5,162
Views
93
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is Sugar Consumption Detrimental to Health? A Review of the Evidence 1995—2006

, &
Pages 1-19 | Published online: 30 Dec 2009

REFERENCES

  • Akyuz , S. , Pince , S. and Garibagaoglu , M. 1996 . Nutrient intake and dental health in school children . J. Marmara Univ. Dent. Fac. , 2 : 535 – 539 .
  • Aleksejuniene , J. , Holst , D. and Balciuniene , I. 2004 . Factors influencing the caries decline in Lithuanian adolescents-trends in the period 1993–2001 . Eur. J. Oral Sci. , 112 : 3 – 7 .
  • Alexy , U. , Kersting , M. and Schultze-Pawlitschko , V. 2003 . Two approaches to derive a proposal for added sugars intake for German children and adolescents . Public Health Nutr. , 6 : 697 – 702 .
  • Alexy , U. , Sichert-Hellert , W. and Kersting , M. 2002a . Fortification masks nutrient dilution due to added sugars in the diet of children and adolescents . J. Nutr. , 132 : 2785 – 2791 .
  • Alexy , U. , Sichert-Hellert , W. and Kersting , M. 2002b . Fifteen-year time trends in energy and macronutrient intake in children and adolescents: Results of the DONALD study . Br. J. Nutr. , 87 : 595 – 604 .
  • Anderson , G. H. and Woodend , D. 2003 . Consumption of sugars and the regulation of short-term satiety and food intake . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 78 : 843S – 849S .
  • 2001 . Apports Nutritionnels Conseillés pour la population Française , Paris : Tec and Doc .
  • Arcella , D. , Ottolenghi , L. , Polimeni , A. and Leclercq , C. 2002 . The relationship between frequency of carbohydrates intake and dental caries: A cross sectional satudy in Italian teenagers . Public Health Nutr. , 5 : 553 – 560 .
  • Archer , S. L. , Liu , K. , Dyer , A. R. , Ruth , K. J. , Jacobs , D. R. Jr. , Van Horn , L. , Hilner , J. E. and Savage , P. J. 1998 . Relationship between changes in dietary sucrose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol: The CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults . Ann. Epidemiol. , 8 : 433 – 438 .
  • Asian Food Information Centre . 2004 . Dietary guidelines www.afic.org(accessed 20/1/06)
  • Astrup , A. , Grunwald , G. K. , Melanson , E. L. , Saris , W. H. M. and Hill , J. O. 2000 . The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: A meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 24 : 1545 – 1552 .
  • Augustin , L. S. , Dal Maso , L. , La Vecchia , C. , Parpinel , M. , Negri , E. , Vaccarella , S. , Kendall , C. W. , Jenkins , D. J. and Francesch , S. 2001 . Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and breast cancer risk: A case-control study . Ann. Oncol. , 12 : 1533 – 1538 .
  • Bachman , C. M. , Baranowski , T. and Nicklas , T. A. 2006 . Is there an association between sweetened beverages and adiposity? . Nutr. Rev. , 64 : 153 – 174 .
  • Beighton , D. , Adamson , A. and Rugg-Gunn , A. 1996 . Associations between dietary intake, dental caries experience and salivary bacterial levels in 12 year-old English schoolchildren . Arch. Oral Biol. , 41 : 271 – 280 .
  • Bolton-Smith , C. and Woodward , M. 1995 . Intrinsic, non-milk extrinsic and milk sugar consumption by Scottish adults . J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. , 8 : 35 – 49 .
  • Boutron-Ruault , M.-C. , Senesse , P. , Faivre , J. , Chatelain , N. , Belghiti , C. and Meance , S. 1999 . Foods as risk factors for colorectal cancer: A case control study in Burgundy (France) . Eur. J. Can. Prev. , 8 : 229 – 235 .
  • Britten , P. , Basiotis , P. , Davis , C. A. and Anand , R. 2000 . Is intake of added sugars associated with diet quality? www.usda.gov/cnpp Nutrition Insights No 21 (accessed 12/11/05)
  • Brynes , A. E. , Edwards , C. M. , Ghatei , M. A. , Bloom , S. R. and Frost , G. S. 2002 . Men at increased risk of coronary heart disease are not different from age- and weight-matched healthy controls in their postprandial triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acid or incretin responses to sucrose . Metabolism. , 51 : 195 – 200 .
  • Brynes , A. E. , Edwards , C. M. , Ghatei , M. A. , Dornhorst , A. , Morgan , L. M. , Bloom , S. R. and Frost , G. S. 2003 . A randomised four-intervention crossover study investigating the effect of carbohydrates on daytime profiles of insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols in middle aged men . Br. J. Nutr. , 89 : 207 – 218 .
  • Brynes , A. E. , Edwards , C. M. B. and Frost , G. S. 1999 . The effect of a chronic sucrose intake in combination with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat on postprandial lipaemia in people with type 2 diabetes British Diabetic Association Annual Meeting, Abstract
  • Burley , V. J. 1997 . Sugar consumption and cancers of the digestive tract . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 6 : 422 – 434 .
  • Burley , V. J. 1998 . Sugar consumption and human cancer in sites other than the digestive tract . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 7 : 253 – 277 .
  • Caderni , G. , Lancioni , L. , Palli , D. , Saieva , C. , Trallori , G. , Manneschi , L. , Renai , F. , Marcoccia , M. , Russo , A. and Dolara , P. 1998 . A dietary trial with a short term low sucrose diet in an Italian population: Effects on colorectal mucosal proliferation . Nutr. Cancer. , 32 : 159 – 164 .
  • Campaign , A. C. , Morgan , M. V. , Evans , R. W. , Ugoni , G. G. , Conn , J. A. and Watson , M. J. 2003 . Sugar-starch combinations in food and the relationship to dental caries in low-risk adolescents . Eur. J. Oral Sci. , 111 : 316 – 325 .
  • 2002 . Canadian, Food, Guide www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/diet-guide-nutri/nut_pol_diet_guid-pol_nut_lig_direc_e.html(accessed 27/1/06)
  • Ceylan , S. , Acikel , C. H. , Okcu , K. M. , Kilic , S. , Tekbas , O. F. and Ortakoglu , K. 2004 . Evaluation of the dental health of the young adult male population in Turkey . Mil. Med. , 169 : 885 – 889 .
  • Charlton , K. E. , Wolmarans , P. and Lombard , C. J. 1998 . Evidence of nutrient dilution with high sugar intakes in older South Africans . J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. , 11 : 331 – 343 .
  • Christensen , L. and Somers , S. 1996 . Comparison of nutrient intake among depressed and nondepressed individuals . Int. J. Eat. Disord. , 20 : 5 – 9 .
  • Christensen , L. B. , Petersen , P. E. and Bhambal , A. 2003 . Oral health and oral health behaviour among 11–13-year olds in Bhopal, India . Community Dent Health. , 20 : 153 – 158 .
  • CREDOC . 2004 . Enquête CCAF , Paris : France .
  • Daly , M. 2003 . Sugars, insulin sensitivity and the postprandial state . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 78 : S865 – 872S .
  • Daly , M. E. , Vale , C. , Walker , M. , Littlefield , A. , George , K. , Alberti , M. M. and Mathers , J. 1998 . Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high-sucrose compared with a high starch diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 67 : 1186 – 1196 .
  • Dasanayake , A. P. and Caufield , P. W. 2002 . Prevalence of dental caries in Sri Lankan aboriginal Veddha children . Int. Dent. J. , 52 : 438 – 444 .
  • Davis , J. N. , Ventura , E. E. , Weigensberg , M. J. , Ball , G. D. C. , Cruz , M. L. , Shaibi , G. Q. and Goran , M. I. 2005 . The relation of sugar intake to â cell function in overweight Latino children . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 82 : 1004 – 1010 .
  • De Stefani , E. , Deneo-Pellegrini , H. , Mendilaharsu , M. , Ronco , A. and Carzoglio , J. C. 1998 . Dietary sugar and lung cancer: a case control study in Uruguay . Nutr. Cancer. , 31 : 132 – 137 .
  • De Stefani , E. , Mendila harsu , M. and Deneo-Pellegrini , H. 1998 . Sucrose as a risk factor for cancer of the colon and rectum: a case control study in Uruguay . Int. J. Cancer. , 75 : 40 – 44 .
  • Department of Health . 1989 . Dietary Sugars and Human Disease , London : HM Stationery Office . No. 37
  • Department of Health . 1991 . Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom , London : HM Stationery Office . No 41
  • Department of Health . 1998 . Nutritional Aspects of the Development of Cancer , London : HM Stationery Office . No. 48
  • Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) . www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/(accessed 3/2/06)
  • Di Meglio , D. and Mattes , R. 2000 . Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: Effects on food intake and body weight . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 24 : 794 – 800 .
  • Drewnowski , A. , Almiron-Roig , E. , Marmonier , C. and Lluch , A. 2004 . Dietary energy density and body weight: Is there a relationship? . Nutr. Rev. , 62 : 403 – 413 .
  • Drewnowski , A. , Henderson , S. A. , Shore , A. B. , Fischler , C. , Preziosi , P. and Hercberg , S. 1997 . The fat-sucrose seesaw in relation to age and dietary variety of French adults . Obes. Res. , 5 : 511 – 518 .
  • Drummond , S. , Dixon , K. , Griffin , J. and de Looy , A. 2004 . Weight loss on an energy restricted, low fat, sugar containing diet in overweight sedentary men . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 55 : 279 – 290 .
  • Duggal , M. S. , Toumba , K. J. , Amaechi , B. T. , Kowash , M. B. and Higham , S. M. 2001 . Enamel demineralisation in situ with various frequencies of carbohydrate consumption with and without fluoride toothpaste . J. Dent. Res. , 80 : 1721 – 1724 .
  • Ebbeling , C. B. , Feldman , H. A. , Osganian , S. K. , Chomitz , V. R. , Ellenbogen , S. J. and Ludwig , D. S. 2006 . Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescent: A pilot randomised, controlled trial . Pediatrics. , 117 : 673 – 680 .
  • 2001 . Nutrition and diet for healthy lifestyles in Europe: Science and policy implications . Public Health Nutr. , 4 : 265 – 273 . Eurodiet, core report
  • Farris , R. P. , Nicklas , T. A. , Myers , L. and Berenson , G. S. 1998 . Nutrient intake and food group consumption of 10 year olds by sugar intake level: the Bogalusa Heart Study . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 17 : 579 – 585 .
  • Favero , A. , Parpinel , M. and Franceschi , S. 1998 . Diet and risk of breast cancer: Findings from an Italian case-control study . Biomed. Pharmacother. , 52 : 109 – 115 .
  • Fletcher , E. S. , Rugg-Gunn , A. J. , Matthews , J. N. S. , Hackett , A. , Moynihan , P. J. , Mathers , J. C. and Adamson , A. J. 2004 . Changes over 20 years in macronutrient intake and body mass index in 11- to 12-year old adolescents living in Northumberland . Br. J. Nutr. , 92 : 321 – 333 .
  • Fogt , S. , Matthiessen , J. , Trolle , E. , Lyhne , N. , Christiansen , T. , Hinsch , H. J. , Hartkopp , H. , Biltoft-Jensen , A. , Møller , A. and Dacie , A.-S. 2002 . Danshernes Kostvaner 2000–2001 www.dfvf.dk(accessed 27/1/06)
  • Forshee , R. A. and Storey , M. L. 2001 . The role of added sugars in the diet quality of children and adolescents . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 20 : 32 – 43 .
  • Forshee , R. A. and Storey , M. L. 2004 . Evaluation of the association of demographics and beverage consumption with dental caries . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 42 : 1805 – 1816 .
  • Franceschi , S. , Dal Maso , L. , Augustin , L. , Negri , E. , Parpinel , M. , Boyle , P. , Jenkins , D. J. and La Vecchia , C. 2001 . Dietary glycemic load and colorectal cancer risk . Ann. Oncol. , 12 : 173 – 178 .
  • Franceschi , S. , Favero , A. , La Vecchia , C. , Negri , E. , Conti , E. , Montella , M. , Giacosa , A. , Nanni , O. and Decarli , A. 1997 . Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer in Italy . Int. J. Cancer. , 72 : 56 – 61 .
  • Freeman , R. , Breistein , B. , McQueen , A. and Stewart , M. 1997 . The dental health status of 5-year-old children in north and west Belfast . Community Dent. Health. , 14 : 253 – 257 .
  • French , S. A. , Hannan , P. J. and Story , M. 2004 . School soft drink intervention study: Too good to be true? . BMJ. , 14 : E7315 – E7466 .
  • Garcia-Closas , R. , Garcia-Closas , M. and Serra-Majem , L. 1997 . A cross-sectional study of dental caries, intake of confectionery and foods rich in starch and sugars and salivary counts of Streptococcus mutans in children in Spain . Am J Clin Nutr. , 66 : 1257 – 1263 .
  • Gibney , M. , Sigman-Grant , M. , Stanton , J. L. and Keast , D. R. 1995 . Consumption of sugars . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 ( Suppl ) : S178 – S194 .
  • Gibson , S. 2001 . Dietary sugars and micronutrient dilution in normal adults aged 65 years and over . Public Health Nutr. , 4 : 1235 – 1244 .
  • Gibson , S. and Williams , S. 1999 . Dental caries in preschool children: Associations with social class, toothbrushing habit and consumption of sugars and sugar containing foods. Further analysis of data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5–4.5 years . Caries Res. , 33 : 101 – 113 .
  • Gibson , S. A. 1996a . Are diets high in non-milk extrinsic sugars conducive to obesity? An analysis from the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults . J. Human. Nutr. Diet. , 9 : 283 – 292 .
  • Gibson , S. A. 1996b . Are high-fat, high-sugar foods and diets conducive to obesity? . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 47 : 405 – 415 .
  • Gibson , S. A. 1997a . Do diets high in sugars compromise micronutrient intakes? Micronutrient intakes in the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults according to dietary concentration of “added”, “non-milk extrinsic” or “total sugars.” . J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. , 10 : 125 – 133 .
  • Gibson , S. A. 1997b . Non-milk extrinsic sugars in the diets of pre-school children: Association with intakes of micronutrients, energy, fat and NSP . Br. J. Nutr. , 78 : 367 – 378 .
  • Gibson , S. A. 2000 . Associations between energy density and macronutrient composition in the diets of pre-school children: Sugars vs. starch . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 24 : 633 – 638 .
  • Gray , J. 2003 . Carbohydrates: Nutritional and Health Aspects. ILSI Concise Monographs , Brussels : ILSI .
  • Gregory , J. and Lowe , S. 2000 . National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Young People Aged 4 to 18 Years. Volume 1: Report of the diet and nutrition survey , London : The Stationery Office .
  • Habibian , M. , Beighton , D. , Stevenson , R. , Lawson , M. and Roberts , G. 2002 . Relationships between dietary behaviours, oral hygiene and mutans streptococci in dental plaque of a group of infants in Southern England . Arch. Oral. Biol. , 47 : 491 – 498 .
  • Habibian , M. , Roberts , G. , Lawson , M. , Stevenson , R. and Harris , S. 2001 . Dietary habits and dental health over the first 18 months of life . Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. , 29 : 239 – 246 .
  • Hammersley , R. and Reid , M. 1997 . Are simple carbohydrates physiologically addictive? . Addict. Res. , 5 : 145 – 160 .
  • Health Council of the Netherlands . 2001 . Dietary reference intakes: Energy, proteins, fats and digestible carbohydrates , The Hague : Health Council of the Netherlands . publication number 2001/19E
  • Henderson , S. T. 2004 . High carbohydrate diets and Alzheimer's disease . Med. Hypotheses. , 62 : 689 – 700 .
  • Higginbotham , S. , Zhang , Z. F. , Lee , I. M. , Cook , N. R. , Giovannucci , E. , Buring , J. E. and Liu , S. 2004 . Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study . J. Natl. Cancer. Prev. , 96 : 229 – 233 .
  • Hill , M. J. and Caygill , C. P. 1999 . Sugar intake and the risk of colorectal cancer . Eur. J. Can. Prev. , 8 : 255 – 260 .
  • Icelandic Nutritional Council . 2006 . The Diet of Icelandic 9- and 15-Year Olds. Study of the Unit for Nutrition Research 2002–2003 , Reykjavik : Unit for Nutrition Research .
  • Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board . 2002 . Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fibre, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids , Washington DC : The National Academies Press .
  • International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) . 2003 . Nutrition in Children and Adolescents in Europe: What is the Scientific Basis? , Rome : ILSI . Working document from an ILSI Europe workshop
  • James , J. , Thomas , P. , Cavan , D. and Kerr , D. 2004 . Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: Cluster randomised controlled trial . BMJ. , 328 1237 epub
  • Jamieson , L. M. , Thomson , W. and McGee , R. 2004 . Caries prevalence and severity in urban Fijian school children . Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. , 14 : 34 – 40 .
  • Jebb , S. 2005 . Dietary strategies for the prevention of obesity . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 64 : 217 – 227 .
  • Jones , C. , Woods , K. , Whittle , G. , Worthington , H. and Taylor , G. 1999 . Sugar, drinks, deprivation and dental caries in 14-year-old children in the North East of England in 1995 . Community Dent Health. , 16 : 68 – 71 .
  • Kandelman , D. 1997 . Sugar, alternative sweeteners and meal frequency in relation to caries prevention . Br. J. Nutr. , 77 : S121 – S1218 .
  • Karjalainen , S. , Soderling , E. , Sewon , L. , Lapinleimu , H. and Simell , O. 2001 . A prospective study on sucrose consumption, visible plaque and caries in children from 3–6 years of age . Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. , 29 : 136 – 142 .
  • Kashket , S. , Zhang , J. and van Houte , J. 1996 . Accumulation of fermentable sugars and metabolic acids in food particles that become entrapped on the dentition . J. Dent. Res. , 75 : 1885 – 1891 .
  • Kranz , S. , Smictklas-Wright , H. , Siega-Riz , A. M. and Mitchell , D. 2005 . Adverse effect of high added sugar consumption on dietary intake in American Preschoolers . J. Paediatrics. , 146 : 105 – 111 .
  • Krummel , D. A. , Seligson , F. H. and Guthrie , H. A. 1996 . Hyperactivity: is candy causal? . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 36 : 31 – 47 .
  • Kvaavik , E. , Andersen , L. F. and Klepp , K. I. 2005 . The stability of soft drinks intake from adolescence to adult age and the association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and lifestyle factors and body weight . Public Health Nutr. , 8 : 49 – 157 .
  • Linke , H. A. and Birchmeier , R. I. 2000 . Effect of increasing sucrose concentrations on oral lactic acid production . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 44 : 121 – 124 .
  • Linke , H. A. and Birkenfield , L. H. 1999 . Clearance and metabolism of starch foods in the oral cavity . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 43 : 131 – 139 .
  • Linke , H. A. , Moss , S. J. , Arav , L. and Chiu , P. M. 1997 . Intra-oral lactic acid production during clearance of different foods containing various carbohydrates . Z. Ernahrungswiss. , 36 : 191 – 197 .
  • Lissner , L. and Heitmann , B. L. 1995 . Dietary fat and obesity: Evidence from epidemiology . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 79 – 90 .
  • Ludwig , D. S. , Peterson , K. E. and Gortmaker , S. L. 2001 . Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: A prospective, observational analysis . Lancet. , 357 : 505 – 508 .
  • Luke , G. A. , Gough , H. , Beeley , J. A. and Geddes , D. A. 1999 . Human salivary sugar clearance after sugar rinses and intake of foodstuffs . Caries Res. , 33 : 123 – 129 .
  • Lyhne , N. and Ovesen , L. 1999 . Added sugars and nutrient density in the diet of Danish children . Scand J. Nutr. , 43 : 4 – 7 .
  • MacKeown , J. M. , Cleaton-Jones , P. E. and Edwards , A. W. 2000 . Energy and macronutrient intake in relation to dental caries incidence in urban black South African pre-school children in 1991 and 1995: The Birth to Ten Study . Public Health Nutr. , 3 : 313 – 319 .
  • Mahalakshmi , Y. , Sequeira , P. S. and Soben , P. 2004 . Estimation and comparison if significant caries index and the pattern of sugar consumption among 12-year-old school going children of two different socio-economic strata . Indian J. Dent. Res. , 15 : 20 – 23 .
  • Malerbi , D. A. , Paiva , E. S. , Duarte , A. L. and Wajchenberg , B. L. 1996 . Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose and fructose in type II diabetic subjects . Diabetes Care. , 19 : 1249 – 1256 .
  • Malik , V. S. , Schulze , M. B. and Hu , F. B. 2006 . Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 84 : 274 – 288 .
  • Mann , J. 2003 . Sugar revisited-again . Bull World Health Organ. , 81 : 552
  • Marckmann , P. , Raben , A. and Astrup , A. 2000 . Ad libitum intake of low-fat diets rich in either starchy foods or sucrose: Effects on blood lipids, Factor VII coagulant activity and fibrinogen . Metabolism. , 49 : 731 – 735 .
  • Marshall , T. A. , Broffit , B. , Eichenberger-Gilmore , J. , Warren , J. J. , Cunningham , M. A. and Levy , S. M. 2005 . The roles of meal, snack and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children . J. Pub. Health Dent. , 65 : 166 – 182 .
  • Mattila , M. L. , Rautava , P. , Aromaa , M. , Ojanlatva , A. , Paunio , P. , Hyssala , L. , Helenius , H. and Sillanpaa , M. 2005 . Behavioural and demographic changes during early childhood and poor dental health at 10 years of age . Caries Res. , 39 : 85 – 91 .
  • Michaud , D. S. , Fuchs , Cs. , Liu , S. , Willett , W. C. , Colditz , G. A. and Giovanucci , E. 2005 . Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate, sugar and colorectal cancer risk in men and women . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 38 – 47 .
  • Michaud , D. S. , Liu , S. , Giovannucci , E. , Willett , W. C. , Colditz , G. A. and Fuchs , C. S. 2002 . Dietary sugar, glycemic load and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study . JNCI. , 94 : 1293 – 1300 .
  • Ministère des Affaires, Sociales et de la Santé Publique et de l'Environnement . 2000 . Recommandations nutritionnelles pour la Belgique , Bruxelles : Conseil National de al Nutrition .
  • Ministre, fédéral de la Santé, publique . 2004 . Plan National Nutrition Santé www.sante.gouv.fr(accessed 23/1/06)
  • Miyazaki , H. and Morimoto , M. 1996 . Changes in caries prevalence in Japan . Euro. J. Oral Sci. , 104 : 452 – 458 .
  • Moynihan , P. J. and Holt , R. D. 1996 . The national diet and nutrition survey of 1.5 to 4.5 children: Summary of the findings of the dental survey . Br. Dent. J. , 181 : 328 – 332 .
  • Murray , R. , Frankowski , B. and Taras , H. 2005 . Are soft drinks a scapegoat for childhood obesity? . J. Pediatrics. , 146 : 586 – 590 .
  • National Health and Medical Research Council . 2003 . Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults , Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia .
  • Nicklas , T. A. , Yang , S. J. , Baranowski , T. , Zakeri , I. and Berenson , G. 2003 . Eating patterns and obesity in children. The Bogalusa Heart Study . Am. J. Prev. Med. , 25 : 9 – 16 .
  • Nielsen , T. G. , Olsen , A. , Christensen , J. , Overvad , K. and Tjonneland , A. 2005 . Dietary carbohydrate intake is not associated with breast cancer incidence rate ratio in postmenopausal Danish women . J. Nutr. , 135 : 124 – 128 .
  • Nobre dos Santos , M. , Melo dos Santos , L. , Francisco , S. B. and Cury , J. A. 2002 . Relationship among dental plaque composition, daily sugar exposure and caries in primary dentition . Caries Res. , 36 : 347 – 352 .
  • Nylander , A. , Kumlin , I. , Martinsson , M. and Twetman , S. 2002 . Effect of a school-based preventive program with salivary lactobacillus counts as sugar-motivating tool on caries increment in adolescents . Acta Odontol. Scand. , 59 : 88 – 92 .
  • Okullo , I. , Astrom , A. , Haugejorden , O. and Rwenyonyi , C. 2003 . Variation in caries experience and sugar intake among secondary school students in urban and rural Uganda . Acta Odontol. Scand. , 61 : 197 – 202 .
  • Oosthuizen , W. , van der Merwe , Am , Kotze , J. P. , Vorster , H. H. and Steyn , H. S. 1998 . Dietary composition and body mass index at different levels of added sugar consumption – The Vighor Study . SAMJ. , 88 : 1212 – 1217 .
  • Óverby , N. C. , Lilligaard , I. T. L. , Johansson , L. and Andersen , L. F. 2003 . High intake of added sugar among Norwegian children and adolescents . Public Health Nutr. , 7 : 285 – 293 .
  • Parajas , I. L. 1999 . Sugar content of commonly eaten snack foods of school children in relation to their dental health status . J. Philipp. Dent. Ass. , 51 : 4 – 21 .
  • Petersen , P. E. , Hoerup , N. , Poomviset , N. , Prommajan , J. and Watanapa , A. 2001 . Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand . Int. Dent. J. , 51 : 95 – 102 .
  • Petridou , E. , Athanassouli , T. , Panagopoulos , H. and Revinthi , K. 1996 . Sociodemographic and dietary factors in relation to dental health among Greek adolescents . Community Dent. Oral. Epidemiol. , 24 : 307 – 311 .
  • Petti , S. , Tarsitani , G. , Panfili , P. and Simonetti D'Arca , A. 1997 . Oral hygiene, sucrose consumption and dental caries prevalence in adolescent systemic fluoride non-users . Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. , 25 : 334 – 336 .
  • Poppitt , S. D. , Keogh , G. F. , Prentice , A. M. , Williams , D. , Sonnemans , H. , Valk , E. , Robinson , E. and Wareham , N. 2002 . Long-term effects of ad-libitum low-fat, high carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 75 : 11 – 20 .
  • Raben , A. , Holst , J. J. , Madsen , J. and Astrup , A. 2001 . Diurnal metabolic profiles after 14d of ad libitum high starch, high sucrose or high fat diet in normal weight never obese and post obese women . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 73 : 177 – 189 .
  • Raben , A. , Vasilaras , T. H. , Moller , A. C. and Astrup , A. 2002 . Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10-week of supplementation in overweight subjects . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 76 : 721 – 729 .
  • Rennie , K. L. and Livingstone , M. B. E. 2007 . Associations between dietary added sugar intake and micronutrient intake: a systematic review . Br. J. Nutr. , 97 : 832 – 841 .
  • Ribeiro , C. C. C. , Tabchoury , C. P. M. , Del, Bel Cury , A. A. , Tenuta , L. M. A. , Rosalen , P. L. and Cury , J. A. 2005 . Effect of starch on the cariogenic potential of sucrose . Br. J. Nutr. , 94 : 44 – 50 .
  • Rojas , N. L. and Chan , E. 2005 . Old and new controversies in the alternative treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. , 11 : 116 – 130 .
  • Romieu , I. , Lazano-Ponce , E. , Sanchez-Zamorano , L. M. , Wilett , W. and Hernandez-Avila , M. 2004 . Carbohydrates and the risk of breast cancer among Mexican women . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 13 : 283 – 289 .
  • Rosenblatt , A. and Zarzar , P. 2002 . The prevalence of early childhood caries in 12- to 36-month-old children in Recife, Brazil . ASDC J. Dent. Child. , 69 : 319 – 324 .
  • Ruottinen , S. , Karjalainen , S. , Pienihakkinen , K. , Langstrom , H. , Niinikoski , H. , Salimen , M. , Ronnemaa , T. and Simell , O. 2004 . Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-year-old children . Caries Res. , 38 : 142 – 148 .
  • Ruxton , C. H. S. and Fiore , J. 2005 . “ Adolescents: Nutritional requirements ” . In Encyclopaedia of Human Nutrition , Edited by: Caballero , B. , Allen , L. and Prentice , A. 15 – 25 . London : Elsevier .
  • Ruxton , C. H. S. , Garceau , F. J. S. and Cottrell , R. C. 1999 . Guidelines for sugar consumption in Europe: Is a quantitative approach justified? . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 503 – 515 .
  • Saris , W. H. , Astrup , A. Prentice , A. M. 2000 . Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. The Carbohydrate Ratio Management in European National diets . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 24 : 1310 – 1318 .
  • Saris , W. H. M. 2003 . Sugars, energy metabolism and body weight control . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 78 : 850S – 857S .
  • Sayegh , A. , Dini , E. L. , Holt , R. D. and Bedi , R. 2005 . Oral health, sociodemographic factors, dietary and oral hygiene practices in Jordanian children . J. Dent. , 33 : 379 – 388 .
  • Scheinin , A. , Makinen , K. K. and Ylitalo , K. 1976 . Turku sugar studies. V. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man . Acta Odontol. Scand. , 34 : 179 – 216 .
  • Schernhammer , E. S. , Hu , F. B. , Giovannucci , E. , Michaud , D. S. , Colditz , G. A. , Stampfer , M. J. and Fuchs , C. S. 2005 . Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers and Prev. , 14 : 2098 – 2105 .
  • Schnoll , R. , Burshteyn , D. and Cea-Aravena , J. 2003 . Nutrition in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a neglected but important aspect . Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback. , 28 : 63 – 75 .
  • Schroth , R. J. , Smith , P. J. , Whalen , J. C. , Lekic , C. and Moffatt , M. E. 2005 . Prevalance of caries among preschool-aged children in a Northern Manitoba community . J. Can. Dent. Assoc. , 71 : 27
  • Schulze , M. B. , Manson , J. E. , Ludwig , D. S. , Colditz , G. A. , Stampfer , M. J. , Willett , W. C. and Hu , F. B. 2004 . Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women . JAMA. , 292 : 978 – 979 .
  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network . 2001 . SIGN 50: A guideline developer's handbook www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/index.html(accessed 1/2/05)
  • Sheiham , A. 2001 . Dietary effects on dental diseases . Public Health Nutr. , 4 : 569 – 591 .
  • Sigman-Grant , M. and Morita , J. 2003 . Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 78 : S815 – 826S .
  • Silvera , S. A. , Jain , M. , Howe , G. R. , Miller , A. B. and Rohan , T. E. 2005 . Dietary carbohydrates and breast cancer risk: A prospective study of the roles of overall glycaemic index and glycaemic load . Int. J. Cancer. , 114 : 653 – 658 .
  • Silverman , D. T. , Swanson , C. A. , Gridley , G. , Wacholder , S. , Greenberg , R. S. , Brown , L. M. , Hayes , R. B. , Swanson , G. M. , Schoenberg , J. B. , Pottern , L. M. , Schwartz , A. G. , Fraumeni , J. F. and Hoover , R. N. 1998 . Dietary and nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer: A case control study based on direct interviews . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 90 : 710 – 1719 .
  • Simon , C. , Tesfaye , F. and Berhane , Y. 2003 . Assessment of oral health status of school children in Addis Ababa . Ethiop. Med. J. , 41 : 245 – 256 .
  • Slattery , M. L. , Benson , J. , Berry , T. D. , Duncan , D. , Edwards , S. L. , Caan , B. J. and Poter , J. D. 1997 . Dietary sugar and colon cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 6 : 677 – 685 .
  • Steckson-Blicks , C. and Borssen , E. 1999 . Dental, caries, sugar-eating habits and toothbrushing in groups of 4-year-old children 1967–1997 in the city of Umea, Sweden . Caries Res. , 33 : 409 – 414 .
  • Steckson-Blicks , C. and Holm , A.-K. 1995 . Between meal-eating, toothbrushing frequency and dental caries in 4-year-old children in the north of Sweden . Int. J. Paed. Dent. , 5 : 67 – 72 .
  • Steckson-Blicks , C. , Sunnegardh , K. and Borssen , E. 2004 . Caries experience and background factors in 4-year-old children: Time trends 1967–2002 . Caries Res. , 38 : 149 – 155 .
  • Stokes , C. and Peet , M. 2004 . Dietary sugar and polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption as predictors of severity of schizophrenia symptoms . Nutr. Neurosci. , 7 : 247 – 249 .
  • St-Onge , M. P. , Rubiano , F. , DeNino , W. F. , Jones , A. , Greenfield , D. , Ferguson , P. W. , Akrabawi , S. and Heymsfield , S. B. 2004 . Added therogenic and satiety effects of a mixed nutrient vs. a sugar-only beverage . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 28 : 248 – 253 .
  • Stubbs , R. J. , Mazlan , N. and Whybrow , S. 2001 . Carbohydrates, appetite and feeding behaviour in humans . J. Nutr. , 131 : 277S – 278S .
  • Surwit , R. S. , Feinglos , M. N. , McCaskill , C. C. , Clay , S. L. , Babyak , M. A. , Brownlow , B. S. , Plaisted , C. S. and Lin , P. H. 1997 . Metabolic and behavioural effects of a high-sucrose diet during weight loss . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 67 : 908 – 915 .
  • Tavani , A. , Giordano , L. , Gallus , S. , Talamina , R. , Franceschi , S. , Giacosa , A. , Montella , M. and La Vecchia , C. 2006 . Consumption of sweet foods and breast cancer risk in Italy . Ann. Oncol. , 17 : 341 – 345 .
  • Tayanin , G. , Ramanathan , J. and Bratthall , D. 2002 . Caries prevalence and some caries related factors for 12 year-old children from Vientiane and Luang Prabang provinces in Lao People's Democratic Republic . Odontostomatol. Trop. , 25 : 19 – 26 .
  • Terry , P. D. , Jain , M. , Miller , A. B. , Howe , G. R. and Rohan , T. E. 2003 . Glycemic load, carbohydrate intake and risk of colorectal cancer in women: A prospective cohort study . JNCI. , 95 : 914 – 916 .
  • Tinanoff , N. and Palmer , C. A. 2000 . Dietary determinants of dental caries and dietary recommendations for preschool children . J. Public Health Dent. , 60 : 197 – 206 .
  • Tonstad , S. and Sivertsen , M. 1997 . Relation between dietary fat and energy and micronutrient intakes . Arch. Dis. Child. , 76 : 416 – 420 .
  • van Loveren , C. and Duggal , M. S. 2004 . Experts' opinions on the role of diet in caries prevention . Caries Res. , 38 ( Suppl 1 ) : 16 – 23 .
  • Vasilaras , T. H. , Astrup , A. and Raben , A. 2004 . Micronutrient intake in overweight subjects is not deficient on an ad libitum fat-reduced, high-simple carbohydrate diet . EJCN. , 58 : 326 – 336 .
  • Visvanathan , R. , Chen , R. , Garcia , M. , Horowitz , M. and Chapman , I. 2005 . The effect of drinks made from simple sugars on blood pressure in healthy older people . Br. J. Nutr. , 93 : 575 – 579 .
  • Watkins , D. C. , Murray , L. J. , McCarron , P. , Boreham , C. A. G. , Cran , G. W. , Young , I. S. , McGartland , C. , Robson , P. J. and Savage , J. M. 2005 . Ten-year trends for fatness in Northern Irish adolescents: the Young Hearts Projects – repeat cross-sectional study . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 29 : 579 – 585 .
  • Weiss , R. 2004 . Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents . N. Engl. J. Med. , 350 : 2362 – 2374 .
  • Welsh , J. A. , Cogswell , M. E. , Rogers , S. , Rockett , H. , Mei , Z. and Grummer-Strawn , L. M. 2005 . Overweight among low-income preschool children associated with the consumption of sweet drinks: Missouri 1999–2002 . Paeds. , 115 : 223 – 229 .
  • West , J. A. and de Looy , A. E. 2001 . Weight loss in overweight subjects following low-sucrose or sucrose-containing diets . Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , 25 : 1122 – 1128 .
  • White , J. W. and Wolraich , M. 1995 . Effect of sugar on behavior and mental performance . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 242S – 247S .
  • Wolraich , M. 1998 . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Prof. Care Mother Child. , 8 : 35 – 37 .
  • Wolraich , M. L. , Wilson , D. B. and White , J. W. 1995 . The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis . JAMA. , 274 : 1617 – 1621 .
  • World Health Organisation . 2003 . Food Based Dietary Guidelines in the WHO European region , Denmark : WHO .
  • World Health Organisation and Food Agriculture Organisation of The United Nations . 2003a . Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases , Geneva : WHO . Technical report series no. 916
  • Wyne , A. H. and Khan , N. 1995 . Use of sweet snacks, soft drinks and fruit juices, tooth brushing and first dental visit in high DMFT 4–6-year olds of Riyadh region . Indian J. Dent. Res. , 6 : 21 – 24 .
  • Yabao , R. N. , Duante , C. A. , Velandria , F. V. , Lucas , M. , Kassu , A. , Nakamori , M. and Yamamoto , S. 2005 . Prevalence of dental caries and sugar consumption among 6-12-y-old schoolchildren in La Trinidad, Benquet, Philippines . Eur J Clin Nutr. , 59 : 1429 – 1438 .
  • Yip , I. , Go , V. L. W. , DeShields , S. , Saltsman , P. , Bellman , M. , Thames , G. , Murray , S. , Wang , H.-J. , Elashoff , R. and Heber , D. 2001 . Liquid meal replacements and glycaemic control in obese type 2 diabetes patients . Obes. Res. , 9 : S241 – 347S .
  • Yoo , S. , Nicklas , T. , Baranowski , T. , Zakeri , I. F. , Yang , S. J. , Srinivasan , S. R. and Berenson , G. S. 2004 . Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 : 841 – 848 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.