Who owns responsibility? An administrator’s take on implementing time-variable medical training in teaching hospitals

References

• Bland CJ, Starnaman S, Wersal L, Moorhead-Rosenberg L, Zonia S, Henry R. 2000. Curricular change in medical schools: how to succeed. Academic Med.75:575–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boor K, Van Der Vleuten C, Teunissen P, Scherpbier A, Scheele F. 2011. Development and analysis of D-RECT, an instrument measuring residents’ learning climate. Med Teach. 33:820–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunniss S, Kelly DR. 2010. Research paradigms in medical education research. Med Educ. 44:358–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangiarella J, Gillespie C, Shea JA, Morrison G, Abramson SB. 2016. Accelerating medical education: a survey of deans and program directors. Med Educ Online. 21:31794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caverzagie KJ, Nousiainen MT, Ferguson PC, Ten Cate O, Ross S, Harris KA, Busari J, Bould MD, Bouchard J, Iobst WF, et al. 2017. Overarching challenges to the implementation of competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland J, Roberts R, Kitto S, Strand P, Johnston P. 2018. Using paradox theory to understand responses to tensions between service and training in general surgery. Med Educ. 52:288–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke M, Irby DM, O'Brien BC. 2010. Educating physicians: a call for reform of medical school and residency. San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke M, Irby DM, Sullivan W, Ludmerer KM. 2006. American medical education 100 years after the Flexner report. N Engl J Med. 55:1339–1344.
   Google Scholar
• DeLuca GC, Ovseiko PV, Buchan AM. 2016. Personalized medical education: reappraising clinician-scientist training. Sci Trans med. 8:321fs322–321fs322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden J, Berwick DM, Wilensky GR. 2014. Graduate medical education that meets the nation’s health needs. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Emanuel EJ, Fuchs VR. 2012. Shortening medical training by 30%. JAMA. 307:1143–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson PC, Caverzagie KJ, Nousiainen MT, Snell L, Collaborators I. 2017. Changing the culture of medical training: an important step toward the implementation of competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:599–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fokkema JP, Westerman M, Teunissen PW, van der Lee N, Scherpbier AJ, van der Vleuten CP, Dörr PJ, Scheele F. 2012. How lead consultants approach educational change in postgraduate medical education. Med Educ. 46:390–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank JR, Snell L, Englander R, Holmboe ES, Collaborators I. 2017. Implementing competency-based medical education: Moving forward. Med Teach. 39:568–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, Fineberg H, Garcia P, Ke Y, Kelley P, et al. 2010. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The Lancet. 376:1923–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg C, Insel PA. 2013. Preparing MD-PhD students for clinical rotations: Navigating the interface between PhD and MD training. Acad Med: J Assoc Am Med Coll. 88:745–747.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh T, Hinder S, Stramer K, Bratan T, Russell J. 2010. Adoption, non-adoption, and abandonment of a personal electronic health record: case study of HealthSpace. BMJ. 341:c5814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. 2004. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quart. 82:581–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh T, Stramer K, Bratan T, Byrne E, Mohammad Y, Russell J. 2008. Introduction of shared electronic records: multi-site case study using diffusion of innovation theory. BMJ. 337:a1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruppen L, Frank JR, Lockyer J, Ross S, Bould MD, Harris P, Bhanji F, Hodges BD, Snell L, ten Cate O. 2017. Toward a research agenda for competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:623–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh DA, Holmboe ES, ten Cate O. 2014. Time to trust: longitudinal integrated clerkships and entrustable professional activities. Acad Med. 89:201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmboe ES, Sherbino J, Englander R, Snell L, Frank JR, Collaborators I. 2017. A call to action: the controversy of and rationale for competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:574–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irby DM, Cooke M, O'brien BC. 2010. Calls for reform of medical education by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching: 1910 and 2010. Acad Med. 85:220–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombarts M, Bucx M, Rupp I, Keijzers P, Kokke S, Schlack W. 2007. An instrument for the assessment of the training qualities of clinician-educators. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor geneeskunde 151:2004–2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mennin S. 2007. Small-group problem-based learning as a complex adaptive system. Teaching and Teacher Educ. 23:303–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nousiainen MT, Caverzagie KJ, Ferguson PC, Frank JR, Collaborators I. 2017. Implementing competency-based medical education: what changes in curricular structure and processes are needed? Med Teach. 39:594–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plsek PE, Greenhalgh T. 2001. Complexity science: The challenge of complexity in health care. BMJ. 323:625–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plsek PE, Wilson T. 2001. Complexity, leadership, and management in healthcare organisations. BMJ. 323:746–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittel HW, Webber MM. 1973. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sci. 4:155–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Baden M, Major CH. 2012. Qualitative research: the essential guide to theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnadara RR, Mui C, McQueen S, Mironova P, Nousiainen M, Safir O, Kraemer W, Ferguson P, Alman B, Reznick R. 2014. Reflections on competency-based education and training for surgical residents. J Surg Educ. 71:151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thistlethwaite JE, Bartle E, Chong AAL, Dick M-L, King D, Mahoney S, Papinczak T, Tucker G. 2013. A review of longitudinal community and hospital placements in medical education: BEME Guide No. 26. Med Teach. 35:e1340–e1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rossum TR, Scheele F, Scherpbier AJ, Sluiter HE, Heyligers IC. 2016. Dealing with the complex dynamics of teaching hospitals. BMC Med Educ. 16:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rossum TR, Scheele F, Sluiter HE, Bosman PJ, Rijksen L, Heyligers IC. 2018. Flexible competency based medical education: more time efficient, higher costs. Med Teach. 40:315–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watling CJ, Lingard L. 2012. Grounded theory in medical education research: AMEE Guide No. 70. Med Teach. 34:850–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger SE, Smith LG, Collier VU. 2006. Redesigning Training for Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med. 144:927–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloschuk W, Myhre D, Jackson W, McLaughlin K, Wright B. 2014. Comparing the performance in family medicine residencies of graduates from longitudinal integrated clerkships and rotation-based clerkships. Acad Med. 89:296–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar