Clinical biopsychosocial physiotherapy assessment of patients with chronic pain: The first step in pain neuroscience education

References

• American Cancer Society 2014 Prevalence of Cancer http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Cancer_Prevalence_How_Many_People_Have_Cancer.asp
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association 2012 http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/
   Google Scholar
• American Heart Association 2011 Statistics on heart disease and stroke. update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:e18–e209.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews NE, Strong J, Meredith PJ 2015 Overactivity in chronic pain: Is it a valid construct? Pain 156: 1991–2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anusic I, Schimmack U 2016 Stability and change of personality traits, self-esteem, and well-being: introducing the meta-analytic stability and change model of retest correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110: 766–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse N, Fishman T, Falloon K, Hatcher S 2010 Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population. Annals of Family Medicine 8: 348–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekkering GE, Bala MM, Reid K, Kellen E, Harker J, Riemsma R, Huygen FJ, Kleijnen J 2011 Epidemiology of chronic pain and its treatment in The Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 69: 141–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett M 2001 The LANSS Pain Scale: The Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 92: 147–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJ, Jorm LR, Williamson M, Cousins MJ 2001 Chronic pain in Australia: A prevalence study. Pain 89: 127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D 2006 Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. European Journal of Pain 10: 287–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J 2006 The brief illness perception questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60: 631–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosschot JF 2002 Cognitive-emotional sensitization and somatic health complaints. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 43: 113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchgreitz L, Egsgaard LL, Jensen R, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bendtsen L 2008 Abnormal pain processing in chronic tension-type headache: A high-density EEG brain mapping study. Brain 131: 3232–3238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen H, Neumann L, Haiman Y, Matar MA, Press J, Buskila D 2002 Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in fibromyalgia patients: Overlapping syndromes or post-traumatic fibromyalgia syndrome? Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 32: 38–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B 2012 Thermal hyperalgesia distinguishes those with severe pain and disability in unilateral lateral epicondylalgia. Clinical Journal of Pain 28: 595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombez G, Eccleston C, Van Damme S, Vlaeyen JW, Karoly P 2012 Fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: The next generation. Clinical Journal of Pain 28: 475–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daenen L, Nijs J, Cras P, Wouters K, Roussel N 2014 Changes in pain modulation occur soon after whiplash trauma but are not related to altered perception of distorted visual feedback. Pain Practice 14: 588–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansie EJ, Turk DC 2013 Assessment of patients with chronic pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 111: 19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daykin AR, Richardson B 2004 Physiotherapists’ pain beliefs and their influence on the management of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 29: 783–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLongis A, Holtzman S 2005 Coping in context: The role of stress, social support, and personality in coping. Journal of Personality 73: 1633–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M, Federici A, Franco G, Ricci K, Lorenzo M, Delussi M, Vecchio E, Serpino C, Livrea P, Todarello O 2012 Suggestion and pain in migraine: a study by laser evoked potentials. CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 11: 110–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Smith C, Ybarra M, Muntaner C, Tien A 2004 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). In Maruish ME (ed) The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment. Instruments for Adults, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA, Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards RR, Bingham CO, Bathon J, Haythornthwaite JA 2006 Catastrophizing and pain in arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other rheumatic diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatology 55: 325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Pain Federation (EFIC) 2010 EFIC’s declaration on pain as a major health problem, a disease in its own right. http://www.efic.org/index.asp?sub=724B97A2EjBu1C
   Google Scholar
• Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, van Riel PL, Bijlsma JW 2001 Cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactivity to pain as a predictor of long-term pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Pain 93: 139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer MA, Chanda ML, Parks EL, Baliki MN, Apkarian AV, Schaeffer AJ 2011 Brain functional and anatomical changes in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Journal of Urology 186: 117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Carnero J, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, de la Llave-Rincon AI, Ge HY, Arendt-Nielsen, L 2009 Widespread mechanical pain hypersensitivity as sign of central sensitization in unilateral epicondylalgia: a blinded, controlled study. Clinical Journal of Pain 25: 555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari R 2015 A prospective study of perceived injustice in whiplash victims and its relationship to recovery. Clininical Rheumatology 34: 975–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fordyce WE, Fowler RS Jr, Lehmann JF, Delateur BJ, Sand PL, Trieschmann RB 1973 Operant conditioning in the treatment of chronic pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 54: 399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher L, McAuley, J, Moseley GL 2013 A randomized-controlled trial of using a book of metaphors to reconceptualize pain and decrease catastrophizing in people with chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 29: 20–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Generaal E, Vogelzangs N, Macfarlane GJ, Geenen R, Smit JH, de Geus EJ, Penninx BW, Dekker J 2016 Biological stress systems, adverse life events and the onset of chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain: a 6-year cohort study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 75: 847–854.
   Google Scholar
• Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, Nachemson A, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ 2004 Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis and Rheumatology 50: 613–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, Grant MA, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ 2004 Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain 127: 835–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haanpää M, Attal N, Backonja M, Baron R, Bennett M, Bouhassira D, Cruccu G, Hansson P, Haythornthwaite JA, Iannetti GD, Jensen TS, Kauppila T, Nurmikko TJ, Rice AS, Rowbotham M, Serra J, Sommer C, Smith BH, Treede RD 2011 NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain 152: 14–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haanpää M, Treede RD 2010 Diagnosis and classification of neuropathic pain. Pain Clinical Updates 18 (7): 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Haggman S, Maher CG, Refshauge KM 2004 Screening for symptoms of depression by physical therapists managing low back pain. Physical Therapy 84: 1157–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HardingVR, Williams A 1998 Activities training: Integrating behavioral and cognitive methods with physiotherapy in pain management. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 8: 47–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herren-Gerber R, Weiss S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen-Felix S, Di Stefano G, Radanov BP, Curatolo M 2004 Modulation of central hypersensitivity by nociceptive input in chronic pain after whiplash injury. Pain Medicine 5: 366–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ET 1987 Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychol Rev 94: 319–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh AT, George SZ, Bialosky JE, Robinson ME 2008 Fear of pain, pain catastrophizing, and acute pain perception: Relative prediction and timing of assessment. Journal of Pain 9: 806–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijnen IP, Verbunt JA, Peters ML, Smeets RJ, Kindermans HP, Roelofs J, Goossens M, Seelen HA 2011 Differences in activity-related behaviour among patients with chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain 15: 748–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julian LJ 2011 Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A). Arthritis Care and Research 11: S467–472.
   Google Scholar
• Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, Beller E 2007 Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash?–A preliminary RCT. Pain 129: 28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight RG, Waal-Manning HJ, Spears GF 1983 Some norms and reliability data for the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale. British Journal of Clinical Psycholgoy 22: 245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koltzenburg M, Torebjork HE, Wahren LK 1994 Nociceptor modulated central sensitization causes mechanical hyperalgesia in acute chemogenic and chronic neuropathic pain. Brain 117: 579–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kregel J, Vuijk PJ, Descheemaeker F, Keizer D, van der Noord R, Nijs J, Cagnie B, Meeus M, van Wilgen P 2015 The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Factor analysis, discriminative power and test-retest reliability. Clinical Journal of Pain Sep 28 [ Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB 2003 The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care 41: 1284–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Wu J, Bair MJ, Krebs EE, Damush TM, Tu W 2011 Reciprocal relationship between pain and depression: A 12-month longitudinal analysis in primary care. Journal of Pain 12: 964–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl LK, Michaux GP, Richter S, Schachinger H, Anton F 2010 Increased basal mechanical pain sensitivity but decreased perceptual wind-up in a human model of relative hypocortisolism. Pain 149: 539–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuptniratsaikul V, Chulakadabba S, Ratanavijitrasil S 2002 An instrument for assessment of depression among spinal cord injury patients: comparison between the CES-D and TDI. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 85: 978–983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kvaal K, Ulstein I, Nordhus IH, Engedal K 2005 The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20: 629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaChapelle DL, Alfano DP 2005 Revised neurobehavioral scales of the MMPI: Sensitivity and specificity in traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology 12: 143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ 2009 Central sensitization: A generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. Journal of Pain 10: 895–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadley RM, Armstrong N, Lee YC, Allen A, Kleijnen J 2012 Chronic diseases in the European Union: The prevalence and health cost implications of chronic pain. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 26: 310–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee MC, Zambreanu L, Menon DK, Tracey I 2008 Identifying brain activity specifically related to the maintenance and perceptual consequence of central sensitization in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 28: 11642–11649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW 2007 The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 30: 77–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal H, Brissette I, Leventhal EA 2003 The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In: Cameron LD (ed) The Self-Regulation of Health and Illness Behaviour, pp 42–65. London, Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leysen M, Nijs J, Meeus M, Paul van Wilgen C, Struyf F, Vermandel A, Kuppens K, Roussel NA 2015 Clinimetric properties of Illness Perception Questionnaire revised (IPQ-R) and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review. Manaul Therapy 20: 10–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Diener I, Butler DS, Puentedura EJ 2011 The effect of neuroscience education on pain, disability, anxiety, and stress in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 92: 2041–2056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis RB, Chibnall JT, Tait RC 1988 Test-retest reliability of the pain drawing instrument. Pain 33: 49–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis RB, Tait RC, Krause SJ 1986 A rating system for use with patient pain drawings. Pain 24: 57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer TG, Neblett R, Cohen H, Howard KJ, Choi YH, Williams MJ, Perez Y, Gatchel RJ 2012 The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Practice 12: 276–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS, Kalia M 2010 The role of corticosteroids and stress in chronic pain conditions. Metabolism 59: S9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mease PJ, Hanna S, Frakes EP, Altman RD 2011 Pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis: understanding the role of central pain and current approaches to its treatment. Journal of Rheumatology 38: 1546–1551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J 2007 Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Rheumatology 26: 465–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J, Van de Wauwer N, Toeback L, Truijen S 2008 Diffuse noxious inhibitory control is delayed in chronic fatigue syndrome: an experimental study. Pain 139: 439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J, Van Oosterwijck J, Van Alsenoy V, Truijen S 2010 Pain physiology education improves pain beliefs in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared with pacing and self-management education: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 91: 1153–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Vervisch S, De Clerck LS, Moorkens G, Hans G, Nijs J 2012 Central sensitization in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic literature review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 41: 556–567.
   Google Scholar
• Merskey H, Bogduk N 1994 International Association for the Study of Pain. Task Force on Taxonomy. Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms, 2nd edn. The University of Michigan, IASP Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moloney N, Hall T, Doody C 2013 Sensory hyperalgesia is characteristic of nonspecific arm pain: A comparison with cervical radiculopathy and pain-free controls. Clinical Journal of Pain 29: 948–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL 2002 Combined physiotherapy and education is efficacious for chronic low back pain. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 48: 297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL 2004 Evidence for a direct relationship between cognitive and physical change during an education intervention in people with chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain 8: 39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Butler DS 2013 Explain pain, 2nd edn. Adelaide City West, South Australia, NOI Group.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Nicholas MK, Hodges PW 2004 A randomized controlled trial of intensive neurophysiology education in chronic low back pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 20: 324–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Vlaeyen JW 2015 Beyond nociception: The imprecision hypothesis of chronic pain. Pain 156: 35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neblett R, Hartzell MM, Cohen H, Mayer TG, Williams M, Choi Y, Gatchel RJ 2014 Ability of the central sensitization inventory to identify central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample. Clinical Journal of Pain 31: 323–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neblett R, Hartzell MM, Cohen H, Mayer TG, Williams M, Choi Y, Gatchel RJ 2015 Ability of the central sensitization inventory to identify central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample. Clinical Journal of Pain 31: 323–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Apeldoorn A, Hallegraeff H, Clark J, Smeets R, Malfliet A, Girbes EL, De Kooning M, Ickmans K 2015 Low back pain: guidelines for the clinical classification of predominant neuropathic, nociceptive, or central sensitization pain. Pain Physician 18: E333–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Inghelbrecht E, Daenen L, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Hens L, Willems B, Roussel N, Cras P, Bernheim J 2011b Long-term functioning following whiplash injury: The role of social support and personality traits. Clinical Rheumatology 30: 927–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Meeus M, Van Oosterwijck J, Ickmans K, Moorkens G, Hans G, De Clerck LS 2012 In the mind or in the brain? Scientific evidence for central sensitisation in chronic fatigue syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 42: 203–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Meeus M, Van Oosterwijck J, Roussel N, De Kooning M, Ickmans K, Matic M 2011a Treatment of central sensitization in patients with ‘unexplained’ chronic pain: What options do we have? Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12: 1087–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Torres-Cueco R, van Wilgen CP, Girbes EL, Struyf F, Roussel N, van Oosterwijck J, Daenen L, Kuppens K, Vanwerweeen L, Hermans L, Beckwee D, Voogt L, Clark J, Moloney N, Meeus M 2014 Applying modern pain neuroscience in clinical practice: Criteria for the classification of central sensitization pain. Pain Physician 17: 447–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Van Houdenhove B, Oostendorp RA 2010 Recognition of central sensitization in patients with musculoskeletal pain: Application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice. Manual Therapy 15: 135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman A, Barrios FX, Gutierrez PM, Kopper BA, Merrifield T, Grittmann L 2000 The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Further psychometric evaluation with adult samples. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 23: 351–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman A, Barrios FX, Kopper BA, Hauptmann W, Jones J, O’Neill E 1997 Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 20: 589–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overmeer T, Linton SJ, Boersma K 2004 Do physical therapists recognise established risk factors? Swedish physical therapists’ evaluation in comparison to guidelines. Physiotherapy 90: 35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Paul TM, Soo Hoo J, Chae J, Wilson RD 2012 Central hypersensitivity in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93: 2206–2209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov I 1927 Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. In: Milford H (ed) Brain. London, Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson K, Brandstrom S, Toolanen G, Hildingsson C, Nylander PO 2004 Temperament and character: Prognostic factors in whiplash patients? European Spine Journal 13: 408–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prenoveau JM, Craske MG, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, Rose RD, Griffith JW 2011 Are anxiety and depression just as stable as personality during late adolescence? Results from a three-year longitudinal latent variable study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 120: 832–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska JO, Norcross JC 2001 Stages of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 38: 443–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid KJ, Harker J, Bala MM, Truyers C, Kellen E, Bekkering GE, Kleijnen J 2011 Epidemiology of chronic non-cancer pain in Europe: Narrative review of prevalence, pain treatments and pain impact. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27: 449–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivat C, Becker C, Blugeot A, Zeau B, Mauborgne A, Pohl M, Benoliel JJ 2010 Chronic stress induces transient spinal neuroinflammation, triggering sensory hypersensitivity and long-lasting anxiety-induced hyperalgesia. Pain 150: 358–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodero B, Luciano JV, Montero-Marin J, Casanueva B, Palacin JC, Gili M, Lopez del Hoyo Y, Serrano-Blanco A, Garcia-Campayo J 2012 Perceived injustice in fibromyalgia: Psychometric characteristics of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire and relationship with pain catastrophising and pain acceptance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 73: 86–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelofs J, Goubert L, Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, Crombez G 2004 The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: Further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia. European Journal of Pain 8: 495–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel NA, Nijs J, Meeus M, Mylius V, Fayt C, Oostendorp, R 2013 Central sensitization and altered central pain processing in chronic low back pain: fact or myth? Clininical Journal of Pain 29: 625–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott W, Trost Z, Milioto M, Sullivan ML 2013 Further validation of a measure of injury-related injustice perceptions to identify risk for occupational disability: A prospective study of individuals with whiplash injury. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 23: 557–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman JJ, Turk DC, Okifuji A 2000 Prevalence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clininical Journal of Pain 16: 127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singla M, Jones M, Edwards I, Kumar S 2015 Physiotherapists’ assessment of patients’ psychosocial status: are we standing on thin ice? A qualitative descriptive study. Manual Therapy 20: 328–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner BF 1938 The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. Oxford, England, Appleton-Century.
   Google Scholar
• Skuladottir H, Halldorsdottir S 2011 The quest for well-being: Self-identified needs of women in chronic pain. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 25: 81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart KM, Blake C, Staines A, Doody C 2011 The discriminative validity of “nociceptive,” “peripheral neuropathic,” and “central sensitization” as mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 27: 655–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart KM, Blake C, Staines A, Thacker M, Doody C 2012 Mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain: Part 1 of 3: symptoms and signs of central sensitisation in patients with low back (+/−leg) pain. Manual Therapy 17: 336–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speckens AE, van Rood Y 2004 Protocollaire behandeling van patiënten met onverklaarde lichamelijke klachten: Cognitieve gedragstherapie (Formal treatment of patients with unexplained physical symptoms: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy). In: Keijsers GP, van Minnen AV, Hoogduin CA (eds) Protocollaire Behandeling in de Ambulante Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (Formal Treatments in the Ambulatory Mental Health Care), pp 183–218. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, Houten, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD 1989 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography. Palo Alto, CA, Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spinhoven P, Penelo E, de Rooij M, Penninx BW, Ormel, J 2014 Reciprocal effects of stable and temporary components of neuroticism and affective disorders: Results of a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine 44: 337–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staud R 2011 Evidence for shared pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis, low back pain, and fibromyalgia. Current Rheumatology Reports 13: 513–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M 2008 Testing for sensory hypersensitivity or central hyperexcitability associated with cervical spine pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 31: 534–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Chadwick BJ 2010 Psychologic processes in daily life with chronic whiplash: Relations of posttraumatic stress symptoms and fear-of-pain to hourly pain and uptime. Clinical Journal of Pain 26: 573–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J 2010 Compensation claim lodgement and health outcome developmental trajectories following whiplash injury: A prospective study. Pain 150: 22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J 2003 Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain 104: 509–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Treleaven J, Edwards S, Jull G 2002 Pressure pain thresholds in chronic whiplash associated disorder: Further evidence of altered central pain processing. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 10: 69–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Adams H, Horan S, Maher D, Boland D, Gross R 2008 The role of perceived injustice in the experience of chronic pain and disability: scale development and validation. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 18: 249–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Bishop SR, Pivik J 1995 The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment 7: 524–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Thorn B, Rodgers W, Ward LC 2004 Path model of psychological antecedents to pain experience: Experimental and clinical findings. Clininical Journal of Pain 20: 164–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suokas AK, Walsh DA, McWilliams DF, Condon L, Moreton B, Wylde V, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zhang W 2012 Quantitative sensory testing in painful osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20: 1075–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland R, Morley S 2008 Self-pain enmeshment: future possible selves, sociotropy, autonomy and adjustment to chronic pain. Pain 137: 366–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinkels-Meewisse EJ, Swinkels RA, Verbeek AL, Vlaeyen JW, Oostendorp RA 2003 Psychometric properties of the Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia and the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire in acute low back pain. Manual Thererapy 8: 29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synnott A, O’Keeffe M, Bunzli S, Dankaerts W, O’Sullivan P, O’Sullivan K 2015 Physiotherapists may stigmatise or feel unprepared to treat people with low back pain and psychosocial factors that influence recovery: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 61: 68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson B 2014. Living Well with Chronic Pain: A Classical Grounded Theory. New Zealand, University of Canterbury.
   Google Scholar
• Torebjork HE, Lundberg LE, LaMotte RH 1992 Central changes in processing of mechanoreceptive input in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Journal of Physiology 448: 765–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J 2008 Neuropathic pain: Redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 70: 1630–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk DC, Okifuji A 2002 Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70: 678–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valjakka AL, Salanterä S, Laitila A, Julkunen J, Hagelberg NM 2013 The association between physicians’ attitudes to psychosocial aspects of low back pain and reported clinical behaviour: A complex issue. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 4: 25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dam NT, Earleywine M 2011 Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised (CESD-R): Pragmatic depression assessment in the general population. Psychiatry Research 186: 128–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oosterwijck J, Meeus M, Paul L, De Schryver M, Pascal A, Lambrecht L, Nijs J 2013 Pain physiology education improves health status and endogenous pain inhibition in fibromyalgia: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 29: 873–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M, Truijen S, Craps J, Van den Keybus N, Paul L 2011 Pain neurophysiology education improves cognitions, pain thresholds, and movement performance in people with chronic whiplash: A pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 48: 43–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM 1995 A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands. Pain 62: 233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wilgen CP, Konopka KH, Keizer D, Zwerver J, Dekker R 2013 Do patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy have an altered somatosensory profile? A Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicince and Science in Sports 23: 149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wilgen P, Beetsma A, Neels H, Roussel N, Nijs J 2014 Physical therapists should integrate illness perceptions in their assessment in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A qualitative analysis. Manual Therapy 19: 229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vierck CJ 2006 Mechanisms underlying development of spatially distributed chronic pain (fibromyalgia). Pain 124: 242–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H 1995 Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 62: 363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Linton, SJ 2000 Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain 85: 317–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicksell RK, Lekander M, Sorjonen K, Olsson GL 2010 The Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS)–statistical properties and model fit of an instrument to assess change processes in pain related disability. European Journal of Pain 14: 771.e1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wicksell RK, Olsson GL, Hayes SC 2010 Psychological flexibility as a mediator of improvement in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for patients with chronic pain following whiplash. European Journal of Pain 14: 1059.e1–1059. e11.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, Russell AS, Russell IJ, Winfield JB, Yunus MB 2010 The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care and Research 62: 600–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ, Salter MW 2000 Neuronal plasticity: Increasing the gain in pain. Science 288: 1765–1769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CC, Lee JC, Kromm BG, Ciol MA, Berger R 2003 Pain sensitization in male chronic pelvic pain syndrome: why are symptoms so difficult to treat? Journal of Urology 170: 823–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zusman M 2002 Forebrain-mediated sensitization of central pain pathways: ‘non-specific’ pain and a new image for MT. Manual Therapy 7: 80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar