524
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Vitamin D as therapeutic modulator in cerebrovascular diseases: a mechanistic perspectives

, , & ORCID Icon

References

  • Aasheim, E. T., S. Björkman, T. T. Søvik, M. Engström, S. E. Hanvold, T. Mala, T. Olbers, and T. Bøhmer. 2009. Vitamin status after bariatric surgery: A randomized study of gastric bypass and duodenal switch. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (1):15–22. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27583.
  • Abe, K, and T. Hayashi. 1997. Expression of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene in rat brain after transient MCA occlusion. Brain Research 776 (1–2):230–4. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01041-X.
  • Aihara, K-i., H. Azuma, M. Akaike, Y. Ikeda, M. Yamashita, T. Sudo, H. Hayashi, Y. Yamada, F. Endoh, M. Fujimura, et al. 2004. Disruption of nuclear vitamin D receptor gene causes enhanced thrombogenicity in mice. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (34):35798–802. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M404865200.
  • Al Mheid, I., R. Patel, J. Murrow, A. Morris, A. Rahman, L. Fike, N. Kavtaradze, I. Uphoff, C. Hooper, V. Tangpricha, et al. 2011. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 58 (2):186–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.051.
  • Alfieri, D. F., M. F. Lehmann, S. R. Oliveira, T. Flauzino, F. Delongui, M. C. M. de Araújo, I. Dichi, V. D. Delfino, L. Mezzaroba, A. N. C. Simão, et al. 2017. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with acute ischemic stroke, C-reactive protein, and short-term outcome. Metabolic Brain Disease 32 (2):493–502. doi: 10.1007/s11011-016-9939-2.
  • Amarenco, P., O. Benavente, L. B. Goldstein, A. Callahan, III, H. Sillesen, M. G. Hennerici, S. Gilbert, A. E. Rudolph, L. Simunovic, J. A. Zivin, et al. 2009. Results of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial by stroke subtypes. Stroke 40 (4):1405–9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.534107.
  • Amarenco, P., J. Bogousslavsky, A. Callahan, L. B. Goldstein, M. Hennerici, A. E. Rudolph, H. Sillesen, L. Simunovic, M. Szarek, K. M. A. Welch, et al. 2006. For the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators: High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. The New England Journal of Medicine 355 (6):549–59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061894.
  • An, B. S., L. E. Tavera-Mendoza, V. Dimitrov, X. Wang, M. R. Calderon, H. J. Wang, and J. H. White. 2010. Stimulation of Sirt1-regulated FoxO protein function by the ligand-bound vitamin D receptor. Molecular and Cellular Biology 30 (20):4890–900. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00180-10.
  • Anagnostis, P., V. G. Athyros, F. Adamidou, M. Florentin, and A. Karagiannis. 2010. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: A novel agent for reducing cardiovascular risk? Current Vascular Pharmacology 8 (5):720–30. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00180-10.
  • Andrukhova, O., S. Slavic, U. Zeitz, S. C. Riesen, M. S. Heppelmann, T. D. Ambrisko, M. Markovic, W. M. Kuebler, and R. G. Erben. 2014. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 28 (1):53–64. doi: 10.1210/me.2013-1252.
  • Anrather, J, and C. Iadecola. 2016. Inflammation and stroke: An overview. Neurotherapeutics : The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 13 (4):661–70. doi: 10.1007/s13311-016-0483-x.
  • Antognelli, C., A. Perrelli, T. Armeni, V. N. Talesa, and S. F. Retta. 2020. Dicarbonyl stress and S-Glutathionylation in Cerebrovascular diseases: A focus on cerebral cavernous malformations. Antioxidants 9 (2):124. doi: 10.3390/antiox9020124.
  • Antognelli, C., E. Trapani, S. Delle Monache, A. Perrelli, M. Daga, S. Pizzimenti, G. Barrera, P. Cassoni, A. Angelucci, L. Trabalzini, et al. 2018b. KRIT1 loss-of-function induces a chronic Nrf2-mediated adaptive homeostasis that sensitizes cells to oxidative stress: Implication for Cerebral Cavernous Malformation disease. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 115:202–18. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.014.
  • Antognelli, C., E. Trapani, S. Delle Monache, A. Perrelli, C. Fornelli, F. Retta, P. Cassoni, V. N. Talesa, and S. F. Retta. 2018a. Data in support of sustained upregulation of adaptive redox homeostasis mechanisms caused by KRIT1 loss-of-function. Data in Brief 16:929–38. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.12.026.
  • Auphan, N., J. A. DiDonato, C. Rosette, A. Helmberg, and M. Karin. 1995. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis . Science (New York, N.Y.) 270 (5234):286–90. doi: 10.1126/science.270.5234.286.
  • Barbarawi, M., B. Kheiri, Y. Zayed, O. Barbarawi, H. Dhillon, B. Swaid, A. Yelangi, S. Sundus, G. Bachuwa, M. L. Alkotob, et al. 2019. Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83 000 individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: A meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiology 4 (8):765–76. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1870.
  • Bates, B., J. Y. Choi, P. W. Duncan, J. J. Glasberg, G. D. Graham, R. C. Katz, K. Lamberty, D. Reker, and R. Zorowitz. 2005. Veterans affairs/department of defense clinical practice guideline for the management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: Executive summary. Stroke 36 (9):2049–56. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000180432.73724.AD.
  • Benaboud, S., S. Urien, E. Thervet, D. Prié, C. Legendre, J. C. Souberbielle, D. Hirt, G. Friedlander, J. M. Treluyer, and M. Courbebaisse. 2013. Determination of optimal cholecalciferol treatment in renal transplant recipients using a population pharmacokinetic approach. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 69 (3):499–506. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1378-3.
  • Berridge, M. J. 2015. Vitamin D cell signalling in health and disease. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 460 (1):53–71. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.008.
  • Bhakar, A. L., L. L. Tannis, C. Zeindler, M. P. Russo, C. Jobin, D. S. Park, S. MacPherson, and P. A. Barker. 2002. Constitutive nuclear factor-κB activity is required for central neuron survival. The Journal of Neuroscience 22 (19):8466–75. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08466.2002.
  • Bischoff, H. A., M. Borchers, F. Gudat, U. Duermueller, R. Theiler, H. B. Stähelin, and W. Dick. 2001. In situ detection of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. The Histochemical Journal 33 (1):19–24. doi: 10.1023/a:1017535728844.
  • Blomstrand, R, and L. Forsgren. 1967. Intestinal absorption and esterification of vitamin D3-1,2-3H in man. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 21 (6):1662–3. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.21-1662.
  • Boontanrart, M., S. D. Hall, J. A. Spanier, C. E. Hayes, and J. K. Olson. 2016. Vitamin D3 alters microglia immune activation by an IL-10 dependent SOCS3 mechanism. Journal of Neuroimmunology 292:126–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.01.015.
  • Brandenburg, V. M., M. G. Vervloet, and N. Marx. 2012. The role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease: From present evidence to future perspectives. Atherosclerosis 225 (2):253–63. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.005.
  • Brennan, A. M., S. W. Suh, S. J. Won, P. Narasimhan, T. M. Kauppinen, H. Lee, Y. Edling, P. H. Chan, and R. A. Swanson. 2009. NADPH oxidase is the primary source of superoxide induced by NMDA receptor activation. Nature Neuroscience 12 (7):857–63. doi: 10.1038/nn.2334.
  • Brewer, L. D., V. Thibault, K. C. Chen, M. C. Langub, P. W. Landfield, and N. M. Porter. 2001. Vitamin D hormone confers neuroprotection in parallel with downregulation of L-type calcium channel expression in hippocampal neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience 21 (1):98–108. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00098.2001.
  • Briffa, N. K., A. M. Keogh, P. N. Sambrook, and J. A. Eisman. 2003. Reduction of immunosuppressant therapy requirement in heart transplantation by calcitriol. Transplantation 75 (12):2133–4. doi: 10.1097/01.TP.0000065179.06731.99.[PMC].[12829925]
  • Broderick, J., S. Connolly, E. Feldmann, D. Hanley, C. Kase, D. Krieger, M. Mayberg, L. L. Morgenstern, C. S. Ogilvy, P. Vespa, et al. 2007. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults: 2007 Update: A Guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 38 (6):2001–23. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.183689.
  • Brøndum-Jacobsen, P., B. G. Nordestgaard, P. Schnohr, and M. Benn. 2013. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and symptomatic ischemic stroke: An original study and meta‐analysis. Annals of Neurology 73 (1):38–47. doi: 10.1002/ana.23738.
  • Browner, W. S., A. R. Pressman, M. Nevitt, J. A. Cauley, and S. R. Cummings. 1993. Association between low bone density and stroke in elderly women. The study of osteoporotic fractures. Stroke 24 (7):940–6. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.7.940.
  • Brumbaugh, P. F, and M. R. Haussler. 1974. 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol receptors in intestine: I. association of 1α, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with intestinal mucosa chromatin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249 (4):1251–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42968-2.
  • Bruno, C., A. D. Fulford, J. R. Potts, R. McClintock, R. Jones, B. M. Cacucci, C. E. Gupta, M. Peacock, and R. V. Considine. 2010. Serum markers of bone turnover are increased at six and 18 months after Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery: Correlation with the reduction in leptin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95 (1):159–66. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0265.
  • Butler, M. W., A. Burt, T. L. Edwards, S. Zuchner, W. K. Scott, E. R. Martin, J. M. Vance, and L. Wang. 2011. Vitamin D receptor gene as a candidate gene for Parkinson disease. Annals of Human Genetics 75 (2):201–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00631.x.
  • Callahan, A., P. Amarenco, L. B. Goldstein, H. Sillesen, M. Messig, G. P. Samsa, I. Altafullah, L. Y. Ledbetter, M. J. MacLeod, R. Scott, et al. 2011. Risk of stroke and cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome: Secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Archives of Neurology 68 (10):1245–51. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.146.
  • Carlberg, C. 2014. Genome-wide (over)view on the actions of vitamin D. Frontiers in Physiology 5:167. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00167.
  • Carlberg, C, and S. Seuter. 2009. A genomic perspective on vitamin D signaling. Anticancer Research 29 (9):3485–93.
  • Casado, M., M. J. Díaz-Guerra, J. Rodrigo, A. P. Fernández, L. Boscá, and P. Martín-Sanz. 1997. Expression of the calcium-independent cytokine-inducible (iNOS) isoform of nitric oxide synthase in rat placenta. Biochemical Journal 324 (1):201–7. doi: 10.1042/bj3240201.
  • Ceglia, L. 2009. Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 12 (6):628–33. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328331c707.[PMC].[19770647]
  • Chamcheu, J. C., T. Roy, M. B. Uddin, S. Banang-Mbeumi, R. C. N. Chamcheu, A. L. Walker, Y. Y. Liu, and S. Huang. 2019. Role and therapeutic targeting of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in skin cancer: A review of current status and future trends on natural and synthetic agents therapy. Cells 8 (8):803. doi: 10.3390/cells8080803.
  • Chang, E. 2019. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D decreases tertiary butyl-hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and increases AMPK/SIRT1 activation in C2C12 muscle cells. Molecules 24 (21):3903. doi: 10.3390/molecules24213903.
  • Chaturvedi, S., J. Zivin, A. Breazna, P. Amarenco, A. Callahan, L. B. Goldstein, M. Hennerici, H. Sillesen, A. Rudolph, and M. A. Welch. 2009. Effect of atorvastatin in elderly patients with a recent stroke or transient ischemic attack. Neurology 72 (8):688–94. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327339.55844.1a.
  • Chen, L., M. T. Cencioni, D. F. Angelini, G. Borsellino, L. Battistini, and C. F. Brosnan. 2005. Transcriptional profiling of gamma delta T cells identifies a role for vitamin D in the immunoregulation of the V gamma 9V delta 2 response to phosphate-containing ligands. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 174 (10):6144–52. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6144.
  • Chen, A., B. H. Davis, M. D. Sitrin, T. A. Brasitus, and M. Bissonnette. 2002. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 signaling contributes to Caco-2 cell growth inhibition induced by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 283 (4):G864–G874. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00524.2001.
  • Chen, H., Y. Liu, G. Huang, J. Zhu, W. Feng, and J. He. 2018. Association between vitamin D status and cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke patients: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Interventions in Aging 13:2503–9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S187142.
  • Chen, L., R. Yang, W. Qiao, W. Zhang, J. Chen, L. Mao, D. Goltzman, and D. Miao. 2019. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D exerts an antiaging role by activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and inactivation of p16/p53-senescence signaling. Aging Cell 18 (3):e12951. doi: 10.1111/acel.12951.
  • Choi, A. M., S. W. Ryter, and B. Levine. 2013. Autophagy in human health and disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 368 (7):651–62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1205406.
  • Choquet, H., E. Trapani, L. Goitre, L. Trabalzini, A. Akers, M. Fontanella, B. L. Hart, L. A. Morrison, L. Pawlikowska, H. Kim, et al. 2016. Cytochrome P450 and matrix metalloproteinase genetic modifiers of disease severity in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation type 1. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 92:100–9. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.008.
  • Christakos, S., P. Dhawan, A. Verstuyf, L. Verlinden, and G. Carmeliet. 2016. Vitamin D: Metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiological Reviews 96 (1):365–408. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015.
  • Cianfruglia, L., A. Perrelli, C. Fornelli, A. Magini, S. Gorbi, A. Salzano, C. Antognelli, F. Retta, V. Benedetti, P. Cassoni, et al. 2019. KRIT1 loss-of-function associated with cerebral cavernous malformation disease leads to enhanced S-glutathionylation of distinct structural and regulatory proteins. Antioxidants 8 (1):27. doi: 10.3390/antiox8010027.
  • Cisneros, C., T. Thompson, N. Baluyot, A. C. Smith, and E. Tapavicza. 2017. The role of tachysterol in vitamin D photosynthesis - a non-adiabatic molecular dynamics study . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP 19 (8):5763–77. doi: 10.1039/c6cp08064b.
  • Compston, J. E., A. L. Merrett, F. G. Hammett, and P. Magill. 1981. Comparison of the appearance of radiolabelled vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in the chylomicron fraction of plasma after oral administration in man. Clinical Science (London, England : 1979) 60 (2):241–3. doi: 10.1042/cs0600241.
  • Cui, C., S. Song, J. Cui, Y. Feng, J. Gao, and P. Jiang. 2017. Vitamin D receptor activation influences NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activity and protects against neurological deficits and apoptosis in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017:1–13. PMID: 29410737. doi: 10.1155/2017/9245702.
  • Daumas, A., B. Daubail, N. Legris, A. Jacquin-Piques, B. Sensenbrenner, D. Denimal, S. Lemaire-Ewing, L. Duvillard, M. Giroud, and Y. Béjot. 2016. Association between admission serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and functional outcome of thrombolyzed stroke patients. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 25 (4):907–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.01.005.
  • Davignon, J. 2004. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation 109 (23_suppl_1):III–39. PMID: 15198965. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131517.20177.5a.
  • De Haes, P., M. Garmyn, G. Carmeliet, H. Degreef, K. Vantieghem, R. Bouillon, and S. Segaert. 2004. Molecular pathways involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary human keratinocytes . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 93 (5):951–67. doi: 10.1002/jcb.20227.
  • De Luca, E., D. Pedone, M. Moglianetti, D. Pulcini, A. Perrelli, S. F. Retta, and P. P. Pompa. 2018. Multifunctional platinum@ BSA–rapamycin nanocarriers for the combinatorial therapy of cerebral cavernous malformation. ACS Omega 3 (11):15389–98. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01653.
  • Dedeoglu, M., Y. Garip, and H. Bodur. 2014. Osteomalacia in Crohn’s disease. Archives of Osteoporosis 9 (1):177–3. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0177-0.
  • DeLuca, H. F. 2008. Evolution of our understanding of vitamin D. Nutrition Reviews 66 (10 Suppl 2):S73–S87. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00105.x.
  • Deng, Y. L., Y. L. Ma, Z. L. Zhang, L. X. Zhang, H. Guo, P. Qin, Y. S. Hou, Z. J. Gao, and W. G. Hou. 2018. Astrocytic N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 is involved in nuclear transcription factor κB–mediated inflammation induced by global cerebral ischemia. Anesthesiology 128 (3):574–86. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002044.
  • Deutsch, A., C. Chaimovitzch, O. Nagauker-Shriker, M. Zlotnik, S. Shany, and R. Levy. 1995. Elevated superoxide generation in mononuclear phagocytes by treatment with 1 alpha hydroxyvitamin D3: Changes in kinetics and in oxidase cytosolic factor p47. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6 (1):102–9. doi: 10.1681/ASN.V61102.
  • Díaz, G. D., C. Paraskeva, M. G. Thomas, L. Binderup, and A. Hague. 2000. Apoptosis is induced by the active metabolite of vitamin D3 and its analogue EB1089 in colorectal adenoma and carcinoma cells: Possible implications for prevention and therapy. Cancer Research 60 (8):2304–12.
  • Doorenbos, C. R., J. Van Den Born, G. Navis, and M. H. De Borst. 2009. Possible renoprotection by vitamin D in chronic renal disease: Beyond mineral metabolism. Nature Reviews. Nephrology 5 (12):691–700. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2009.185.
  • Dresselhaus, E. C, and M. K. Meffert. 2019. Cellular specificity of NF-κB function in the nervous system. Frontiers in Immunology 10:1043. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01043.
  • Edwards, D. N, and G. J. Bix. 2019. Roles of blood-brain barrier integrins and extracellular matrix in stroke. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 316 (2):C252–C263. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2018.
  • Ertugrul, D. T., B. Yavuz, H. Cil, N. Ata, K. O. Akin, M. Kucukazman, A. A. Yalcin, K. Dal, B. B. Yavuz, and E. Tutal. 2011. STATIN‐D Study: Comparison of the influences of rosuvastatin and fluvastatin treatment on the levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D. Cardiovascular Therapeutics 29 (2):146–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00141.x.
  • Evans, M. A., H. A. Kim, Y. H. Ling, S. Uong, A. Vinh, T. M. De Silva, T. V. Arumugam, A. N. Clarkson, G. R. Zosky, G. R. Drummond, et al. 2018. Vitamin D3 supplementation reduces subsequent brain injury and inflammation associated with ischemic stroke. Neuromolecular Medicine 20 (1):147–59. doi: 10.1007/s12017-018-8484-z.
  • Feigin, V. L., C. M. Lawes, D. A. Bennett, S. L. Barker-Collo, and V. Parag. 2009. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: A systematic review. The Lancet. Neurology 8 (4):355–69. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0.
  • Feldman, D. P. J. Malloy, and C. Gross. 2001. Vitamin D: Biology, action, and clinical implications. In Osteoporosis, 257–303. ed., R. Marcus, D. Feldman, D. Nelson, C. Rosen. USA: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978-012470862-4/50010-6.
  • Firdous, S. M. P. Dhang, A. Koley, and H. Khan. 2021. Diabetic retinopathy: pathogenesis and therapeutic management. In Diabetes and diabetic complications. ed., R Singh Dahiya and T. Gurjeet Singh, 124–140. USA: Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge.
  • Firdous, S. M. S. Ghosh, P. Nath, and H. Khan. 2021. Molecular basis of diabetic nephropathy. In Diabetes and diabetic complications. 64–98. ed., R. Singh Dahiya and T. Gurjeet Singh. USA: Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge.
  • Flemming, K. D. 2017. Clinical management of cavernous malformations. Current Cardiology Reports 19 (12):1–10. doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0931-1.
  • Flemming, K. D., R. D. Brown, and M. J. Link. 2015. Seasonal variation in hemorrhage and focal neurologic deficit due to intracerebral cavernous malformations. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 22 (6):969–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.007.
  • Florentin, M., M. S. Elisaf, D. P. Mikhailidis, and E. N. Liberopoulos. 2010. Vitamin D and metabolic syndrome: Is there a link? Current Pharmaceutical Design 16 (30):3417–34. doi: 10.2174/138161210793563509.
  • Freestone, T., R. J. Turner, A. Coady, D. J. Higman, R. M. Greenhalgh and, and J. T. Powell. 1995. Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 15 (8):1145–51. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.15.8.1145.
  • Gabikian, P., R. E. Clatterbuck, C. G. Eberhart, B. M. Tyler, T. S. Tierney, and R. J. Tamargo. 2002. Prevention of experimental cerebral vasospasm by intracranial delivery of a nitric oxide donor from a controlled-release polymer: Toxicity and efficacy studies in rabbits and rats. Stroke 33 (11):2681–6. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000033931.62992.b1.
  • Garcion, E., S. Nataf, A. Berod, F. Darcy, and P. Brachet. 1997. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research 45 (2):255–67. doi: 10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00260-4.
  • Garcion, E., L. Sindji, G. Leblondel, P. Brachet, and F. Darcy. 1999. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the synthesis of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione levels in rat primary astrocytes . Journal of Neurochemistry 73 (2):859–66. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730859.x.
  • Garcion, E., X. D. Thanh, F. Bled, E. Teissier, M. P. Dehouck, F. Rigault, P. Brachet, A. Girault, G. Torpier, and F. Darcy. 1996. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in rat brain. Neuroscience Letters 216 (3):183–6. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)87802-5.
  • Garcion, E., N. Wion-Barbot, C. N. Montero-Menei, F. Berger, and D. Wion. 2002. New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM 13 (3):100–5. doi: 10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00547-1.
  • Gehrer, S., B. Kern, T. Peters, C. Christoffel-Courtin, and R. Peterli. 2010. Fewer nutrient deficiencies after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) than after laparoscopic Roux-Y-gastric bypass (LRYGB)-a prospective study . Obesity Surgery 20 (4):447–53. doi: 10.1007/s11695-009-0068-4.
  • Ghosh, H. S., M. McBurney, and P. D. Robbins. 2010. SIRT1 negatively regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin. PloS One 5 (2):e9199. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009199.
  • Gibson, C. C., C. T. Davis, W. Zhu, J. A. Bowman-Kirigin, A. E. Walker, Z. Tai, K. R. Thomas, A. J. Donato, L. A. Lesniewski, and D. Y. Li. 2015a. Dietary vitamin D and its metabolites non-genomically stabilize the endothelium. PloS One 10 (10):e0140370. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140370.
  • Gibson, C. C., W. Zhu, C. T. Davis, J. A. Bowman-Kirigin, A. C. Chan, J. Ling, A. E. Walker, L. Goitre, S. Delle Monache, S. F. Retta, et al. 2015b. Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation. Circulation 131 (3):289–99. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010403.
  • Giordano, S., V. Darley-Usmar, and J. Zhang. 2014. Autophagy as an essential cellular antioxidant pathway in neurodegenerative disease. Redox Biology 2:82–90. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.013.
  • Girard, R., O. Khanna, R. Shenkar, L. Zhang, M. Wu, M. Jesselson, H. A. Zeineddine, A. Gangal, M. D. Fam, C. C. Gibson, et al. 2016. Peripheral plasma vitamin D and non-HDL cholesterol reflect the severity of cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Biomarkers in Medicine 10 (3):255–64. doi: 10.2217/bmm.15.118.
  • Girgis, C. M., R. J. Clifton-Bligh, M. W. Hamrick, M. F. Holick, and J. E. Gunton. 2013. The roles of vitamin D in skeletal muscle: Form, function, and metabolism. Endocrine Reviews 34 (1):33–83. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1012.
  • Glueck, C. J., S. B. Budhani, S. S. Masineni, C. Abuchaibe, N. Khan, P. Wang, and N. Goldenberg. 2011. Vitamin D deficiency, myositis–myalgia, and reversible statin intolerance. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27 (9):1683–90. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2011.598144.
  • Goitre, L., F. Balzac, S. Degani, P. Degan, S. Marchi, P. Pinton, and S. F. Retta. 2010. KRIT1 regulates the homeostasis of intracellular reactive oxygen species. PloS One 5 (7):e11786. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011786.
  • Goitre, L., E. De Luca, S. Braggion, E. Trapani, M. Guglielmotto, F. Biasi, M. Forni, A. Moglia, L. Trabalzini, and S. F. Retta. 2014. KRIT1 loss of function causes a ROS-dependent upregulation of c-Jun. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 68:134–47. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.020.
  • Goitre, L., P. V. DiStefano, A. Moglia, N. Nobiletti, E. Baldini, L. Trabalzini, J. Keubel, E. Trapani, V. V. Shuvaev, V. R. Muzykantov, et al. 2017. Up-regulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling contributes to the loss of barrier function in KRIT1 deficient endothelium. Scientific Reports 7 (1):1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08373-4.
  • Goldner, W. S., J. A. Stoner, E. Lyden, J. Thompson, K. Taylor, L. Larson, J. Erickson, and C. McBride. 2009. Finding the optimal dose of vitamin D following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A prospective, randomized pilot clinical trial. Obesity Surgery 19 (2):173–9. doi: 10.1007/s11695-008-9680-y.
  • Goldstein, L. B., P. Amarenco, M. LaMonte, S. Gilbert, M. Messig, A. Callahan, M. Hennerici, H. Sillesen, and K. M. A. Welch. 2008. Relative effects of statin therapy on stroke and cardiovascular events in men and women: Secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Study. Stroke 39 (9):2444–8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.513747.
  • Gombart, A. F., ed. 2012. Vitamin D: Oxidative stress, immunity, and aging. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Gorman, S., M. A. Judge, and P. H. Hart. 2010. Topical 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 subverts the priming ability of draining lymph node dendritic cells . Immunology 131 (3):415–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03315.x.
  • Grant, W. B. 2009. A critical review of Vitamin D and cancer: A report of the IARC Working Group on vitamin D. Dermato-endocrinology 1 (1):25–33. doi: 10.4161/derm.1.1.7729.
  • Grübler, M. R., W. März, S. Pilz, T. B. Grammer, C. Trummer, C. Müllner, V. Schwetz, M. Pandis, N. Verheyen, A. Tomaschitz, et al. 2017. Vitamin-D concentrations, cardiovascular risk and events - a review of epidemiological evidence . Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 18 (2):259–72. doi: 10.1007/s11154-017-9417-0.
  • Guengerich, F. P. 2015. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes. In Cytochrome P450, 523–785. ed. M. Hedrick. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12108-6_9.
  • Guix, F. X., I. Uribesalgo, M. Coma, and F. J. Munoz. 2005. The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain. Progress in Neurobiology 76 (2):126–52. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.001.
  • Haddad, J. G., L. Y. Matsuoka, B. W. Hollis, Y. Z. Hu, and J. Wortsman. 1993. Human plasma transport of vitamin D after its endogenous synthesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 91 (6):2552–5. doi: 10.1172/JCI116492.
  • Haussler, M. R., C. A. Haussler, P. W. Jurutka, P. D. Thompson, J. C. Hsieh, L. S. Remus, S. H. Selznick, and G. K. Whitfield. 1997. The vitamin D hormone and its nuclear receptor: Molecular actions and disease states. Journal of Endocrinology 154 (3_Suppl):S57–S73.
  • Haussler, M. R., G. K. Whitfield, C. A. Haussler, J. C. Hsieh, P. D. Thompson, S. H. Selznick, C. E. Dominguez, and P. W. Jurutka. 1998. The nuclear vitamin D receptor: Biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 13 (3):325–49. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.3.325.
  • Haussler, M. R., G. K. Whitfield, I. Kaneko, C. A. Haussler, D. Hsieh, J. C. Hsieh, and P. W. Jurutka. 2013. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcified Tissue International 92 (2):77–98. doi: 10.1007/s00223-012-9619-0.
  • Holick, M. F. 1995. Vitamin D: Photobiology, metabolism, and clinical application. Endocrinology 990 219–227.
  • Holick, M. F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine 357 (3):266–81. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra070553.
  • Høyer-Hansen, M., S. P. S. Nordbrandt, and M. Jäättelä. 2010. Autophagy as a basis for the health-promoting effects of vitamin D. Trends in Molecular Medicine 16 (7):295–302. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.04.005.
  • Hu, Z., S. Tao, H. Liu, G. Pan, B. Li, and Z. Zhang. 2019. The association between polymorphisms of vitamin D metabolic-related genes and vitamin D3 supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Diabetes Research 2019:1–8. PMID: 31583252. doi: 10.1155/2019/8289741.
  • Huang, H., T. Zheng, S. Wang, L. Wei, Q. Wang, and Z. Sun. 2016. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts early recurrent stroke in ischemic stroke patients. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 26 (10):908–14. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.06.009.
  • Iadecola, C., F. Zhang, R. Casey, M. Nagayama, and M. E. Ross. 1997. Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. The Journal of Neuroscience 17 (23):9157–64. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09157.1997.
  • Iqbal, S., S. Khan, and I. Naseem. 2018. Antioxidant role of vitamin D in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 42 (4):412–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.032.
  • Ito, Y., T. Ohkubo, Y. Asano, K. Hattori, T. Shimazu, M. Yamazato, H. Nagoya, Y. Kato, and N. Araki. 2010. Nitric oxide production during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in eNOS- and nNOS-knockout mice . Current Neurovascular Research 7 (1):23–31. doi: 10.2174/156720210790820190.
  • Ito, S., S. Ohtsuki, J. Kamiie, Y. Nezu, and T. Terasaki. 2007. Cerebral clearance of human amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) across the blood-brain barrier is reduced by self-aggregation and formation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 ligand complexes . Journal of Neurochemistry 103 (6):2482–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04938.x.
  • James, W. P. T., A. Avenell, J. Broom, and J. Whitehead. 1997. A one-year trial to assess the value of orlistat in the management of obesity. International Journal of Obesity 21:S24–S30.
  • Jiang, B. H, and L. Z. Liu. 2008. PI3K/PTEN signaling in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1784 (1):150–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.09.008.
  • Johnson, J. L., V. V. Mistry, M. D. Vukovich, T. Hogie-Lorenzen, B. W. Hollis, and B. L. Specker. 2005. Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly. Journal of Dairy Science 88 (7):2295–301. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72907-6.
  • Jones, G. 2008. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88 (2):582S–6S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/88.2.582S.
  • Joshi, S., L. C. Pantalena, X. K. Liu, S. L. Gaffen, H. Liu, C. Rohowsky-Kochan, K. Ichiyama, A. Yoshimura, L. Steinman, S. Christakos, et al. 2011. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) ameliorates Th17 autoimmunity via transcriptional modulation of interleukin-17A . Molecular and Cellular Biology 31 (17):3653–69. doi: 10.1128/MCB.05020-11.
  • Kallay, E., P. Pietschmann, S. Toyokuni, E. Bajna, P. Hahn, K. Mazzucco, C. Bieglmayer, S. Kato, and H. S. Cross. 2001. Characterization of a vitamin D receptor knockout mouse as a model of colorectal hyperproliferation and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 22 (9):1429–35. doi: 10.1128/MCB.05020-11.
  • Kanikarla-Marie, P, and S. K. Jain. 2016. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits oxidative stress and monocyte adhesion by mediating the upregulation of GCLC and GSH in endothelial cells treated with acetoacetate (ketosis)). The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 159:94–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.002.
  • Kanis, J., A. Oden, and O. Johnell. 2001. Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for stroke. Stroke 32 (3):702–6. doi: 10.1161/01.str.32.3.702.
  • Kasiappan, R., Z. Shen, K. W. Anfernee, U. Jinwal, J. Tang, P. Lungchukiet, Y. Sun, P. Kruk, S. V. Nicosia, X. Zhang, et al. 2012. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses telomerase expression and human cancer growth through microRNA-498. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 (49):41297–309. doi: 10.1161/01.str.32.3.702.
  • Katsiki, N., V. G. Athyros, A. Karagiannis, and D. P. Mikhailidis. 2011. Vitamin D deficiency, statin-related myopathy and other links with vascular risk. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27 (9):1691–2. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2011.598922.
  • Khan, H., A. Gupta, T. G. Singh, and A. Kaur. 2021a. Mechanistic insight on the role of leukotriene receptors in ischemic–reperfusion injury. Pharmacological Reports 73 (5):1240–15. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00258-8.
  • Khan, H. R. Sharma, A. Kaur, and T. G. Singh. 2018. The endocannabioids system and their implications in various disorders International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 20:97–106. ISSN 0976-044X.
  • Khan, H., P. Tiwari, A. Kaur, and T. G. Singh. 2021b. Sirtuin acetylation and deacetylation: A complex paradigm in neurodegenerative disease. Molecular Neurobiology 58 (8):3903–15. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02387-w.
  • Kim, S., N. K. Shevde, and J. W. Pike. 2005. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates cyclic vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor DNA-binding, co-activator recruitment, and histone acetylation in intact osteoblasts . Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 20 (2):305–17. doi: 10.1359/JBMR.041112.
  • Kiraly, S. J., M. A. Kiraly, R. D. Hawe, and N. Makhani. 2006. Vitamin D as a neuroactive substance: Review. TheScientificWorldJournal 6:125–39. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2006.25.
  • Klopot, A., K. W. Hance, S. Peleg, J. Barsony, and J. C. Fleet. 2007. Nucleo-cytoplasmic cycling of the vitamin D receptor in the enterocyte-like cell line, Caco-2 . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 100 (3):617–28. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21087.
  • Korf, H., M. Wenes, B. Stijlemans, T. Takiishi, S. Robert, M. Miani, D. L. Eizirik, C. Gysemans, and C. Mathieu. 2012. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 curtails the inflammatory and T cell stimulatory capacity of macrophages through an IL-10-dependent mechanism . Immunobiology 217 (12):1292–300. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.018.
  • Lam, T. I., A. M. Brennan-Minnella, S. J. Won, Y. Shen, C. Hefner, Y. Shi, D. Sun, and R. A. Swanson. 2013. Intracellular pH reduction prevents excitotoxic and ischemic neuronal death by inhibiting NADPH oxidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (46):E4362–E4368. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1313029110.
  • Lamb, S. E., L. Ferrucci, S. Volapto, L. P. Fried, and J. M. Guralnik. 2003. Risk factors for falling in home-dwelling older women with stroke: The Women’s Health and Aging Study. Stroke 34 (2):494–501. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000053444.00582.B7.
  • Larriba, M. J., J. M. González-Sancho, A. Barbáchano, N. Niell, G. Ferrer-Mayorga, and A. Muñoz. 2013. Vitamin D is a multilevel repressor of Wnt/b-catenin signaling in cancer cells. Cancers 5 (4):1242–60. doi: 10.3390/cancers5041242.
  • Lee, P, and J. R. Greenfield. 2009. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of stroke: Possible mediation by statin therapy? Stroke 40 (2):e35–e35. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.537167.
  • Lee, J. H., J. H. O’Keefe, D. Bell, D. D. Hensrud, and M. F. Holick. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52 (24):1949–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.050.
  • Liel, Y., J. Edwards, J. Shary, K. M. Spicer, L. Gordon, and N. H. Bell. 1988. The effects of race and body habitus on bone mineral density of the radius, hip, and spine in menopausal women. Maturitas 10 (4):356–7. doi: 10.1172/JCI15219.
  • Lin, S. Z., A. L. Chiou, and Y. Wang. 1996. Ketamine antagonizes nitric oxide release from cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery ligation in rats. Stroke 27 (4):747–52. doi: 10.1161/01.str.27.4.747.
  • Li, Y. C., A. E. Pirro, M. Amling, G. Delling, R. Baron, R. Bronson, and M. B. Demay. 1997. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: An animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (18):9831–5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9831.
  • Li, P., R. A. Stetler, R. K. Leak, Y. Shi, Y. Li, W. Yu, M. V. Bennett, and J. Chen. 2018. Oxidative stress and DNA damage after cerebral ischemia: Potential therapeutic targets to repair the genome and improve stroke recovery. Neuropharmacology 134 (Pt B):208–17. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.011.
  • Liu, Y., Y. W. Li, Y. L. Tang, X. Liu, J. H. Jiang, Q. G. Li, and J. Y. Yuan. 2013. Vitamin D: Preventive and therapeutic potential in Parkinson’s disease. Current Drug Metabolism 14 (9):989–93. doi: 10.2174/1389200211314090005.
  • Lloyd-Jones, D., R. J. Adams, T. M. Brown, M. Carnethon, S. Dai, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, E. Ford, K. Furie, C. Gillespie, et al. 2010. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121 (7):e46–e215. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667.
  • López-López, N., I. González-Curiel, M. B. Treviño-Santa Cruz, B. Rivas-Santiago, V. Trujillo-Paez, J. A. Enciso-Moreno, and C. J. Serrano. 2014. Expression and vitamin D-mediated regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in healthy skin and in diabetic foot ulcers. Archives of Dermatological Research 306 (9):809–21. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1494-2.
  • Macdonald, P. N., D. R. Dowd, S. Nakajima, M. A. Galligan, M. C. Reeder, C. A. Haussler, K. Ozato, and M. R. Haussler. 1993. Retinoid X receptors stimulate and 9-cis retinoic acid inhibits 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-activated expression of the rat osteocalcin gene . Molecular and Cellular Biology 13 (9):5907–17. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5907-5917.1993.
  • Mahdy, T., S. Atia, M. Farid, and A. Adulatif. 2008. Effect of Roux-en Y gastric bypass on bone metabolism in patients with morbid obesity: Mansoura experiences. Obesity Surgery 18 (12):1526–31. doi: 10.1007/s11695-008-9653-1.
  • Makariou, S. E., E. N. Liberopoulos, A. P. Agouridis, A. Challa, and M. Elisaf. 2012. Effect of rosuvastatin monotherapy and in combination with fenofibrate or omega-3 fatty acids on serum vitamin D levels. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17 (4):382–6. doi: 10.1177/1074248412439470.
  • Makariou, S., E. N. Liberopoulos, M. Elisaf, and A. Challa. 2011. Novel roles of vitamin D in disease: What is new in 2011? European Journal of Internal Medicine 22 (4):355–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.04.012.
  • Manson, J. E., N. R. Cook, I.-M. Lee, W. Christen, S. S. Bassuk, S. Mora, H. Gibson, D. Gordon, T. Copeland, D. D’Agostino, et al. 2019. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 380 (1):33–44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1809944.
  • Marchi, S., M. Corricelli, E. Trapani, L. Bravi, A. Pittaro, S. Delle Monache, L. Ferroni, S. Patergnani, S. Missiroli, L. Goitre, et al. 2015. Defective autophagy is a key feature of cerebral cavernous malformations. EMBO Molecular Medicine 7 (11):1403–17. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201505316.
  • Marchi, S., S. F. Retta, and P. Pinton. 2016. Cellular processes underlying cerebral cavernous malformations: Autophagy as another point of view. Autophagy 12 (2):424–5. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1125073.
  • Marchi, S., E. Trapani, M. Corricelli, L. Goitre, P. Pinton, and S. F. Retta. 2016. Beyond multiple mechanisms and a unique drug: Defective autophagy as pivotal player in cerebral cavernous malformation pathogenesis and implications for targeted therapies. Rare Diseases 4 (1):e1142640–17. doi: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1142640.
  • Mark, K. A., K. J. Dumas, D. Bhaumik, B. Schilling, S. Davis, T. R. Oron, D. J. Sorensen, M. Lucanic, R. B. Brem, S. Melov, et al. 2016. Vitamin D promotes protein homeostasis and longevity via the stress response pathway genes skn-1, ire-1, and xbp-1. Cell Reports 17 (5):1227–37. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.086.
  • Martorell, S., L. Hueso, H. Gonzalez-Navarro, A. Collado, M. J. Sanz, and L. Piqueras. 2016. Vitamin D receptor activation reduces angiotensin-II–induced dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm in apolipoprotein E–knockout mice. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 36 (8):1587–97. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307530.
  • Mascitelli, L., M. R. Goldstein, and W. B. Grant. 2012. Stroke prevention: Might vitamin D be safer than statins? Internal and Emergency Medicine 7 (S2):89–90. doi: 10.1007/s11739-011-0652-1.
  • Mascitelli, L., F. Pezzetta, and M. R. Goldstein. 2010. Statin therapy in the secondary prevention of cerebrovascular events: Is it really beneficial in clinical practice? Medical Hypotheses 74 (2):398. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.08.010.
  • Mattner, F., S. Smiroldo, F. Galbiati, M. Muller, P. D. Lucia, P. L. Poliani, G. Martino, P. Panina, Bordignon, and L. Adorini. ‐ 2000. Inhibition of Th1 development and treatment of chronic‐relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a non‐hypercalcemic analogue of 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. European Journal of Immunology 30 (2):498–508. doi: 10.1002/1521-4141(200002)30:2 < 498::AID-IMMU498 > 3.0.CO;2-Q.
  • Mazahery, H, and P. R. Von Hurst. 2015. Factors affecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in response to vitamin D supplementation. Nutrients 7 (7):5111–42. doi: 10.3390/nu7075111.
  • McDuffie, J. R., K. A. Calis, S. L. Booth, G. I. Uwaifo, and J. A. Yanovski. 2002. Effects of orlistat on fat‐soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 22 (7):814–22. doi: 10.1592/phco.22.11.814.33627.
  • Melcangi, R. C, and G. C. Panzica. 2001. Steroids in the nervous system: A Pandora’s box? Trends in Neurosciences 24 (6):311–2. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01820-8.
  • Mettang, M., S. N. Reichel, M. Lattke, A. Palmer, A. Abaei, V. Rasche, M. Huber‐Lang, B. Baumann, and T. Wirth. 2018. IKK2/NF‐κB signaling protects neurons after traumatic brain injury. FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 32 (4):1916–32. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700826R.
  • Michos, E. D, and M. L. Melamed. 2008. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 11 (1):7–12. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f2f4dd.
  • Mithal, A., D. A. Wahl, J. P. Bonjour, P. Burckhardt, B. Dawson-Hughes, J. A. Eisman, G. E. H. Fuleihan, R. G. Josse, P. Lips, and J. Morales-Torres. 2009. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 20 (11):1807–20. doi: 10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6.
  • Mulligan, G. B, and A. Licata. 2010. Taking vitamin D with the largest meal improves absorption and results in higher serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 (4):928–30. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.67.
  • Muthian, G., H. P. Raikwar, J. Rajasingh, and J. J. Bright. 2006. 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 modulates JAK-STAT pathway in IL-12/IFNgamma axis leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neuroscience Research 83 (7):1299–309. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20826.
  • Nakahira, K., S. M. Cloonan, K. Mizumura, A. M. Choi, and S. W. Ryter. 2014. Autophagy: A crucial moderator of redox balance, inflammation, and apoptosis in lung disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 20 (3):474–94. doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5373.
  • Nakai, K., H. Fujii, K. Kono, S. Goto, R. Kitazawa, S. Kitazawa, M. Hirata, M. Shinohara, M. Fukagawa, and S. Nishi. 2014. Vitamin D activates the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway and ameliorates nephropathy in diabetic rats. American Journal of Hypertension 27 (4):586–95. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpt160.
  • Napoli, C., F. de Nigris, S. Williams-Ignarro, O. Pignalosa, V. Sica, and L. J. Ignarro. 2006. Nitric oxide and atherosclerosis: An update. Nitric Oxide : Biology and Chemistry 15 (4):265–79. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.03.011.
  • Narasimhan, S, and P. Balasubramanian. 2017. Role of vitamin D in the outcome of ischemic stroke-a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 11 (2):CC06. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/24299.9346.
  • Nashold, F. E., C. D. Nelson, L. M. Brown, and C. E. Hayes. 2013. One calcitriol dose transiently increases Helios + FoxP3+ T cells and ameliorates autoimmune demyelinating disease. Journal of Neuroimmunology 263 (1–2):64–74. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.07.016.
  • Ni, W., S. W. Watts, M. Ng, S. Chen, D. J. Glenn, and D. G. Gardner. 2014. Elimination of vitamin D receptor in vascular endothelial cells alters vascular function. Hypertension 64 (6):1290–8. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03971.
  • Nicotera, P, and S. Orrenius. 1998. The role of calcium in apoptosis. Cell Calcium 23 (2–3):173–80. doi: 10.1016/S0143-4160(98)90116-6.
  • Nissou, M. F., A. Guttin, C. Zenga, F. Berger, J. P. Issartel, and D. Wion. 2014. Additional clues for a protective role of vitamin D in neurodegenerative diseases: 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 triggers an anti-inflammatory response in brain pericytes. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD 42 (3):789–99. doi: 10.3233/JAD-140411.
  • Norman, A. W. 1998. Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67 (6):1108–10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1108.
  • Norman, A. W. 2008. From vitamin D to hormone D: Fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88 (2):491S–9S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/88.2.491S.
  • Norman, P. E, and J. T. Powell. 2014. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Circulation Research 114 (2):379–93. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301241.
  • Orlov, I., N. Rochel, D. Moras, and B. P. Klaholz. 2012. Structure of the full human RXR/VDR nuclear receptor heterodimer complex with its DR3 target DNA. The EMBO Journal 31 (2):291–300. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2011.445.
  • Ou, X., M. R. Lee, X. Huang, S. Messina, Graham, and H. E. Broxmeyer. ‐ 2014. SIRT1 positively regulates autophagy and mitochondria function in embryonic stem cells under oxidative stress. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) 32 (5):1183–94. doi: 10.1002/stem.1641.
  • Pálmer, H. G., M. Sánchez-Carbayo, P. Ordóñez-Morán, M. J. Larriba, C. Cordón-Cardó, and A. Muñoz. 2003. Genetic signatures of differentiation induced by 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Research 63 (22):7799–806.
  • Pan, L., A. F. Matloob, J. Du, H. Pan, Z. Dong, J. Zhao, Y. Feng, Y. Zhong, B. Huang, and J. Lu. 2010. Vitamin D stimulates apoptosis in gastric cancer cells in synergy with trichostatin A /sodium butyrate-induced and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine-induced PTEN upregulation. The FEBS Journal 277 (4):989–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07542.x.
  • Park, K. Y., P. W. Chung, Y. B. Kim, H. S. Moon, B. C. Suh, Y. S. Won, J. M. Kim, Y. C. Youn, and O. S. Kwon. 2015. Serum vitamin D status as a predictor of prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 40 (1–2):73–80. doi: 10.1159/000434691.
  • Parker, J., O. Hashmi, D. Dutton, A. Mavrodaris, S. Stranges, N. B. Kandala, A. Clarke, and O. H. Franco. 2010. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 65 (3):225–36. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.013.
  • Pendás-Franco, N., J. M. García, C. Peña, N. Valle, H. G. Pálmer, M. Heinäniemi, C. Carlberg, B. Jimenez, F. Bonilla, A. Munoz, et al. 2008. DICKKOPF-4 is induced by TCF/beta-catenin and upregulated in human colon cancer, promotes tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis and is repressed by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . Oncogene 27 (32):4467–77. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.88.
  • Pérez-Castrillón, J. L., G. Vega, L. Abad, A. Sanz, J. Chaves, G. Hernandez, A, and Dueñas, A. 2007. Effects of atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 99 (7):903–5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.036.
  • Pignataro, G., A. Scorziello, G. Di Renzo, and L. Annunziato. 2009. Post-ischemic brain damage: Effect of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning and identification of potential candidates for stroke therapy. The FEBS Journal 276 (1):46–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06769.x.
  • Pike, J. W, and M. B. Meyer. 2012. The vitamin D receptor: New paradigms for the regulation of gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 38 (1):13–27. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.004.
  • Pike, J. W., M. B. Meyer, and K. A. Bishop. 2012. Regulation of target gene expression by the vitamin D receptor - an update on mechanisms . Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 13 (1):45–55. doi: 10.1007/s11154-011-9198-9.
  • Pilz, S., H. Dobnig, J. E. Fischer, B. Wellnitz, U. Seelhorst, B. O. Boehm, and W. März. 2008. Low vitamin D levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. Stroke 39 (9):2611–3. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.513655.
  • Pilz, S., A. Tomaschitz, C. Drechsler, A. Zittermann, J. M. Dekker, and W. Marz. 2011. Vitamin D supplementation: A promising approach for the prevention and treatment of strokes. Current Drug Targets 12 (1):88–96. doi: 10.2174/138945011793591563.
  • Pilz, S., A. Tomaschitz, B. Obermayer-Pietsch, H. Dobnig, and T. R. Pieber. 2009a. Epidemiology of vitamin D insufficiency and cancer mortality. Anticancer Research 29 (9):3699–704. PMID: 19667167
  • Pilz, S., N. Verheyen, M. R. Grübler, A. Tomaschitz, A, and W. März. 2016. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease prevention. Nature Reviews. Cardiology 13 (7):404–17. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.73.
  • Pluta, R. M. 2005. Delayed cerebral vasospasm and nitric oxide: Review, new hypothesis, and proposed treatment. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 105 (1):23–56. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.002.
  • Poole, K. E., N. Loveridge, P. J. Barker, D. J. Halsall, C. Rose, J. Reeve, and E. A. Warburton. 2006. Reduced vitamin D in acute stroke. Stroke 37 (1):243–5. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000195184.24297.c1.
  • Prüfer, K., T. D. Veenstra, G. F. Jirikowski, and R. Kumar. 1999. Distribution of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat brain and spinal cord. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 16 (2):135–45. doi: 10.1016/S0891-0618(99)00002-2.
  • Qian, X., M. Zhu, W. Qian, and J. Song. 2019. Vitamin D attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation via suppressing the RhoA/ROCK/NF-ĸB pathway . Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 66 (5):850–7. doi: 10.1002/bab.1797.
  • Retta, S. F, and A. J. Glading, A. J. 2016. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 81 (Pt B):254–70. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011.
  • Rhee, S. G., T. S. Chang, W. Jeong, and D. Kang. 2010. Methods for detection and measurement of hydrogen peroxide inside and outside of cells. Molecules and Cells 29 (6):539–49. doi: 10.1007/s10059-010-0082-3.
  • Riedt, C. S., R. E. Brolin, R. M. Sherrell, M. P. Field, and S. A. Shapses. 2006. True fractional calcium absorption is decreased after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery. Obesity 14 (11):1940–8. doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.226.
  • Riedt, C. S., M. Cifuentes, T. Stahl, H. A. Chowdhury, Y. Schlussel, and S. A. Shapses. 2004. Overweight postmenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight reduction and 1 g/day calcium intake. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 20 (3):455–63. doi: 10.1359/JBMR.041132.
  • Rosenstreich, S. J., C. Rich, and W. Volwiler. 1971. Deposition in and release of vitamin D3 from body fat: Evidence for a storage site in the rat. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 50 (3):679–87. doi: 10.1172/JCI106538.
  • Ross, A. C. C. L. Taylor, A. L. Yaktine, and H. B. Del Valle. 2011. Overview of vitamin D. In Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D, ed. A. C. Ross, C. L. Taylor, A. L. Ya ktine, and H. B. Del Valle, 1–662. USA: National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13050.
  • Sacco, R. L., R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. 2006. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 37 (2):577–617. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000199147.30016.74.
  • Sakaki, T., N. Kagawa, K. Yamamoto, and K. Inouye. 2005. Metabolism of vitamin D3 by cytochromes P450. 119. Front Biosci 10 (1) doi: 10.2741/1514.
  • Salminen, A., K. Kaarniranta, and A. Kauppinen. 2013. Crosstalk between oxidative stress and SIRT1: Impact on the aging Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14 (2):3834–59. doi: 10.3390/ijms14023834.
  • Samdani, A. F., T. M. Dawson, and V. L. Dawson. 1997. Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia. Stroke 28 (6):1283–8. doi: 10.1161/01.str.28.6.1283.
  • Samuel, S, and M. D. Sitrin. 2008. Vitamin D’s role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Nutrition Reviews 66 (10 Suppl 2):S116–S124. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00094.x.
  • Sardar, S., A. Chakraborty, and M. Chatterjee. 1996. Comparative effectiveness of vitamin D3 and dietary vitamin E on peroxidation of lipids and enzymes of the hepatic antioxidant system in Sprague–Dawley rats. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- Und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition 66 (1):39–45.
  • Sato, Y., T. Asoh, I. Kondo, and K. Satoh. 2001. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of hip fractures among disabled elderly stroke patients. Stroke 32 (7):1673–7. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.32.7.1673.
  • Sato, Y., J. Iwamoto, T. Kanoko, and K. Satoh. 2005. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 20 (3):187–92. doi: 10.1159/000087203.
  • Sato, Y., M. Kaji, Y. Honda, N. Hayashida, J. Iwamoto, T. Kanoko, and K. Satoh. 2004. RETRACTED: Abnormal calcium homeostasis in disabled stroke patients with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Bone 34 (4):710–5. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2003.12.020.
  • Savastano, S., L. Barrea, M. C. Savanelli, F. Nappi, C. Di Somma, F. Orio, and A. Colao. 2017. Low vitamin D status and obesity: Role of nutritionist. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 18 (2):215–25. doi: 10.1007/s11154-017-9410-7.
  • Schedel, M., Y. Jia, S. Michel, K. Takeda, J. Domenico, A. Joetham, F. Ning, M. Strand, J. Han, M. Wang, et al. 2016. 1,25D3 prevents CD8(+)Tc2 skewing and asthma development through VDR binding changes to the Cyp11a1 promoter. Nature Communications 7 (1):10213. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10213.
  • Schröder-Heurich, B. S. von Hardenberg, L. Brodowski, B. Kipke, N. von Meyer, K. Borns, C. S. Kaisenberg, H. Brinkmann, P. Claus, F. von Versen, et al. 2019. Vitamin D improves endothelial barrier integrity and counteracts inflammatory effects on endothelial progenitor cells. FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 33 (8):9142–53. ‐. doi: 10.1096/fj.201802750RR.
  • Schuster, I. 2011. Cytochromes P450 are essential players in the vitamin D signaling system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1814 (1):186–99. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.022.
  • Sergeev, I. N. 2012. Vitamin D and cellular Ca2+ signaling in breast cancer. Anticancer Research 32 (1):299–302.
  • Sillesen, H., P. Amarenco, M. G. Hennerici, A. Callahan, L. B. Goldstein, J. Zivin, M. Messig, and K. M. Welch. 2008. Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: A secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke 39 (12):3297–302. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.516450.
  • Silva, M. C, and T. W. Furlanetto. 2018. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: A systematic review. Nutrition Reviews 76 (1):60–76. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux034.
  • Simpson, R. U., G. A. Thomas, and A. J. Arnold. 1985. Identification of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities in muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260 (15):8882–91. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39433-4.
  • Singh, I., A. K. Rehni, R. Kalra, G. Joshi, M. Kumar, and H. Y. Aboul-Enein. 2007. Ion exchange resins: Drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 32 (2):91.
  • Siniscalchi, A., L. Gallelli, G. Malferrari, D. Pirritano, R. Serra, E. Santangelo, and G. De Sarro. 2014. Cerebral stroke injury: The role of cytokines and brain inflammation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 25 (2):131–7. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0121.
  • Skaaby, T., B. H. Thuesen, and A. Linneberg. 2017. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Ultraviolet Light in Human Health, Diseases and Environment 10 (1): 221–30. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_18.
  • Sloka, S., C. Silva, J. Wang, and V. W. Yong. 2011. Predominance of Th2 polarization by vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. Journal of Neuroinflammation 8 (1):56–10. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-56.
  • Slominski, A. T., A. A. Brożyna, M. A. Zmijewski, W. Jóźwicki, A. M. Jetten, R. S. Mason, R. C. Tuckey, and C. A. Elmets. 2017a. Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: Role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management. Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 97 (6):706–24. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.3.
  • Slominski, A. T., T. K. Kim, J. V. Hobrath, A. S. Oak, E. K. Tang, E. W. Tieu, E. Li, R. C. Tuckey, and A. M. Jetten. 2017b. Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as “biased” agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on RORα and RORγ. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 173:42–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.024.
  • Sotirchos, E. S., P. Bhargava, C. Eckstein, K. Van Haren, M. Baynes, A. Ntranos, A. Gocke, L. Steinman, E. M. Mowry, and P. A. Calabresi. 2016. Safety and immunologic effects of high- vs low-dose cholecalciferol in multiple sclerosis . Neurology 86 (4):382–90. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002316.
  • Souberbielle, J.-C., J.-J. Body, J. M. Lappe, M. Plebani, Y. Shoenfeld, T. J. Wang, H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, E. Cavalier, P. R. Ebeling, P. Fardellone, et al. 2010. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmunity Reviews 9 (11):709–15. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.06.009.
  • Staal, A., J. B. Lian, A. J. van Wijnen, G. S. Stein, C. Zhang, D. R. Dowd, C. Gu, and P. N. MacDonald. 2003. Nuclear coactivator-62 kDa/Ski-interacting protein is a nuclear matrix-associated coactivator that may couple vitamin D receptor-mediated transcription and RNA splicing. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (37):35325–36. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M305191200.
  • Sugawara, T, and P. H. Chan. 2003. Reactive oxygen radicals and pathogenesis of neuronal death after cerebral ischemia. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5 (5):597–607. doi: 10.1089/152308603770310266.
  • Sugden, J. A., J. I. Davies, M. D. Witham, A. D. Morris, and A. D. Struthers. 2008. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabetic Medicine 25 (3):320–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02360.x.
  • Swami, S., N. Raghavachari, U. R. Muller, Y. P. Bao, and D. Feldman. 2003. Vitamin D growth inhibition of breast cancer cells: Gene expression patterns assessed by cDNA microarray. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 80 (1):49–62. doi: 10.1023/A:1024487118457.
  • Tagliaferri, S., D. Porri, R. De Giuseppe, M. Manuelli, F. Alessio, and H. Cena. 2019. The controversial role of vitamin D as an antioxidant: Results from randomised controlled trials. Nutrition Research Reviews 32 (1):99–105. doi: 10.1017/S0954422418000197.
  • Takeda, M., T. Yamashita, N. Sasaki, K. Nakajima, T. Kita, M. Shinohara, T. Ishida, and K. I. Hirata. 2010. Oral administration of an active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) decreases atherosclerosis in mice by inducing regulatory T cells and immature dendritic cells with tolerogenic functions. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 30 (12):2495–503. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.215459.
  • Takeuchi, A., G. S. Reddy, T. Kobayashi, T. Okano, J. Park, and S. Sharma. 1998. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as a molecular target for 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated effects. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 160 (1):209–18.
  • Talmor, Y., E. Golan, S. Benchetrit, J. Bernheim, O. Klein, J. Green, and G. Rashid. 2008. Calcitriol blunts the deleterious impact of advanced glycation end products on endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 294 (5):F1059–F1064. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2008.
  • Tanaka, Y, and H. F. DeLuca. 1983. Stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the hypocalcaemic rat . The Biochemical Journal 214 (3):893–7. doi: 10.1042/bj2140893.
  • Tanaka, Y., J. K. Wichmann, H. F. De Luca, Y. Kobayashi, and N. Ikekawa. 1983. Metabolism and binding properties of 24, 24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 225 (2):649–55. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90076-0.
  • Tavera-Mendoza, L. E., T. Westerling, E. Libby, A. Marusyk, L. Cato, R. Cassani, L. A. Cameron, S. B. Ficarro, J. A. Marto, J. Klawitter, et al. 2017. Vitamin D receptor regulates autophagy in the normal mammary gland and in luminal breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (11):E2186–E2194. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1615015114.
  • Teixeira, T. M., D. C. da Costa, A. C. Resende, C. O. Soulage, F. F. Bezerra, and J. B. Daleprane. 2017. Activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling by 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol prevents leptin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human endothelial cells. The Journal of Nutrition 147 (4):506–13. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.239475.
  • Thapa, K., H. Khan, T. G. Singh, and A. Kaur. 2021. Traumatic brain injury: Mechanistic insight on pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 71 (9):1725–18. doi: 10.1007/s12031-021-01841-7.
  • Thompson, G. R., B. Lewis, and C. C. Booth. 1966. Absorption of vitamin D3-3H in control subjects and patients with intestinal malabsorption. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 45 (1):94–102. doi: 10.1172/JCI105327.
  • Tiosano, D., Y. Weisman, and Z. E. Hochberg. 2001. The role of the vitamin D receptor in regulating vitamin D metabolism: A study of vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 (5):1908–12. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.5.7448.
  • Toescu, E. C. 1998. Apoptosis and cell death in neuronal cells: Where does Ca2+ fit in? Cell Calcium 24 (5–6):387–403. doi: 10.1016/S0143-4160(98)90062-8.
  • Trapani, E, and S. F. Retta. 2015. Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease: From monogenic forms to genetic susceptibility factors. Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences 59 (3):201–9.
  • Tsuprykov, O., X. Chen, C. F. Hocher, R. Skoblo, L. Yin, and B. Hocher. 2018. Why should we measure free 25 (OH) vitamin D? The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 180:87–104. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.014.
  • Tzotzas, T., F. G. Papadopoulou, K. Tziomalos, S. Karras, K. Gastaris, P. Perros, and G. E. Krassas. 2010. Rising serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels after weight loss in obese women correlate with improvement in insulin resistance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95 (9):4251–7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-0757.
  • Uberti, F., D. Lattuada, V. Morsanuto, U. Nava, G. Bolis, G. Vacca, D. F. Squarzanti, C. Cisari, and C. Molinari. 2014. Vitamin D protects human endothelial cells from oxidative stress through the autophagic and survival pathways. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99 (4):1367–74. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2103.
  • Ucar, B. I., G. Ucar, S. Saha, B. Buttari, E. Profumo, and L. Saso. 2021. Pharmacological Protection against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants 10 (6):823. doi: 10.3390/antiox10060823.
  • Valderas, J. P., S. Velasco, S. Solari, Y. Liberona, P. Viviani, A. Maiz, A. Escalona, and G. González. 2009. Increase of bone resorption and the parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women in the long-term after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obesity Surgery 19 (8):1132–8. doi: 10.1007/s11695-009-9890-y.
  • Vanga, S. R., M. Good, P. A. Howard, and J. L. Vacek. 2010. Role of vitamin D in cardiovascular health. The American Journal of Cardiology 106 (6):798–805. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.04.042.
  • Veenstra, T. D., K. Prüfer, C. Koenigsberger, S. W. Brimijoin, J. P. Grande, and R. Kumar. 1998. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in the central nervous system of the rat embryo. Brain Research 804 (2):193–205. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00565-4.
  • Vellimana, A. K., E. Milner, T. D. Azad, M. D. Harries, M. L. Zhou, J. M. Gidday, B. H. Han, and G. J. Zipfel. 2011. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates endogenous protection against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm. Stroke 42 (3):776–82. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607200.
  • Verma, R, and J. Y. Kim. 2016. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Facilitates M2 Polarization and Upregulates TLR10 Expression on Human Microglial Cells . Neuroimmunomodulation 23 (2):75–80. doi: 10.1159/000444300.
  • Vieceli Dalla Sega, F., R. Mastrocola, G. Aquila, F. Fortini, C. Fornelli, A. Zotta, A. S. Cento, A. Perrelli, E. Boda, A. Pannuti, et al. 2019. KRIT1 deficiency promotes aortic endothelial dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (19):4930. doi: 10.3390/ijms20194930.
  • Vukić, M., A. Neme, S. Seuter, N. Saksa, V. D. de Mello, T. Nurmi, M. Uusitupa, T. P. Tuomainen, J. K. Virtanen, and C. Carlberg. 2015. Relevance of vitamin D receptor target genes for monitoring the vitamin D responsiveness of primary human cells. PloS One 10 (4):e0124339. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124339.
  • Wang, T. J. 2016. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Annual Review of Medicine 67:261–72. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-051214-025146.
  • Wang, Y., Y. H. Chiang, T. P. Su, T. Hayashi, M. Morales, B. J. Hoffer, and S. Z. Lin. 2000. Vitamin D3 attenuates cortical infarction induced by middle cerebral arterial ligation in rats. Neuropharmacology 39 (5):873–80. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00255-5.
  • Wang, C. Y., D. C. Guttridge, M. W. Mayo, and A. S. Baldwin. Jr. 1999. NF-kappaB induces expression of the Bcl-2 homologue A1/Bfl-1 to preferentially suppress chemotherapy-induced apoptosis . Molecular and Cellular Biology 19 (9):5923–9. doi: 10.1128/MCB.19.9.5923.
  • Wang, Y., D. He, C. Ni, H. Zhou, S. Wu, Z. Xue, and Z. Zhou. 2016. Vitamin D induces autophagy of pancreatic β-cells and enhances insulin secretion. Molecular Medicine Reports 14 (3):2644–50. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5531.
  • Wang, Y., S. Z. Lin, A. L. Chiou, L. R. Williams, and B. J. Hoffer. 1997. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemia-induced injury in the cerebral cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 17 (11):4341–8. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04341.1997.
  • Wang, C. Y., M. W. Mayo, R. G. Korneluk, D. V. Goeddel, and A. S. Baldwin. Jr. 1998. NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 281 (5383):1680–3. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5383.1680.
  • Wang, J. Y., L. L. Wen, Y. N. Huang, Y. T. Chen, and M. C. Ku. 2006. Dual effects of antioxidants in neurodegeneration: Direct neuroprotection against oxidative stress and indirect protection via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation. Current Pharmaceutical Design 12 (27):3521–33. doi: 10.2174/138161206778343109.
  • Wang, T. J., F. Zhang, J. B. Richards, B. Kestenbaum, J. B. van Meurs, D. Berry, D. P. Kiel, E. A. Streeten, C. Ohlsson, D. L. Koller, et al. 2010. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: A genome-wide association study. The Lancet 376 (9736):180–8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60588-0.
  • Wang, Q., Z. Zhu, Y. Liu, X. Tu, and J. He. 2018. Relationship ­between serum vitamin D levels and inflammatory markers in acute stroke patients. Brain and Behavior 8 (2):e00885. doi: 10.1002/brb3.885.
  • Wardlaw, J. M., P. A. G. Sandercock, M. S. Dennis, and J. Starr. 2003. Is breakdown of the blood-brain barrier responsible for lacunar stroke, leukoaraiosis, and dementia? Stroke 34 (3):806–12. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000058480.77236.B3.
  • Weber, F. 1981. Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 77:119–35.
  • Widlansky, M. E., N. Gokce, J. F. Keaney, and J. A. Vita. 2003. The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42 (7):1149–60. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00994-X.
  • Wilczek, H., J. Sobra, R. Ceska, V. Justova, Z. Jůzová, R. Prochazkova, and M. Kvasilova. 1994. Monitoring plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites in simvastatin (Zocor) therapy in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 133 (23):727–9. PMID: 7834670.
  • Wilczek, H., J. Sobra, V. Justova, R. Ceska, Z. Jůzová, R. Procházková, M. Kvasilová, and V. Pacovský. 1989. Iatropathogenic effect of Mevacor on vitamin D metabolism. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 128 (40):254–1256. PMID: 2582470.
  • Wilding, P. M. 2012. Cardiovascular disease, statins and vitamin D. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 21 (4):214–20. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2012.21.4.214.
  • Wiseman, H. 1993. Vitamin D is a membrane antioxidant Ability to inhibit iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation in liposomes compared to cholesterol, ergosterol and tamoxifen and relevance to anticancer action. FEBS Letters 326 (1–3):285–8. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81809-E.
  • Witham, M. D., F. J. Dove, J. A. Sugden, A. S. Doney, and A. D. Struthers. 2012. The effect of vitamin D replacement on markers of vascular health in stroke patients–A randomised controlled trial. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 22 (10):864–70. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.11.001.
  • Witham, M. D., R. J. Price, A. D. Struthers, P. T. Donnan, C. M. Messow, I. Ford, and M. E. McMurdo. 2013. Cholecalciferol treatment to reduce blood pressure in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension: The VitDISH randomized controlled trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 173 (18):1672–9. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9043.
  • Wolff, A. E., A. N. Jones, and K. E. Hansen. 2008. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health. Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 4 (11):580–8. doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0921.
  • Wong, M. S. K., M. S. Leisegang, C. Kruse, J. Vogel, C. Schürmann, N. Dehne, A. Weigert, E. Herrmann, B. Brüne, A. M. Shah, et al. 2014. Vitamin D promotes vascular regeneration. Circulation 130 (12):976–86. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010650.
  • Wu, S, and J. Sun. 2011. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection. Discovery Medicine 11 (59):325–35. PMID: 21524386
  • Wu, W., X. Zhang, and L. P. Zanello. 2007. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) antiproliferative actions involve vitamin D receptor-mediated activation of MAPK pathways and AP-1/p21(waf1) upregulation in human osteosarcoma. Cancer Letters 254 (1):75–86. 1α . doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.013.
  • Yalbuzdag, S. A., B. Sarifakioglu, S. I. Afsar, C. Celik, A. Can, T. Yegin, B. Senturk, and A. Y. Guzelant. 2015. Is 25(OH)D Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Functional Improvement in Stroke? A Retrospective Clinical Study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases : The Official Journal of National Stroke Association 24 (7):1479–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.03.007.
  • Yang, L., L. Y. Tao, and X. P. Chen. 2007. Roles of NF-kappaB in central nervous system damage and repair . Neuroscience Bulletin 23 (5):307–13. doi: 10.1007/s12264-007-0046-6.
  • Yang, L., J. Yang, S. Venkateswarlu, T. Ko, and M. G. Brattain. 2001. Autocrine TGFbeta signaling mediates vitamin D3 analog-induced growth inhibition in breast cells . Journal of Cellular Physiology 188 (3):383–93. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1125.
  • Yavuz, B., D. T. Ertugrul, H. Cil, N. Ata, K. O. Akin, A. A. Yalcin, M. Kucukazman, K. Dal, M. S. Hokkaomeroglu, B. B. Yavuz, et al. 2009. Increased levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D after rosuvastatin treatment: A novel pleiotropic effect of statins? Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 23 (4):295–9. doi: 10.1007/s10557-009-6181-8.
  • Yin, K., Y. You, V. Swier, L. Tang, M. M. Radwan, A. N. Pandya, and D. K. Agrawal. 2015. Vitamin D protects against atherosclerosis via regulation of cholesterol efflux and macrophage polarization in hypercholesterolemic swine. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 35 (11):2432–42. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306132.
  • Yiu, Y. F., Y. H. Chan, K. H. Yiu, C. W. Siu, S. W. Li, L. Y. Wong, S. W. Lee, S. Tam, E. W. Wong, B. M. Cheung, et al. 2011. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with depletion of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (5):E830–E835. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2212.
  • Yu, X. P., T. Bellido, and S. C. Manolagas. 1995. Down-regulation of NF-kappa B protein levels in activated human lymphocytes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (24):10990–4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.24.10990.
  • Zanuy, M. V, and F. H. Carranza. 2007. Metabolismo, fuentes endógenas y exógenas de vitamina D. Revista Española de Enfermedades Metabólicas Óseas 16 (4):63–70.
  • Zeitelhofer, M., M. Z. Adzemovic, D. Gomez-Cabrero, P. Bergman, S. Hochmeister, M. N’diaye, A. Paulson, S. Ruhrmann, M. Almgren, J. N. Tegnér, et al. 2017. Functional genomics analysis of vitamin D effects on CD4+ T cells in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (9):E1678–E1687. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1615783114.
  • Zhang, J., M. J. Chalmers, K. R. Stayrook, L. L. Burris, Y. Wang, S. A. Busby, B. D. Pascal, R. D. Garcia-Ordonez, J. B. Bruning, M. A. Istrate, et al. 2011. DNA binding alters coactivator interaction surfaces of the intact VDR-RXR complex. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 18 (5):556–63. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2046.
  • Zhang, Y., D. Y. Leung, B. N. Richers, Y. Liu, L. K. Remigio, D. W. Riches, and E. Goleva. 2012. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 188 (5):2127–35. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102412.
  • Zhao, L.-J., Y. Zhou, F. Bu, D. Travers-Gustafson, A. Ye, X. Xu, L. Hamm, D. M. Gorsage, X. Fang, H.-W. Deng, et al. 2012. Factors predicting vitamin D response variation in non-Hispanic white postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97 (8):2699–705. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3401.
  • Zhu, J., C. Bing, and J. P. Wilding. 2018. Vitamin D receptor ligands attenuate the inflammatory profile of IL-1β-stimulated human white preadipocytes via modulating the NF-κB and unfolded protein response pathways. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 503 (2):1049–56. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.115.
  • Zittermann, A., S. Frisch, H. K. Berthold, C. Götting, J. Kuhn, K. Kleesiek, P. Stehle, H. Koertke, and R. Koerfer. 2009. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (5):1321–7. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004.
  • Zittermann, A, and R. Koerfer. 2008a. Protective and toxic effects of vitamin D on vascular calcification: Clinical implications. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 29 (6):423–32. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.04.002.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.