The complex audio visual emotion assessment task (CAVEAT): development of a shorter version for clinical use

References

• Bornhofen C, McDonald S. Emotion perception deficits following traumatic brain injury: a review of the evidence and rationale for intervention. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008;14(4):511–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson E, Jahoda A. Emotional understanding in aggressive and nonaggressive individuals with mild or moderate mental retardation. Am J Mental Retard. 2005;110(1):57–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plesa-Skwerer D, Faja S, Schofield C, et al. Perceiving facial and vocal expressions of emotion in individuals with williams syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 2006;111(1):15–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan RC, Li H, Cheung EF, et al. Impaired facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(2):381–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani F, Seligman S, Kamath V, et al. A meta-analysis of emotion perception and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2012;137(1–3):203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler CG, Walker JB, Martin EA, et al. Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):1009–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Duque D, Black SE. Impaired recognition of negative facial emotions in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43(11):1673–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumfor F, Honan C, McDonald S, et al. Assessing the “social brain” in dementia: applying TASIT-S. Cortex. 2017;93:166–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbage DR, Yim J, Zupan B, et al. Meta-analysis of facial affect recognition difficulties after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(3):277–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green REA, Turner GR, Thompson WF. Deficits in facial emotion perception in adults with recent traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42(2):133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ietswaart M, Milders M, Crawford JR, et al. Longitudinal aspects of emotion recognition in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46(1):148–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boraston Z, Blakemore S-J, Chilvers R, et al. Impaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(7):1501–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka S, Uono S, Yoshimura S, et al. Emotion perception mediates the predictive relationship between verbal ability and functional outcome in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017;47(4):1166–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee KS, Green MF, Mintz J, et al. Is emotion processing a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(3):487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz MM, Richardson CL. Social cognitive training for schizophrenia: a meta-analytic investigation of controlled research. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(5):1092–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi MJ, Rassovsky Y, Nuechterlein KH, et al. Social perception as a mediator of the influence of early visual processing on functional status in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(3):448–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox L, Douglas J. Long-term ability to interpret facial expression after traumatic brain injury and its relation to social integration. Brain Cogn. 2009;69(2):442–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spikman JM, Milders MV, Visser-Keizer AC, et al. Deficits in facial emotion recognition indicate behavioral changes and impaired self-awareness after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts AJ, Douglas JM. Interpreting facial expression and communication competence following severe traumatic brain injury. Aphasiology. 2006;20(8):707–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milders M, Fuchs S, Crawford JR. Neuropsychological impairments and changes in emotional and social behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;25(2):157–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milders M, Ietswaart M, Crawford JR, et al. Social behavior following traumatic brain injury and its association with emotion recognition, understanding of intentions, and cognitive flexibility. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008;14(2):318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxton ME, Younan SS, Lah S. Social behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury: Contribution of emotion perception deficits. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;33(2):263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne-Crowley K, McDonald S. Hyposmia, not emotion perception, is associated with psychosocial outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2016;30(7):820–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman P, Freisen WV. Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychological Press; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• McLellan T, McKinlay A. Sensitivity to emotion, empathy and theory of mind: adult performance following childhood TBI. Brain Inj. 2013;27(9):1032–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Saunders JC. Differential impairment in recognition of emotion across different media in people with severe traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11(4):392–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg H, McDonald S, Dethier M, et al. Facial emotion recognition deficits following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): Re-examining the valence effect and the role of emotion intensity. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(10):994–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg H, McDonald S, Rosenberg J, et al. Measuring emotion perception following traumatic brain injury: The Complex Audio Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT). Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019;29(2):232–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J, et al. TASIT: a new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18(3):219–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpott AL, Andrews SC, Staios M, et al. Emotion evaluation and social inference impairments in Huntington's disease. J Huntingtons Dis. 2016;5(2):175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman DL, Ownsworth T, O'Donovan A, et al. Independence of hot and cold executive function deficits in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symington SH, Paul LK, Symington MF, et al. Social cognition in individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Soc Neurosci. 2010;5(3):296–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Bornhofen C, Shum D, et al. Reliability and validity of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT): a clinical test of social perception. disability and rehabilitation: an international. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(24):1529–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald S, Flanagan S, Martin I, et al. The ecological validity of TASIT: a test of social perception. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 2004;14(3):285–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002;12(2):169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupan B, Neumann D. Affect recognition in traumatic brain injury: responses to unimodal and multimodal media. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(4):E1–E12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassel A, McDonald S, Kelly M, et al. Learning from the minds of others: a review of social cognition treatments and their relevance to traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019;29(1):22–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann D, Babbage DR, Zupan B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of emotion recognition training after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015;30(3):E12–E23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg H, McDonald S, Rosenberg J, et al. Amused, flirting or simply baffled? Is recognition of all emotions affected by traumatic brain injury? J Neuropsychol. 2018;12(2):145–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate RL, Hodgkinson A, Veerabangsa A, et al. Measuring psychosocial recovery after traumatic brain injury: psychometric properties of a new scale. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14(6):543–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen S, Wheelright S, Hill J, et al. The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: a study with normal adults and adults with Aspergers Syndrome or high functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(2):241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian A, Epstein N. A measure of emotional empathy. J Pers. 1972;40(4):525–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby RM, Parker JDA, Taylor GJ. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. 1. Item selection and cross validation of the item structure. J Psychosomatic Res. 1994;38(1):23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace J, Malloy PFF. Frontal systems behavior scale: professional manual. Lutz: FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Francis HM, Osborne-Crowley K, McDonald S. Validity and reliability of a questionnaire to assess social skills in traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Brain Inj. 2017;31(3):336–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel WR, Smith A. A post-traumatic amnesia in head injury. Arch. Neurol. 1961;5:4–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Australia: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, et al. Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(1):79–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005;44(Pt 2):227–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff RM, Light RH, Parker SB, et al. Benton controlled oral word association test: reliability and updated norms. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1996;11(4):329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan RM. Trail making test. Tuscon; Arizona: Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratories; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess PW, Shallice T. The Hayling and Brixton Tests. San Antonio: Pearson PsychCorp Assessment; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. 4th ed. New York, USA: Pearson Assessment; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Muller F, Simion A, Reviriego E, et al. Exploring theory of mind after severe traumatic brain injury. Cortex. 2010;46(9):1088–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian A. Manual for the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES). (Available from Albert Mehrabian, 1130 Alta Mesa Road, Monterey, CA 93940). 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Wood RL, Williams C. Inability to empathize following traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008;14(2):289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian A. Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence, and empathy: validation evidence bearing on the risk of eruptive violence scale. Aggr Behav. 1997;23(6):433–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker JD, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. Alexithymia and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Psychother Psychosom. 1993;59(3–4):197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor GJ, Parker JDA, Bagby RMl, et al. Relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41(6):561–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JDA. The 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale-IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(3):277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate RL, Simpson GK, Soo CA, et al. Participation after acquired brain injury: clinical and psychometric considerations of the Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (SPRS). J Rehabil Med. 2011;43(7):609–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane-Brown AT, Tate RL. Apathy after acquired brain impairment: a systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009;19(4):481–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace J, Stout JC, Malloy PF. Assessing frontal lobe behavioral syndromes with the frontal lobe personality scale. Assessment. 1999;6(3):269–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, et al. Neurobiology of emotion perception I: the neural basis of normal emotion perception. Soc Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):504–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald S. Emotions are rising: the growing field of affect neuropsychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2017;23(9–10):719–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornhofen C, McDonald S. Comparing strategies for treating emotion perception deficits in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23(2):103–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornhofen C, McDonald S. Treating deficits in emotion perception following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2008;18(1):22–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar