevention agent calming impacts, and easement of stoppage.^[16]

The family Rosaceae is an overwhelming group of organic products, including European and Japanese plum, Stanley, autumn sweet, and many other varieties of red and purple plums and prune, apart apples, blackberries, cherries, nectarine, peach, pear, raspberry, and strawberry (Table 1). The products of this family are described by particular physiological and dietary attributes. Specifically, these fruits have polyphenolic segments (anthocyanins, nutrient C, and fiber) in high quantities that has prompted expanding examination into the utilitarian properties of these broadly devoured stone foods grown from the ground.^[20]

Table 1. Percentage of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, skin color, VCEAC (vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity), and IC₅₀ of different cultivars of plums.

Cultivars	Skin Color	TPC	TFC	VCEAC	IC50	Reference
Stanley	Blue plums	180.9	110.7	250.1	19.3	^[Citation8]
Longjohn	Purple plums	217.0	150.9	290.0	17.3	^[Citation17]
Mirabellier	Yellow plums	137.4	95.8	211.4	32.1	^[Citation18]
NY 9	Purple plums	125.0	64.9	239.4	46.0	^[Citation17]
Early Magic	Red plums	143.5	68.0	205.0	15.7	^[Citation19]
Antumn sweet	Red plums	229.6	93.0	352.2	20.9	^[Citation8]
NY 6	Blue plums	163.4	109.5	263.4	24.4	^[Citation17]
Castleton	Purple plums	175.4	107.8	264.6	13.8	^[Citation18]
Beltsville Elite	Purple plums	373.6	257.4	567.4	31.4	^[Citation19]
NY 101	Yellow plums	182.3	144.9	289.7	27.9	^[Citation8]

Production of plum

Fruits, including Japanese, European plum, and prune, notwithstanding apple, peach, pear, blackberry, cherry, nectarine, raspberry, and strawberry, are predominant group of the family Rosaceae. The products of the family Rosaceae are described by particular dietary and physiological attributes. Specifically, these organic products have high level of polyphenolic segments, fiber, and vitamin C which has prompted expanding examination into the useful properties of these generally expended stone foods grown from the ground.^[6,7]

Plum foods grown from the ground Prunus species are represented in excess of 2000 types of natural products. These include dried, canned, crisp, liquor-like products. Most outstandingly, in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, a scientist Louis Pellier brought some European plums in California and founded the main prune production in America. By helping in absorption and restoring mouth ulcers, the excellences of prunes were praised. In particular, the region around the Caspian Ocean is the starting point of the European plum. Polyploid species like cherry plum (diploid) and blackthorn (tetraploid) were got from two old wild plums. Results of these investigations were conveyed worldwide. Plums are basically grown in subtropical areas.^[8] The real prune makers on the planet incorporate the Assembled States and France following the prevalent creation in China. Although Asia is considered biggest plummaker in the world, America also contributes five percent share. Specifically, California has become the best prune producer in the preceding decade, supplying roughly 67% of the world’s prune supply, or 178 million kilograms of prunes per year. English Columbia and Ontario dominate the plum and prune business in Canada, with 3.47 million kg joined each year. These plums are prevalently conventional Italian assortments, yet more current plantings are required to build creation.^[7]

Project of rearing plum begun in 1913 in Vineland Exploration Station is found to be one of the most seasoned European plum reproducing projects around the world. Right now, it is the main plum reproducing project in Canada just as the main dynamic program staying in the northeast locale of America. Genotypes of plums created at Vineland Exploration Station have a developing widespread intrigue and group of onlookers. Most of the plums are conventional and dark blue in skin shading; be that as it may, there are some other lighter-cleaned Japanese assortments, for example, Greengage and Early Brilliant. As of late, a little populace of exceptional YEPs has additionally been recognized, for example, the selective genotypes that will be examined thoroughly in this examination. By and large, the massive genotypes of the plums, the conveyance of natural product through a broader region, and also its versatility to differing conditions make it incredibly critical in both the present and future advancement.^[5]

In spite of the fact that the present shopper intrigue of plums is to a great extent credited to sense of taste, surface, and soluble sugar components, plums additionally have truncated caloric substance and moderately extraordinary nutritive esteem. All of these natural products contain sugars including (sucrose, sorbitol, fructose, and glucose) just as natural acids, for example, malic acid and citrus notwithstanding fiber (gelatins), tannins, sweet-smelling substances, and proteins. These constituents add to taste and nutritious esteem of the plums. Their dried partners (prunes) have noteworthy amounts of solvent fiber as gelatin (three grams for each 100 g) that have been appeared to diminish cholesterols level in plasma, perhaps through expanded bile corrosive discharge in the dung.^[21]

Plums are wealthy in an assortment of mineral and nutrients, including nutrients B1, B2, A, and C which are sometimes necessary in human bodies. Minerals include iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, potassium, and zinc. This wonder is ascribed to the ascorbic corrosive substance in prunes. Albeit a few nutrients are corrupted amid drying out at high temperatures, for example, nutrient C, others might be thought by lack of hydration, bringing about more supplement thickness in prunes than plums and other new natural products. Notwithstanding nutrient C, a noteworthy commitment might be prepared by pyridoxine, niacin, and riboflavin which are available in the ratio of ten percent of the prescribed day by day allow per serving of prunes.^[12]

Among organic product trees developed in clean plantations, plums rank third after apple and cherry trees and Poland positioned ninth in Europe and sixteenth worldwide as far as the volume of plum creation in the years 2002–2006. Fundamentally prepared items are produced using plums-incorporated compotes, mousse, mash, dried and sugar-coated natural product, solidified organic product, jams, conventional clean plum saves “powidła”, and mixed drinks. Because of their taste and dietary esteem, they are eagerly devoured by kids and grown-ups of various age gatherings. Plum natural product contains numerous sugars, natural acids, and different mixes imperative from the dietary perspective. Plum is additionally an imperative fare natural product, both crisp and solidified.^[22]

Plum trees in Poland are developed all through the nation both in business plantations and home greenery enclosures. The territory of plum developing is continuously expanding after a fall following an exceptionally cruel winter of 1986/87. The determination of cultivars, contingent upon nearby climatic and soil conditions, is of key significance in expanding the region and profitability of these societies. We scan for cultivars with alluring natural product, malady safe, gainful, just as those which might be kept in cool stockpiling for quite a while, since more expensive rates are paid for such organic product than for natural product at collect time. Consequently, one of the essential conditions deciding productivity of plum generation is the presentation of new, profitable cultivars reasonable for concentrated developing in business plantations.^[3] The more drawn out the period when a given plum cultivar is accessibly available, the more aggressive it is as far as cost in contrast with cultivars with a short keeping period. Customer acknowledgment of plums is firmly related to collected date and development phase of products of the soil supply ought to be connected with their potential keeping period, for example, timeframe of realistic usability. Shoppers when settling on buy choices above all else assess the presence of foods grown from the ground with its taste related to solids substance and acridity. Ideal gather time ensures product of good quality, with no superfluous misfortunes brought about by physiological or parasitic ailments. Plums have low calorie content and generally high nutritive esteem.^[23] They contain sugars, as a matter of first importance of fructose, sucrose, and glucose, while natural acids include malic and citrus acids, tannins, compounds, and fragrant substances. Taste of plum and nutritive esteem is decided by these substances. High levels of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are present in plum. Plums are organic product wealthy in phenolic mixes, described by generally high cell reinforcement action, higher than, for example, strawberries, apples, or oranges. These natural products impact peristaltic developments, back off the retention of starches, increase of lipid breakdown, upgrade the vibe of satiety, and diminish the dimensions of cholesterol, and a portion of LDL, homocysteine, and serum triglycerides have a defensive activity on veins. Due to remarkable high potassium and sodium contents, plums are recommended to patients suffering from hypertension.^[24]

On the planet, natural product created plums flourishing almost eight million tons. However, almost 70 percent of the generation was obtained by assortments of Japanese plum, while European plum represents 20%. In Poland, in ranking of fruit trees plum is ranked third. In Poland around 100 thousand tons every year plum is created. These fruits are normally developed in business plantations, just as portions and garden plots. About 3 kg per capita consumption of plum is recorded in Poland, 07 kg in Germany, 20 kg in Balkans.^[18]

Nutritional and phytochemicals properties

Phenolic phytochemicals are critical sweet-smelling auxiliary metabolites in plants, a considerable lot of which are usually replaced by sugar compounds, for example, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose, and galactose. Significant measures of phenolic mixes oftentimes happen in sustenance, for example, products of the soil, and are routinely expended in our eating regimen. They essentially credit to the tangible characteristics (shading, flavor, and taste) of crisp organic products, vegetables, and their items. Moreover, numerous phenolic phytochemicals have different properties including antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antimutagenic, and antiinflammatory.^[25] A few phytochemicals, incorporating flavonoids in products of the soil, decrease chances of heart attacks. Different studies indicate reverse relation between the addition of leafy foods in diet and coronary illness. Preparation of phenolic phytochemicals is affected by green practices, cultivars, developing season, geographic root, preparing techniques, and postharvest capacity. Plums had 4.4 occasions higher all out cell reinforcement limits than apples, the last being a standout among the most normally expended organic products in our eating routine. They announced the complete cancer prevention agent limit of different organic products Trolox reciprocals and plums. Different phenolic types of five yellow and red plum were lately investigated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, however no cancer prevention agent action.^[23] In alternative report, cell reinforcement movement of chlorogenic corrosive and its isomers, secluded from prune, was assessed. The estimation of cancer prevention agent movement of individual mixes may prompt a deceptive end due to habitually watched adversarial or synergistic associations of different parts of sustenance. Different sorts of cancer prevention agent segments in plums may assume essential jobs in the combinative or synergistic commitment to add up to cell reinforcement movement. However, in the normal American eating routine plums, having high centralizations of phenolic phytochemicals remains underutilized and under-inquired about around the world. Motivations behind this examination were to decide the substance of absolute phenolic phytochemicals and flavonoids and to assess complete cancer prevention agent movement in different cultivars of plums utilizing nutrient C identical to cell reinforcement limit (VCEAC). To estimate cancer prevention, blue-green 2, 20-azinobis chromogen was used.^[26]

Nutritional value

Plums are an amazing wellspring of supplements and contribute widely to human sustenance, which support human wellbeing and anticipate rate of different infections. It contains natural acids (malic and citrus extract), starches (glucose, sucrose, and fructose), strands (gelatins), sweet-smelling substances, tannins, and catalysts. Aside from these essential sustenance substance, plum organic products are rich wellspring of phenolic mixes, portrayed by moderately high anthocyanin and cell reinforcement action which are higher than strawberries, oranges, and apples. The major vitamins present in plums as per percentage of their daily values are vitamins A 4.5%, vitamin C 12%, and vitamin K 8%. It also contains 3.6% of dietary fiber and many other nutrients including potassium 5%, copper 6%, and tryptophan 3.5%.^[27]

The developing information and accentuation on the phytochemical capability of specific organic products has prompted the portrayal of plums as wealthy in cancer prevention agent limit. These segments have solid cell reinforcement limits notwithstanding bestowing tactile characteristics, for example, taste, shading, and flavor in organic products, drinks, and vegetables. All these organic products are especially high in cancer prevention agent movement, surpassing that of strawberries, apples and oranges. In particular, plums have shown 4.4 occasions higher all out cancer prevention agent limit than apples in spite of apples being a standout among the most usually expended natural products in the eating regimen of humans.^[28,29]

Cancer preventing dietary agents are winding up progressively critically, and it is related to improvement in infectious agents against diseases. Albeit free extreme development is related to the typical, normal digestion of high-impact cells, the age of the free radicals because of the oxygen utilization in cell development may prompt unfriendly impacts. Such unfriendly impacts can likewise result from outside variables, for example, radiation and tobacco smoke, which can prompt free extreme arrangement.^[30]

All of these free radicals are atoms with inadequate electron shells; so as a result, they are more synthetically responsive than those with full electron shells. The reactive free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydroxyl radical (Goodness), and peroxy radical (ROO-), add harm to the natural frameworks, for example, the disturbance of layer smoothness, lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, and oxidative.^[24]

There have been numerous studies to prevent or delay the onset of these illnesses because a number of human degenerative illnesses, including numerous chronic medical conditions like tumors, aggravation, maturing, and atherosclerosis, have been linked to severe damage in humans. Almost all creatures have cancer preventing agents in any form that secure them from free radicals; however, these agents cannot secure them fully against oxidative harms. Be that as it may, the harm can be intervened by cell reinforcements, which can extinguish receptive free radicals. This ends oxidation of different particles, bringing about wellbeing advancing impacts to avoid sickness related to degeneration. The most likely and logical way to combat degenerative diseases is to increase your intake of cancer prevention agents, which has been linked to eating more green foods. Such plant-based foods are a wealthy source of naturally occurring cell reinforcements that can scavenge free radicals.^[31]

Presently, about 8000 phenolic structures have been recognized in plant kingdom. Polyphenolic mixes are optional metabolites which are collected from shikimate, phenylpropanoid shikimate, pentose phosphate, and phenylpropanoid pathways in plants. These mixes make a gathering out of synthetically heterogeneous structures that have various useful jobs. Specifically, a significant number of these mixes are viewed as barrier intensifies that demonstration to secure plants from pathogens and herbivores, and others give mechanical help, help with drawing in pollinators and natural product dispersers, retain destructive light, and decrease the development of contending encompassing plants.^[32]

These plant-got phenolics can extend from basic atoms, for example, phenolic acids, too much polymerized mixes, as proanthocyanidins, otherwise called tannins. In particular, flavonoids and subordinates have increased expanding enthusiasm as a standout among the most omnipresent gatherings of optional plant mixes. The aftereffects of an ongoing report propose that the normal absolute admission of flavonoids in shoppers was 55.2 milligrams every day barring anthocyanins that was taken from organic products (67%), berries (3%), vegetables (5%), and drinks (25%).^[33]

These mixtures are made of diphenyl propanes, which have a basic structure consisting of two fragrant rings connected by three carbons, which usually forms an oxygenated heterocycle. These sweet-smelling ring structures are assigned A, B, and C. The A and C rings frame the benzopyran spine of the atom with the expansion of hydroxyl bunches at the 3, 5, and 7 positions and further conjugation to sugars. The extra sweet-smelling B aggregate is associated with the C ring at the position 2. The basic relatives of flavonoids incorporate, isoflavones, flavones, catechin, flavanols, catechin, anthocyanins, and isoflavonoids. The distinctions in these classes of flavonoid mixes result from the nearness or nonattendance of a twofold bond in the C-ring, the introduction of the B-ring (isoflavones), or the absence of an oxygen in position 4 (catechins).^[34]

Flavonoids are of enthusiasm because of the huge number of natural impacts that they grant, regulation of catalyst exercises, and restraint of cell expansion. These mixes are generally explored to illustrate their announced antispasmodic, antiulcer, antisecretory and antidiarrheal, and antihepatotoxic properties. Also, these phenolic and flavonoids compounds are especially important in the developing assortment of malignancy explore because of their anticancer usefulness, which incorporates enactment and union of detoxifying chemicals, tweak of cell separation and apoptosis, cancer prevention agent capacity, and topoisomerases. Subsequently, these compounds profoundly affect different stages in malignant growth improvement, in the antherosclerosis arrangement, on the insusceptible framework, and on hemostasis in cell frameworks and creatures.^[1]

These imperative organic capacities are achieved via a few biochemical activities of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These mixes are related with synergist hindrance of various chemicals engaged with the age of responsive oxygen species which lead to chelation of metal particles and as a result ROS develop. The flavonoids compounds result in free radical scavenging activity by taking an interest in searching free radicals that give a hydrogen molecule to the respective free radical. Since the electrons are displaced in the benzene ring of the phenolic structure, the organization of the flavonoid free radical during the response results in more dependability than the previous ROS framework. The most pervasive flavonoid subordinates with strong phytochemical potential found in numerous foods grown from the ground are anthocyanins, which speak to a gathering of far reaching common phenolic mixes in various shaded plants.^[35]

Such mixes prevalently occur in glucosides as natural products that result from the conjugation of the anthocyanidin, flavonoid compounds, and a glucose particle. This anthocyanin would then be able to be separated on the bases of their nature and the number of aliphatic and fragrant acids that are added with sugars in the compounds. Anthocyanins are basically found in red wine, red grapes, and berries that are the subgroups of flavonoids. Even potential substitutes of engineered sustenance colorants and specifically, anthocyanins may fill in as common colorant sources because of their alluring blue, red, and orange shades.^[36] Since fruit covers are signs of quality development in fruits and are affected by fixation of different anthocyanins so they have vital value. As referenced already, anthocyanins are made up of various anthocyanidin which are attached to sugars at various hydroxylation locales. The anthocyanins in numerous organic products depend on six basic anthocyanidins (peonidin pelargonidin petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin). Those sugars which are coupled to anthocyanidins are arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, and galactose. These arrangements can be changed through different mixes, for example, methyl gatherings, acidic corrosive, propionic corrosive, caffeic corrosive, or malonic corrosive; they are attached to the sugar compounds.^[37]

Among anthocyanins-containing palatable plants in around 90% of anthocyanin-containing organic products, cyanidin is the most plenteous aglycone. Notwithstanding the restricted writing concerned with anthocyanin creation in Japanese and European plums have been described by various anthocyanins. In spite of the fact that anthocyanins are included in the prevailing mixes regularly found in plums, the nonattendance of dull pigmentation to a great extent demonstrates the nonappearance of these mixes contrasted with customary assortments.^[38]

Since most phenolic mixes, particularly anthocyanins and neochlorogenic corrosive, wind up packed in the flesh of plums and different other organic products, it is normal that natural product shading is associated to add up to phenolic substance or all-out cancer prevention agent limit. As needs, an ongoing report exhibited that the greenish skin shaded plums, when contrasted with purple and red, have the most minimal dimension of absolute phenolic compounds. The examination demonstrated that the yellow assortments being researched did not contain the trademark plum anthocyanins.^[22] Moreover, the absolute antioxidant substances displayed a strong relationship with the cell reinforcement movement than other carotenoid and anthocyanin substances, which showed the significance of these parameter in deciding cancer prevention agent limit. Among the atoms applying cancer prevention agent movement in the plums, the commitment of phenolic mixes was a lot more prominent than the carotenoids and vitamin C alone.^[13] It is notable that specific sustenance work in the support of human wellbeing and aversion of ceaseless sicknesses. These kinds of nourishments are frequently delegated practical sustenance or nutraceuticals. The utilization of nutraceuticals and practical parts in an assortment of useful sustenance, for example, crisp foods grown from the ground and their handled items, has been related with various gainful wellbeing impacts and sickness aversion throughout the years.^[1]

Among these utilitarian nourishments, plums and prunes are plant-based “super sustenances” since their utilization has remained related with the decline in perpetual deteriorating ailments and circulatory and stomach related problems. Anthocyanins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acid present in abundant amount in plums are responsible for major antioxidant activity by boosting immunity and show anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties (Table 2). These results are related to synthesis of higher polyphenols and will be investigated further. In spite of the fact that plums have high convergences of the phenolic phytochemicals, such organic products are underutilized in the normal North American eating routine and under-looked into around the world.^[43]

Table 2. The phytochemicals in plums along with its concentration in plums, their general chemical structures for the flavonoid backbones, and their nutritional aspects with its identification and quantification techniques.

Phytochemicals		Concentration in plums	Chemical structure	Nutritional aspects	Identification techniques	Referances
Antioxidant activity by hydroxy-cinnamic acid (mg per 100g)	Neochlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid)	18.3–215.7		It possesses anti-inflammatory effect. It reduces the cancer risk by decreasing scavenging activity of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and detoxification and modification of carcinogen metabolism.	UPLC-MS/MS. Using an BEH Acquity C18 column (100mm*2.1mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min.	^[Citation39]
	Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid)	0.9–21.3		It is effective against diabetes by reducing blood glucose level. It is heart healthy and used for cardiovascular health.	UPLC-MS/MS. Using an BEH Acquity C18 column (100mm*2.1mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min.	^[Citation39]
Flavonols	Quercetin 3-rutinoside (rutin)	2.8–7.7		It is affected by glucose uptake improvement in vivo and in vitro, thus showing antidiabetic effect, increasing the release of insulin, and reducing the blood glucose level.	FT-IR Bruker, 55 spectrometer in the frequency range of 400-1800c/m.	^[Citation40]
	Quercetin 3-galactoside (hyperoside)	3.1–3.6		It is effective against cell oxidative damage, by scavenging the ROS (reactive oxygen species), increasing the antioxidant activity of enxymes.	HPLC-MS/MS, using UV-visible- DAD detector. Column prontosil C18 (250mm*4.6mm, film thickness 5 μm)	^[Citation41]
	Quercetin 3-glucoside (isoquercitrin)	1.2–2.4		It is a potential antioxidant, plant pigment. It is an effective anti-fatigue agent, effective for cancer patients by the prevention and the formation of thromboembolism.	ESI-MS and MS/MS analysis HV-capillary 4100V, capillary exist 134.3V, end plate offset is 500V.	^[Citation41]
	Quercetin derivative 1	0.6–1.8		It is effective in improving cardic function, decreasing lipis peroxidation and free radicals scavenging activity.	HPLC-DAD-ESIMS, prontosil C18 column (250mm*4.6mm, film thickness 5 mm)	^[Citation26]
	Quercetin derivative 2	0.3–0.9		It is effective in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, and hypercholesterolemia.	HPLC-DAD analysis, reversed phase C18 Nucelosil column (150mm*4,6mm, film thickness 5 µm)	^[Citation26]
Anthocyanins	Cyaniding derivative	2.1–3.1		Responsible for the red color of plums.	LC-ESI-MS, Reversed phase column C18 (250mm*4.6mm, film thickness 4 μm)	^[Citation25]
	Cyaniding 3-glucoside (kuromanin)	2.1–13.5		It is a prominent anthocyanin, showing anti-inflammatory effect; it is useful in preventing DNA damage.	HPLC and LC/ES-MS, hypersil column (125mm*4.0mm, film thickness 5 µm) with flow rate of 0.8ml per min.	^[Citation42]
	Cyanidin 3-rutinoside (keracyanin)	14.2–33.5		C3R is a potent antioxidant showing anti-carcinogenic, anti-hyperglycemic and increased cardiovascular properties.	HPLC and LC/ES-MS, hypersil column (125mm*4.0mm, film thickness 5 µm) with flow rate of 0.8ml per min.	^[Citation42]
	Peonidin 3-glucoside	0.9–1.2		Commonly known as methylcyanidin is a plant metabolite knowm for its antioxidant potential.	LC-MS/MS analysis, Acquity BEH C18 column (50mm*2mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with flowrate of 4.0ml per min.	^[Citation16]
	Peonidin derivative	1.9–11.5		It is acyanidin microbial metabolite. it showed formidable apoptotic and inhibitory effect on metastatic cells of human breast cancer.	LC-MS/MS analysis, Acquity BEH C18 column (50mm*2mm, film thickness 1.7 µm) with flowrate of 4.0ml per min.	^[Citation16]

Bioavailability of plum bioactive compounds

Notwithstanding plums being a standout among the most various and differing gatherings of organic product tree species, there are insignificant data with respect to their total biochemical attributes. Albeit European plums give a decent wellspring of supplements and phenolic compounds, the assorted variety of phytochemicals inside these species has a lack in research in detail to a great extent because of rearing projects principally concentrating their endeavors on enhancing yield, modifying season, and protection from biotic and abiotic components. As per the restricted investigations introduced on phenolic and antioxidants in plums, the transcendent phenolic mixes in plums were recognized as hydroxycinnamic corrosive subordinates, for example, chlorogenic corrosive, quercetin, and neochlorogenic corrosive subsidiaries.^[17] Specifically, the organically important phenolic mixes found in European plums incorporate cinnamic and quinic acids and the complimentary esterified structures, for example, chlorogenic corrosive isomers, caffeic corrosive, and ap-coumaric corrosive structure, separately.^[2]

In particular, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic corrosive are overwhelming phenolic and flavonoid exacerbates that are major antioxidant compounds in plums and prunes. The phenolic compounds are particularly significant for multiple organic action because they are distinguished as cell reinforcements toward confined lipoproteins in human body. An early advance in atherosclerotic injury usually develops from the oxidation of very low and low density lipoproteins, so the mechanism of oxidation of lipoproteins defers the beginning and advancement in the procedures in atherosclerotic treatment. Notwithstanding plums and prunes, chlorogenic corrosive is found in sustenances like different berries and espresso which capacities to treat and secure DNA breakage brought about by monochloramine.^[36] The blends of purnes and plums are naturally huge cancer prevention agent; they are also related with lessening cardiovascular ailments and weight reduction. In particular, epidemiological examinations have uncovered that dietary admission of the two flavonoids and phenolic acids which are abundant in plums and purnes is conversely identified with ensuing coronary illness.^[44]

Various epidemiological examinations appearing certain dietary components that impact malignant growth advancement have prompted trial examinations of utilitarian nourishments, for example, plums and prunes. As the second driving reason for malignant growth demise in the USA and the fourth most regular disease, colorectal disease is at present being researched as far as the impact of explicit dietary factors on colon carcinogenesis. In particular, the prunes comprise a high centralization of dietary fiber and polyphenols, the two of which have been related with a diminished danger of colon malignant growth. Moreover, utilization of prunes is appeared to diminish fecal lithocholic corrosive fixation, which is a putative colon malignant growth chance factor.^[45]

Bioactive compounds present in plum

The new plums, the aftereffects of an ongoing report, demonstrated that the phytochemical substance of dried plums can almost certainly be credited to the decrease of a few hazard factors identified with colon carcinogenesis, for example, diminishing fecal aggregate and optional bile acids fixations, diminishing colonic β-glucuronidase and 7-α-dehydroxlase exercises, and expanding cancer prevention agent limit. Specifically, flavonoids have been distinguished for their job in applying development restraint in a few cells which includes the cells of colorectal carcinoma and can actuate apoptosis.^[12]

Antioxidants compounds in plums

Phenolic compounds are a captivating and distinctive group of bioactive substances found widely in nature. Their abundance in health-promoting elements contributes to preventing several diseases, making them an excellent addition to our diet due to their nutritious content. Plums are rich in various bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and minerals. They represent a valuable addition to our diet, providing essential nutritional and dietary benefits. Their intake is crucial for human health, as a high consumption of these foods leads to a significant boost in antioxidant activity within the human plasma. Plums contain significant levels of antioxidant compounds, such as neochlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid).^[46]

Additionally, a notable quantity of cryptochlorogenic acid (4-O-caffeoylquinic acid) is also found in plums. Chlorogenic acid is widely acknowledged for its antioxidant properties, effectively protecting human LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and acting as a scavenger against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.^[14] It also serves as an inhibitor, preventing the formation of conjugated diene during linoleic acid oxidation. In fact, the antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid surpasses that of vitamin C and vitamin E, as demonstrated by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity.^[21] Prunes contain significant amounts of antioxidant compounds, such as neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid, as well as cryptochlorogenic acid. These antioxidants have various health benefits, including protecting against LDL oxidation and scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.^[37] The antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid is even higher than that of vitamin C and vitamin E. Plums intake has been found to be effective in preventing and improving ovariectomy-induced hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels) and bone mineral density loss.^[8]

Notwithstanding malignant growth and cardiovascular ailments, the growth rate of diabetes is rapidly rising, requesting dynamic advancements to deal with diabetes. Type II diabetes is caused by a metabolic issue that is related to insulin opposition and weakened insulin emission, which can promptglycation of hemoglobin perpetual hyperglycemia, glycation of hemoglobin, and expanded dimensions of oxidative pressure. The key chemicals that are related to the movement of Sort II diabetes incorporate α-glucosidase and α-amylase, which are engaged with intestinal glucose assimilation and starch breakdown, separately.^[47]

These chemicals are basic in the beginning and movement of diabetes since the principle challenge related with this malady is the upkeep the glucose level in blood as near typical as conceivable with couple of variances. As for overseeing diabetes, the hindrance of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase is vital in diminishing the vehicle of starches into the circulatory system. Specifically, α-glucosidase is present in numerous leafy foods just as in every single creature specie as an essential protein for maltose hydrolysis to glucose. In this manner, the hindrance of this protein is especially essential in the advancement of the board procedures for Sort II diabetes. Hindrance can diminish the hydrolysis rate of maltose and correspondingly, resulting in fundamentally diminished postprandial increment in glucose level in blood after starch admission.^[48]

Accordingly, restorative methodologies that repress or diminish related oxidative procedures are connected to the aversion or postponement of intricacies related with diabetes. In spite of the fact that there are inhibitors being utilized for this reason, for example, α-carbose, there are various related symptoms announced, for example, stomach enlargement, tooting, meteorism, and the runs. Thusly, dietary administration of α-glucosidase and α-amylase hindrance might be a compelling option.^[43] Plums are known for the potential antioxidant activity by the bioactive compounds including polyphenols, phytochemicals, and flavonoid compounds that are involved in preventing cardiovascular diseases and controlling diabeties and blood sugar (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Mechanism of action of bioactive compounds in plum.

The usefulness of these chemicals reaches out to their association with the previously mentioned phenolics and bioactive compounds. Since polyphenols and bioactive compounds are multidentate ligands that can tie to protein (chemical) surfaces through various phenolic bunches at the same time, enzymatic restraint is influenced by the authoritative of polyphenols to proteins.^[44] Results from an examination including home-grown concentrations showed high α-glucosidase and αamylase hindrance related with a few normal phenolic mixes. Therefore, to inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase exercises have been associated with complete phenolic content, cancer prevention agent action, and individual phenolic segments in estimated tests notwithstanding the synergistic activity of other non-phenolic segments.^[49]

Gastrointestinal digestion studies

Diets wealthy in vegetables and fruits are counseled by several organizations of health, and epidemiologic trainings have shown that their consumption will cut back the rate of vessel diseases, cancer and sort II polygenic disease. Several of those diseases are characterized by a coffee however chronic and general inflammatory part. It has been proposed that the consumption of vegetables and fruits could cut back infection and aerobic trauma via sterilization pointer transduction flows that influence cistron. In fact, many fertilizer constituents, as well as polyphenols, carotenoids antioxidant vitamins like C and E, have shown to change organic phenomenon. Therefore, several countries, as well as Luxembourg, are supporting fruit and vegetable intake. Plums and cabbages are often used up, with eight and seven kilo p.a. and capita, severally.^[9] They conjointly contain comparatively extraordinary carotenoids and polyphenols. As their concentration sometimes decreases following bodily process, internal organ and tiny viscous digestion, cellular uptake, and more biodistribution, it may well be planned that these complexes could also be most bioactive within the duct. Inciting viscous diseases (IBD), as well as inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn’s disease, are progressively analyzed within the past epochs, particularly in Westernized Countries. CD will have an effect on any a portion of the GIT, whereas UC largely distresses the colon and therefore the body part.^[50] Each disease is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, and markable weight, typically determined along with redoubled markers of aerobic stress, like (8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine). In many physiological processes, like scavenger cell defense, ROS is enjoying a very important role that are outdated by-product of aerobic respiration. They’ll additionally behave as courier molecules. On the other hand, they conjointly show a task in uncontrolled processes like infection; thus, aerobic organisms that depend on defense mechanisms are mostly formed by endogenous enzymes like superoxide dismutase and compounds like glutathione. However, they conjointly need exogenous antioxidants like vitamin E or phytochemicals, although later a pair of them don’t seem to be essential during a strict organic process sense.^[51] ROS will activate many intracellular communications like interlukin 1, 6 and 8 more exasperating aerobic inflammations. Exact etiology of CD is not fully understood, but it is believed that environmental and genetic both factors are involved. The treatment for worst case is surgery; however, most of the patients are cured with medical medicine (steroids), non-steroidal medicament medicine, or immune selective medicament end product. However, these methods were presented to possess unadorned facet effects, like disgorgement, pain in liver, damage of appetence, and liver injury. Therefore, it is need of time to treat IBD with proper diet and will surely help in medical treatment. Polyphenols and carotenoids will help in matter as they hold anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant properties. It has been revealed that polyphenols and carotenoids will drop the activation of NF- B, therefore down regulating genes like cyclooxygenase in the end falling the exudation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines.^[2]

In vivo studies

Normal medicine aging in animals and humans is in the midst of declines in psychological feature performance thought to ensue to Associate in Nursing inflated susceptibleness of the brain to the semi-permanent possessions of aerophilic anxiety and infection. Because the section of older in our people will increase and thus can be commonness of psychological feature diminishing because of traditional elderly and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) to boost the standard of life for the older and to moderate the social and economic encumbrances of inflated lifespan, it’s vital to plot ways which will sluggish the failure in psychological feature recital get up from aerophilic anxiety and swelling. Forgoing conclusions have instructed that age-correlated psychological feature deteriorations is also lessened by the intake of fruits and vegetables, particularly the brighter colored, which encompass phytochemicals with large amount in vitro inhibitor and anti-swelling action^[49]

Phenolic resin of phytochemicals retains a different of biological forms, together with effective in vitro inhibitor activity. Indeed, dietary phenolics are reportable to up standardize inhibitor passageways, provided that bigger profit to inhibitor security organizations than merely there in vivo awareness and reaction capability. Phenolic might facilitate to down standardize provocative passageways concluded their repressing impact on nuclear issue and enzymes resulting in provocative actions.^[50] Phenolic will have an effect on sequence (transcription, cell-cycling events, and necrobiosis). Consequently, phenolics offer advantages to vast health by providing cancer chemo protection in different types of inflammation and in neuroprotection. Our laboratory results have presented that the diets of old rats were continued for the duration of eight weeks with slip-skin grape juice because the exclusive supply of liquid and behavioral changes that illustrate brain aging in these rats was overturned.^[52] For 8 weeks, rats were supplied with dark-colored fruits and vegetables which were collected by extracts of Spanish strawberry and blueberry which helped in many parameters of neural performance and age-related motor and psychological feature shortages; different berry fruits were conjointly operative during this model portentous that phytochemicals gift in high amount of antioxidant foods which can be operative in prevention of useful age-related shortages^[53]

Dried plums of California (i.e., prunes, plum L) are created from a variety named by many names together with French. Plums are exposed to dry air at temperature of 85–90°C for 18 hours to scale back, water content of fruit from 87 to around 33 to supply prunes. Prunes (dried plums) are also treated more into followings (prune juice, purée, or different prune merchandise).^[54] Many studies showed a hundred common foods within the USA; plums and prunes were bringing into being to possess a great total inhibitor capability once restrained by the chemical element radical fascinating capability (ORAC) assay the whole (hydrophilic and lipophilic) ORAC of recent plums was reportable as 59.2 mole Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of eatable part. Prunes were reportable to possess a complete (hydrophilic and lipophilic) ORAC of 85.8 mole TE/g of eatable part that was nearly three times above the opposite dried fruits (figs, raisins, and dates).^[55] In recent times dried form of plums are accepted as a vigorous food, because of their cathartic action, capacity to interruption aldohexose immersion, and as precautionary agents compared to chronic diseases, like cardiopathy, cancer, and pathology. The absorption of phenolic in prune making plums is around 1.10 mg/g of recent eatable part, supporting superior liquid natural action analysis that is around admire 47 mg/g of dry weight of total phenolic supporting 87 wet content of fruits. Recently, phenolic share in prune making plums is 84–90% hydroxycinnamates, 2–3% flavonols, 4–8% flavan, and 4–9% anthocyanins. During drying, phenolic got tainted due to activity of polyphenolic enzyme.^[56] Half the amount of hydroxycinnamates and flavonols are lost in drying at industries. The phenolic resin absorption of prunes is around 1.84 mg/g of the recent eatable part or 2.67 mg/g DW total phenolic, supporting a prune wet part of 33.^[57] Plums and prunes that are distinguished for his or her profusion and sort of hydroxycinnamate esters contain chlorogenic acid (i.e., 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) isomers together with 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (neochlorogenic acid) and 4-Ocaffeoylquinic acid (crypto chlorogenic acid). Plums Associate in Nursing dried plums comprise an well-endowed sort of hydroxyl cinnamate esters. The two plum merchandises were experienced in equivalent, however, distinct studies that observed aged Fischer 344 rats, wherever psychological feature trying was directed once eight week of supplementation with a thousandth plum juice or two dried plum powder diet.^[58]

Human studies

Influenza caused by blood group virus is one in all the foremost common infectious animal disease diseases within the world, moving uncountable folks annually. A virus contains two spike glycoproteins (hem agglutinin and neuraminidase) acting because the chief matter factors that bear matter deviation. The hem agglutinin spike binds to receptors that are made up of sialic acid on the surface of host cell has to answer for distribution of virus in living cell by fusion with the membranes of lysosomes initiated by flow of protons over the M₂ channel. Neuraminidase spike is very important in removing sialic acid for its protein activity. Currently, solely two inhibitors of sialidase) and channel blockers like M₂ nucleon are obtainable for clinical use as anti-influenza medication.^[25] Opposition to those medication has been reportable. Therefore, precaution ought to be occupied in their use for cure or hindrance of recent grippe viruses; there is a need of antifluenza products. Maximum natural merchandises from tropical and semitropic sectors are exposed to possess medicative properties. We’ve antecedent exposed that edible bird nest, tea leaves, and tea seeds have anti-influenza activity, and thujaplicin originated in cedars has been revealed to inhibit human grippe virus replication. The Japanese plum’s extract, conjointly known as Japanese apricot (Latin name: Japanese apricot), has lately been reportable to inhibit Helicobacter pyroli (H. pyroli) motility and neoplastic cell line growth by syringaresinol and prunate (C₁₉H₂₂O₆), severally. It has conjointly been revealed to comprise numerous amounts of natural phenolic resin phytochemicals (flavonoids and phenolic resin acids) that can perform as effective natural antioxidants in our daily diet.^[23]

Health effect of plum juice

The plum might be a fruit which is present in the taxon Prunus (Family Rosaceae). The taxon may be specified for specific subgenera for example peaches, cherries, etc. In 1940 different plum species existed. European and Japanese plums are economically important across the world. By pilgrims, within the seventeenth century the fruit was introduced into the USA; however, the Japanese plum has originated from China and originated its name from the country wherever it had been principally cultured and established, while in nineteenth century the Japanese plum launched in USA. In cataloging complete and natural foods supporting their distinctive nutritionary structure, every of the foremost necessary strategies of classification flavonoid content is important. The high intensities of phenolic resin substances, as well as flavonoids discovered in plum, have ensued in a very affectedly magnified notice in plum based analysis since the 1990s. Different cures are associated with plum fruit as they enhance bone health, memory, knowledge and cure constipation.^[46,59]

These health-promoting properties are attributed to the plum’s inhibitor capability as a results of the high amount of phenolic resin content. Different in vitro and animal studies have shown the importance of plums. The objective of efficient review of this study is to work out on the useful health effects of plums and prove the existing benefit and prevention of diseases by plum consumption and its value added products (Figure 2).^[55]

Figure 2. Heath benefits of plum.

Conclusion

Consumption of plums is the easy way to meet the daily recommendation of the fruit intake. The unique property of polyphenols and bioactive compounds mainly hydroxycinnamic subordinates like chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and quercetin (a p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid) is proven to be effective in enhancing bone health and promotes hearth health, thus preventing cardiovascular diseases. Plum consumption is also linked with reducing weight loss and regulates the blood glucose level. It is also used in the prevention of cancer growth limit by diminishing and inhibiting colonic beta-glucuronidase, 7-alpha-dehydroxlase by fixing the optional bile acid production. Plums containing high amount of fiber, istain, and sorbitol help in the proper functioning of digestive system and thus help relieve constipation. Plums contain abundant minerals mainly such as potassium, iron, and fluoride that helps in regulating and controlling blood pressure level by maintaining the body fluid level. Plums helps in preventing the damage to the cell components mainly neurons and fats that are involved in the formation of cell organelles that prevents macular degeneration. In any of the studies no adverse effects of plums are noted including this review.

Acknowledgments

The authors are highly obliged to the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, University of Sargodha, Sargodha and Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) and IT Department, Higher Education Commission (HEC, Islamabad), for access to journals, books, and valuable database.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).