Parental Material and Time Investment as Mediators Between Family SES and Toddlers’ Development: Evidence from Rural China

References

• Acar, I. H., Uçuş, Ş., & Yıldız, S. (2019). Parenting and Turkish children’s behaviour problems: The moderating role of qualities of parent–child relationship. Early Child Development and Care, 189(7), 1072–1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1365362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond, D., & Currie, J. (2011). Human capital development before age five. Handbook of Labor Economics, 4, 1315–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02413-0
   Google Scholar
• Altafim, E. R. P., McCoy, D. C., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2018). Relations between parenting practices, socioeconomic status, and child behavior in Brazil. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attanasio, O., Cattan, S., Fitzsimons, E., Meghir, C., & Rubio-Codina, M. (2020). Estimating the production function for human capital: Results from a randomized controlled trial in Colombia. American Economic Review, 110(1), 48–85. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barajas-Gonzalez, R. G., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2014). Income, neighborhood stressors, and harsh parenting: Test of moderation by ethnicity, age, and gender. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 855. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayley, N. (2009). Bayley-III: Bayley scales of infant and toddler development. Giunti OS.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1986). Human capital and the rise and fall of families. Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3, Part 2), S1–S39. https://doi.org/10.1086/298118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy, C. (2004). The state of the world’s children 2005: Childhood under threat. UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills‐Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C. K., FLP Investigators. (2011). Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood. Child Development, 82(6), 1970–1984. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., Thompson, W. W., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1995). Psychosocial adjustment among children experiencing persistent and intermittent family economic hardship. Child Development, 66(4), 1107–1129. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono, E. D., Francesconi, M., Kelly, Y., & Sacker, A. (2016). Early maternal time investment and early child outcomes. The Economic Journal, 126(596), 96–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 371–399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2004). Family process” investments that matter for child well-being. In Family investments in children’s potential (pp. 1–32). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge, A. (2018). An examination of the developmental and behavioural wellbeing of children starting School in Tāmaki [ Doctoral dissertation]. The University of Auckland. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/37359
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Miller-Johnson, S., Burchinal, M., & Ramey, C. T. (2001). The development of cognitive and academic abilities: Growth curves from an early childhood educational experiment. Developmental Psychology, 37(2), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien, N. C., & Mistry, R. S. (2013). Geographic variations in cost of living: Associations with family and child well‐being. Child Development, 84(1), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01846.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care (Vol. 64). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, J. E. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Boca, D., Flinn, C., & Wiswall, M. (2014). Household choices and child development. Review of Economic Studies, 81(1), 137–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rosario, C., Slevin, M., Molloy, E. J., Quigley, J., & Nixon, E. (2021). How to use the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Education and Practice, 106(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, C. L., & Berk, L. E. (2002). Self-regulation in young children: Is there a role for sociodramatic play? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17(2), 216–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(02)00146-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, P. L., Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., De Mello, M. C., Gertler, P. J., Kapiriri, L., Martorell, R., & Young, M. E. (2007). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. The Lancet, 369(9557), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernald, A., Marchman, V. A., & Weisleder, A. (2013). SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months. Developmental Science, 16(2), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francesconi, M., & Heckman, J. J. (2016). Child development and parental investment: Introduction. The Economic Journal, 126(596), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frongillo, E. A., Sywulka, S. M., & Kariger, P. (2003). UNICEF psychosocial care indicators project. Final Report to UNICEF (Report No. 7). Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier, A. H., & de Jong, P. W. (2021). Costly children: The motivations for parental investment in children in a low fertility context. Genus, 77(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00111-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grantham McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet, 369(9555), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, X., Lv, B., Zhou, H., Liu, C., Liu, J., Jiang, K., & Luo, L. (2018). Gender differences in how family income and parental education relate to reading achievement in China: The mediating role of parental expectation and parental involvement. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(783), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00783
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halle, T., Forry, N., Hair, E., Perper, K., Wandner, L., Wessel, J., & Vick, J. (2009). Disparities in early learning and development: Lessons from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Washington, DC: Child Trends. 1(7).
   Google Scholar
• Hamadani, J. D., Tofail, F., Hilaly, A., Huda, S. N., Engle, P., & Grantham McGregor, S. M. (2010). Use of family care indicators and their relationship with child development in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 28(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v28i1.4520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Savelyev, P. A., & Yavitz, A. (2010). The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program. Journal of Public Economics, 94(1–2), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hittner, E. F., Rim, K. L., & Haase, C. M. (2019). Socioeconomic status as a moderator of the link between reappraisal and anxiety: Laboratory-based and longitudinal evidence. Emotion, 19(8), 1478–1489. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsin, A., & Felfe, C. (2014). When does time matter? Maternal employment, children’s time with parents, and child development. Demography, 51(5), 1867–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0334-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, L. G., Siddiqi, A., & Hertzman, G. (2007). Early child development: A powerful equalizer. Human Early Learning Partnership (HELP).
   Google Scholar
• Jadhav, A., Pramod, D., & Ramanathan, K. (2019). Comparison of performance of data imputation methods for numeric dataset. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 33(10), 913–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2019.1637138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jee, S. H., Conn, A. M., Szilagyi, P. G., Blumkin, A., Baldwin, C. D., & Szilagyi, M. A. (2010). Identification of social‐emotional problems among young children in foster care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1351–1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02315.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, Y., Lau, C., & Tan, C. Y. (2023). Socioeconomic status and children’s English language and literacy outcomes: The mediating role of home literacy environment. Early Education and Development, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2023.2186089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, H., Yang, Y., Xue, H., & Rozelle, S. (2021). Infant cognitive development and stimulating parenting practices in rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil, A., Ryan, R., & Corey, M. (2012). Diverging destinies: Maternal education and the developmental gradient in time with children. Demography, 49(4), 1361–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0129-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil, A., Ziol-Guest, K. M., Ryan, R. M., & Markowitz, A. J. (2016). Changes in income-based gaps in parent activities with young children from 1988 to 2012. AERA Open, 2(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416653732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariger, P., Frongillo, E. A., Engle, P., Britto, P. M. R., Sywulka, S. M., & Menon, P. (2012). Indicators of family care for development for use in multicountry surveys. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 30(4), 472. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v30i4.13417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keels, M. (2009). Ethnic group differences in early head start parents’ parenting beliefs and practices and links to children’s early cognitive development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24(4), 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalsa, A. S., Weber, Z. A., Zvara, B. J., Keim, S. A., Andridge, R., & Anderson, S. E. (2022). Factors associated with parenting stress in parents of 18‐month‐old children: Parenting stress in parents of toddlers. Child: Care, Health and Development, 48(4), 521–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanam, R., & Nghiem, S. (2016). Family income and child cognitive and noncognitive development in Australia: Does money matter? Demography, 53(3), 597–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0466-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilenthong, W., & c Tú, Đ. T. N. (2017). Parental time and material investments in rural Thailand (No. 68). Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research. https://www.pier.or.th/files/dp/pier_dp_068.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kornrich, S., & Furstenberg, F. (2013). Investing in children: Changes in parental spending on children, 1972–2007. Demography, 50(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0146-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letourneau, N. L., Duffett-Leger, L., Levac, L., Watson, B., & Young-Morris, C. (2013). Socioeconomic status and child development: A meta-analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 21(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426611421007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Liu, L., Liu, Y., & Huang, C. (2023). Early childhood multidimensional relative poverty identification and its impact on human capital accumulation: Evidence from remote mountainous areas in Western China. China Educational Technology, (9), 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Jia, M., Zheng, W., Tang, L., & Bai, Y. (2019). Status and determinants of early childhood cognitive development in poor rural China. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 37(3), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.16382/j.cnki.1000-556.2019.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Lin, X., Xie, W., & Liao, Y. (2023). The mediating role of negative parenting and children’s mastery motivation on socioeconomic Status and Chinese preschoolers’ problem behaviors. Early Education and Development, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2023.2260690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Zhou, N., Cao, H., & Hong, X. (2020). Family socioeconomic status and Chinese young children’ social competence: Parenting processes as mediators and contextualizing factors as moderators. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madaschi, V., Mecca, T. P., Macedo, E. C., & Paula, C. S. (2016). Bayley-III scales of infant and toddler development: Transcultural adaptation and psychometric properties. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 26(64), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272664201606
   Google Scholar
• Milteer, R. M., Ginsburg, K. R., Mulligan, D. A., Ameenuddin, N., Brown, A., Christakis, D. A., Cross, C., Falik, H. L., Hill, D. L., Hogan, M. J., Levine, A. E., O’Keeffe, G. S., & Swanson, W. S. (2012). The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bond: Focus on children in poverty. Pediatrics, 129(1), e204–e213. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nores, M., & Barnett, W. S. (2010). Benefits of early childhood interventions across the world: (Under) investing in the very young. Economics of Education Review, 29(2), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L., & Xu, W. (2019). Coparenting and Chinese preschoolers’ social-emotional development: Child routines as a mediator. Children and Youth Services Review, 107, 104549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, J., & Saltiel, F. (2020). Preschool attendance, parental investment, and child development: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh (Working Paper).
   Google Scholar
• Ronfani, L., Vecchi Brumatti, L., Mariuz, M., Tognin, V., Bin, M., Ferluga, V., Knowles, A., Montico, M., & Barbone, F. (2015). The complex interaction between home environment, socioeconomic status, maternal IQ and early child neurocognitive development: A multivariate analysis of data collected in a newborn cohort study. PloS One, 10(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff, H. A., & Capozzoli, M. C. (2003). Development of attention and distractibility in the first 4 years of life. Developmental Psychology, 39(5), 877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.5.877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, J. D., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G., & Woelm, F. (2022). Sustainable development report 2022. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab, J. F., & Lew-Williams, C. (2016). Language learning, socioeconomic status, and child-directed speech. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, 7(4), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1393
   Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, L. G., & Steele, M. E. (2020). The negative impact of economic hardship on adolescent academic engagement: An examination parental investment and family stress processes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(5), 973–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01210-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires, J., Bricker, D., & Twombly, E. (2002). Ages & stages questionnaires social-emotional (Vol. 2). Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, J., Lau, C., Sincovich, A., & Rao, N. (2018). Socioeconomic status and early child development in east asia and the pacific: The protective role of parental engagement in learning activities. Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., & Li, Y. (2014). Alternative households, structural changes, and cognitive development of infants and toddlers. Journal of Family Issues, 35(11), 1440–1472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13495399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutanto, A. V., Tamtomo, D. G., & Murti, B. (2021). The effect of premature births on language delay in children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 6(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.01.07
   Google Scholar
• Sylvia, S., Luo, R., Zhong, J., Dill, S. E., Medina, A., & Rozelle, S. (2022). Passive versus active service delivery: Comparing the effects of two parenting interventions on early cognitive development in rural China. World Development, 149, 105686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin, E., Wohab, A., Kabir, A., & Kobra, K. (2023). Family income inequality and primary math achievement in Bangladesh: Role of parental material and non-material investment. In Socio-economic implications of global educational inequalities (pp. 184–208). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Utami, R. A., Setiawan, A., & Fitriyani, P. (2019). Identifying causal risk factors for stunting in children under five years of age in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Enfermeria Clinica, 29, 606–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Stumm, S., & Plomin, R. (2015). Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence. Intelligence, 48, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Gardner, J. M., Lozoff, B., Wasserman, G. A., Pollitt, E., Carter, J. A., & Group, I. C. D. S. (2007). Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet, 369(9556), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., Luo, X., Yue, A., Tang, L., & Shi, Y. (2022). Family environment in rural China and the link with early childhood development. Early Child Development and Care, 192(4), 617–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1784890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Liang, W., Zhang, S., Jonsson, L., Li, M., Yu, C., Sun, Y., Ma, Q., Bai, Y., Abbey, C., Luo, R., Yue, A., & Rozelle, S. (2019). Are infant/toddler developmental delays a problem across rural China? Journal of Comparative Economics, 47(2), 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
   Google Scholar
• Wu, C., Wu, J., Hu, H., Fu, M., & Luo, L. (2017). WPPSI-IV and ASQ-SE scales used in toddlers developmental screening studies. International Journal of Pediatrics, 44, 362–365. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4408.2017.05.019
   Google Scholar
• Ye, A., Yan, S., Huang, K., Mao, L., Ge, X., Weng, T., Zuo, A., Tao, X., & Tao, F. (2019). Maternal intelligence quotient and motor development in early childhood: The mediating role of mother’s education. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 55(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, W. J., Linver, M. R., & Brooks–Gunn, J. (2002). How money matters for young children’s development: Parental investment and family processes. Child Development, 73(6), 1861–1879. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yim, D., Young, K. S., Song, H. S., & Lee, H. (2022). SES vs parent-child interaction: What predicts language skills and executive function? The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.35574/KJDP.2022.3.35.1.27
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y. T., Hsieh, W. S., Hsu, C. H., Chen, L. C., Lee, W. T., Chiu, N. C., Wu, Y. C., & Jeng, S. F. (2013). A psychometric study of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development–3rd edition for term and preterm Taiwanese infants. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3875–3883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, A., Cai, J., Bai, Y., Tang, L., Shi, Y., Luo, R., & Scott, R. (2019). Challenges and possible solutions for children 0-3 years old in poor rural China. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 37(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.16382/j.cnki.1000-556.2019.03.001
   Google Scholar
• Yue, A., Shi, Y., Luo, R., Wang, B., Weber, A., Medina, A., Kotb, S., & Rozelle, S. (2019). Stimulation and early child development in China: Caregiving at arm’s length. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 40(6), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, A., Zheng, W., Li, S., Jiang, Q., Li, Y., & Shi, Y. (2022). Unnecessary caesarean section delivery in rural China: Exploration of relationships with full-term gestational age and early childhood development. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 28(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj208805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, X. H., Xiang, Z. N., & Wang, Y. (2015). Parental investment and children’s life satisfaction in urban families with different income. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 761–766. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2015.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, S., Dang, R., Yang, N., Bai, Y., Wang, L., Abbey, C., & Rozelle, S. (2018). Effect of caregiver’s mental health on early childhood development across different rural communities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. (2021). The role of socioeconomic status and parental investment in adolescent outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 129, 106186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Sanders, M., Feng, W., Tang, H., Wang, H., Jin, X., Wu, J., Huang, G., Sun, J., Luo, Y., Lv, L., Yan, S., Zhao, D., Mu, L., Yan, D., Wang, H., Gao, X., Yang, J. … Haslam, D. (2019). Using epidemiological data to identify needs for child-rearing support among Chinese parents: A cross-sectional survey of parents of children aged 6 to 35 months in 15 Chinese cities. BMC Public Health, 19(1470), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7635-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong, J., Gao, J., Wang, T., He, Y., Liu, C., & Luo, R. (2020). Interrelationships of parental belief, parental investments, and child development: A cross-sectional study in rural China. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar