The lysosome among targets of metformin: new anti-inflammatory uses for an old drug?

Bibliography

• Halapas A, Armakolas A, Koutsilieris M. Autophagy: a target for therapeutic interventions in myocardial pathophysiology. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008;12:1509-22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein OG, Hajiaghamohseni LM, Amria S, Gamma-IFN-inducible- lysosomal thiol reductase modulates acidic proteases and HLA class II antigen processing in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008;57:1461-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Malavolta M. Zinc signalling and subcellular distribution: emerging targets in type 2 diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2008;14:419-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalia S, Dutz JP. New concepts in antimalarial use and mode of action in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 2007;20:160-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Khamashta MA. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:20-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wibo M, Poole B. Protein degradation in cultured cells.II. The uptake of chloroquine by rat fibroblasts and the inhibition of cellular protein degradation and cathepsin B1. J Cell Biol 1974;63:430-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt S, Mockenhaupt FP, Eggelte TA, Chloroquine blood concentrations and molecular markers of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in febrile children in northern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003;97:697-701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury H, Trinkaus K, Zhang MJ, Hydroxychloroquine for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after unrelated donor transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003;9:714-21
   Google Scholar
• Vyas JM, Van der Veen AG, Ploegh HL. The known unknowns of antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:607-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cansu DU, Korkmaz C. Hypoglycaemia induced by hydroxychloroquine in a non-diabetic patient treated for RA. Rheumatology 2008;47:378-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Thorpe KE, Taylor DW, Haynes RB. The effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are refractory to sulfonylureas-a randomized trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;55:209-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Zhang S, Shu C. Effects of chloroquine on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant rats. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Natl Med J China 1999;79:867-9
   Google Scholar
• Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine use in the Baltimore Lupus Cohort: effects on lipids, glucose and thrombosis. Lupus Suppl 1996;1:S16-22
   Google Scholar
• Powrie JK, Shojaee-Moradic F, Watts GF, Effects of chloroquine on the dyslipidemia of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1993;42:415-19
   Google Scholar
• Shojana K, Koehler BF, Elliot T. Hypoglycemia induced by hydroxychloroquine in a type 2 diabetic treated for polyarthritis. J Rheumatol 1999;1:195-6
   Google Scholar
• Wallace DJ. The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for non-infectious diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: a critical review. Lupus Suppl 1996;1:S59-64
   Google Scholar
• Burner TW, Rosenthal AK. Diabetes and rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009;21:50-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avouac J, Allanore Y. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of anti-TNF drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9:1121-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest CB, Park MJ, Johnson DR, Freund GG. The implication of proinflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetes. Front Biosci 2008;13:5187-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbronn LK, Campbell LV. Adipose tissue macrophages, low grade inflammation and insulin resistance in human obesity. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:1225-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmuraya M, Yamamura K. Autophagy and acute pancreatitis: a novel autophagy theory for trypsinogen activation. Autophagy 2008;4:1060-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS. Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function. Nature 1997;389:610-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasko MC, Hubert HB, Lingala VB, Hydroxychloroquine and risk of diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 298:187-93
   Google Scholar
• Moller DE. Potential role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000;11:212-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popa C, Netea MG, van Riel PL, The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res 2007;48:751-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guicciardi ME, Miyoshi H, Bronk SF, Gores GJ. Cathepsin B knockout mice are resistant to tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury: implications for therapeutic applications. Am J Pathol 2001;159:2045-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpello JH, Howlett HC. Metformin therapy and clinical uses. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008;5:157-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanas N, Maltezos E. Oral antidiabetic agents: anti-atherosclerotic properties beyond glucose lowering? Curr Pharm Des 2009;15:3179-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel O, Maris T, Duval H, Wuest JD. A practical guide to arylbiguanides: synthesis and structural characterization Can J Chem 2005;83:615-625
   Google Scholar
• Prugnard E, Noel M. Chemistry and structure–activity relationships of biguanides. Handb Exp Pharmacol 1995;119:263-82
   Google Scholar
