Teaching botanical identification to adults: experiences of the UK participatory science project ‘Open Air Laboratories’

References

• Balmford , A. , Clegg , L. , Coulson , T. and Taylor , J. 2002 . Why Conservationists Should Heed Pokémon . Science , 295 : 2367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebbington , A. 2005 . The Ability of A-Level Students to Name Plants . Journal of Biological Education , 39 : 62 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxshall, G. and D. Self. 2010. UK Taxonomy and Systematics Review. Results of Survey Undertaken by the Review Team at the Natural History Museum serving as contractors to NERC.
   Google Scholar
• Boxshall, G., C. Godfray, M. Akam, M. Bailet, M. Blaxter, M. Chase, R. Fortey et al. 2011. Developing a National Strategy in Taxonomy and Systematics. Prepared for NERC by an Expert Working Group.
   Google Scholar
• Carney , R. N. and Levin , J. R. 2003 . Promoting Higher-Order Learning Benefits by Building Lower-Order Mnemonic Connections . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 563 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convention on Biological Diversity. 2012. What is the Problem? http://www.cbd.int/gti/problem.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Davies , L. , Bell , J. N. B. , Bone , J. , Head , M. , Hill , L. , Howard , C. Hobbs , S. J. 2011 . Open Air Laboratories (Opal): A Community-Driven Research Programme . Environmental Pollution , 159 ( 8–9 ) : 2203 – 2210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drea, S. 2011. “The End of the Botany Degree in the UK.” Bioscience, Education 17: 2.
   Google Scholar
• Galbraith , J. 2003 . Connecting With Plants: Lessons for Life . The Curriculum Journal , 14 ( 2 ) : 279 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Hershey , D. R. 1993 . Plant Neglect in Biology Education . Bioscience , 43 ( 7 ) : 418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey , D. R. 1996 . A Historical Perspective on Problems in Botany Teaching . American Biology Teacher , 58 : 340 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey, D. R. 2002 Plant Blindness: “We have Met the Enemy and he is Us”. Botanical Society of America Plant, Science Bulletin 48, 48(3): 78–85.
   Google Scholar
• Kirchhoff, B. K., R. Leggett, V. Her, and C. Moua. 2011. Principles of Visual Key Construction―with a Visual Identification Key to the Fagaceae of the Southeastern United States. AoB Plants. 2011. plr005 doi:10.1093/aobpla/plr005. 2011
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann-Matthies , P. 2006 . Investigating Nature on the Way to School: Responses to an Educational Programme by Teachers and their Pupils . International Journal of Science Education , 28 ( 8 ) : 895 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , T. A. 2011 . Go Chemistry: A Card Game to Help Students Learn Chemical Formulas . Journal of Chemical Education , 88 ( 10 ) : 1397 – 1399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nantawanit , N. , Panijpan , B. and Ruenwongsa , P. 2011 . Studying How Plants Defend Themselves: A Chemical Weapon Produced by Chilli Fruit . Journal of Biological Education , 45 ( 4 ) : 244 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa , C. 2000 . Development of Teaching Materials for Field Identification of Plants and Analysis of their Effectiveness in Science Education . The American Biology Teacher , 62 ( 2 ) : 113 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Open Air Laboratories. 2012. Bayesian Keys. http://www.opalexplorenature.org/taxonomy/term/52.
   Google Scholar
• Perez , M. , Vanessa , D. , Weber , K. and Schussler , E. 2010 . What’s in A Name: Differential Labeling of Plant and Animal Photographs in Two Nationally Syndicated Elementary Science Textbook Series . International Journal of Science Education , 31 ( 9 ) : 1227 – 1242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randler , C. 2008 . Teaching Species Identification – A Prerequisite for Learning Biodiversity and Understanding Ecology . Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education , 4 ( 3 ) : 223 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Randler , C. and Bogner , F. 2002 . Comparing Methods of Instruction using Bird Species Identification Skills as Indicators . Journal of Biological Education , 36 : 181 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. and Lee , D. 2002 . “To See… Heaven in a Wild Flower…”: Teaching Botany in the 21st Century . American Journal of Botany , 89 ( 1 ) : 172 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenheck , M. B. , Levin , M. E. and Levin , J. R. 1989 . Learning Botany Concepts Mnemonically: Seeing The Forest and the Trees . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 ( 2 ) : 196 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , D. 2007 . Making Public the Private Life of Plants: The Contribution of the Informal Learning Environment . International Journal of Science Education , 29 ( 10 ) : 1209 – 1228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussler , E. and Olzak , L. 2008 . It’s Not Easy Being Green: Student Recall of Plant and Animal Images . Journal of Biological Education , 42 ( 3 ) : 112 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevcik , R. S. , Hicks , O. D. , Schultz , L. D. and Alexander , S. V. 2008 . Elements – A Card Game of Chemical Names and Symbols . Journal of Chemical Education , 85 ( 4 ) : 514 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , H. , Pinho , R. , Lopes , L. , Nogueira , A. J. A. and Silveira , P. 2010 . Illustrated Plant Identification Keys: An Interactive Tool to Learn Botany . Computers & Education , 56 : 969 – 973 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. and Munro , E. 2009 . Educational Card Games . Physics Education , 44 : 479
   Google Scholar
• Uno , G. E. 2009 . Botanical Literacy: What and How Should Students Learn About Plants? . American Journal of Botany , 96 ( 1 ) : 1753 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandersee , J. H. and Schussler , E. E. 1999 . Preventing Plant Blindness . American Biology Teacher , 61 : 84 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandersee , J. H. and Schussler , E. E. 2001 . Towards a Theory of Plant Blindness . Plant Science Bulletin , 47 : 2 – 9 .
   Google Scholar