• Brown CL, Whitehouse MW, Tiekink ERT, Bushell GR. Colloidal metallic gold is not bio-inert. Inflammopharmacology 2008;16:133-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fricker SP, Mosi RM, Cameron BR, Metal compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases. J Inorg Biochem 2008;102:1839-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunatilleke SS, de Oliveira CA, McCammon JA, Barrios AM. Inhibition of cathepsin B by Au(I) complexes: a kinetic and computational study. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008;13:555-61
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney D, Raymer ML, Lockwood TD. Antidiabetic and antimalarial biguanide drugs are metal-interactive antiproteolytic agents. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;66:663-77
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood TD. Cys–His proteases are among the wired proteins of the cell. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004;432:12-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dell'Aglio DM, Perino LJ, Kazzi Z, Acute metformin overdose: examining serum pH, lactate level, and metformin concentrations in survivors versus nonsurvivors: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Emerg Med 2009;54:818-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood TD. Redox-dependent and redox-independent subcomponents of protein degradation in perfused myocardium. Am J Physiol 1999;276:E945-954
   Google Scholar
• Thorne DP, Lockwood TD. Four proteolytic processes of myocardium, one insensitive to thiol reactive agents and thiol protease inhibitor. Am J Physiol 1993;265:E10-19
   Google Scholar
• Falchuk KH, Hilt KL, Vallee BL. Determination of zinc in biological samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 1988;158:422-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Copper, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and zinc levels in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;122:1-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine AS, McClain CJ, Handwerger BS, Tissue zinc status of genetically diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:382-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Stewart AJ, Sadler PJ, Albumin as a zinc carrier: properties of its high-affinity zinc-binding site. Biochem Soc Trans 2008;36(Pt 6):1317-21
   Google Scholar
• Frlan R, Gobec S. Inhibitors of cathepsin B. Curr Med Chem 2006;13:2309-27
   Google Scholar
• Li L, Mamputu JC, Wiernsperger N, Renier G. Signaling pathways involved in human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induced by leptin: inhibitory effect of metformin. Diabetes 2005;54:2227-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha SD, Martins A, Khazaie K, Cathepsin B is involved in the trafficking of TNF-alpha-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane in macrophages. J Immunol 2008;181:690-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halangk W, Lerch MM, Brandt-Nedelev B, Role of cathepsin B in intracellular trypsinogen activation and the onset of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2000;106:773-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maehr R, Mintern JD, Herman AE, Cathepsin L is essential for onset of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Clin Invest 2005;115:2934-43
   Google Scholar
• Van Acker GJ, Saluja AK, Bhagat L, Cathepsin B inhibition prevents trypsinogen activation and reduces pancreatitis severity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G794-800
   Google Scholar
• Masini M, Bugliani M, Lupi R, Autophagy in human type 2 diabetes pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2009;52:1083-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood TD. Responsiveness of parasite Cys His proteases to iron redox. Parasitol Res 2006;100:175-81
   Google Scholar
• Akazawa Y, Mott JL, Bronk SF, Death receptor 5. internalization is required for lysosomal permeabilization by TRAIL in malignant liver cell lines. Gastroenterology 2009;136:2365-76
   Google Scholar
• Li JH, Pober JS. The cathepsin B death pathway contributes to TNF plus IFN-gamma-mediated human endothelial injury. J Immunol 2005;175:1858-66
   Google Scholar
• Li JH, D'Alessio A, Pober JS. Lipopolysaccharide can trigger a cathepsin B-dependent programmed death response in human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 2009;175:1124-35
   Google Scholar
• Pratt MR, Sekedat MD, Chiang KP, Muir TW. Direct measurement of cathepsin B activity in the cytosol of apoptotic cells by an activity-based probe. Chem Biol 2009;16:1001-12
   Google Scholar
• Taha TA, Kitatani K, Bielawski J, Tumor necrosis factor induces the loss of sphingosine kinase-1 by a cathepsin B-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2005;280:17196-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan BZ, Wang W, Chen LY, Role of cathepsin B-mediated apoptosis in fulminant hepatic failure in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:1231-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk V, Stoka V, Turk D. Cystatins: biochemical and structural properties, and medical relevance. Front Biosci 2008;13:5406-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joensuu T, Lehesjoki AE, Kopra O. Molecular background of EPM1-Unverricht-Lundborg disease. Epilepsia 2008;49:557-63
   Google Scholar
• Kaasik A, Kuum M, Aonurm A, Seizures, ataxia, and neuronal loss in cystatin B heterozygous mice. Epilepsia 2007;48:752-7
   Google Scholar
• Becker JS, Mounicou S, Zoriy MV, Analysis of metal-binding proteins separated by non-denaturating gel electrophoresis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Talanta 2008;76:1183-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pungercar JR, Caglic D, Sajid M, Autocatalytic processing of procathepsin B is triggered by proenzyme activity. FEBS J 2009;276:660-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redzynia I, Ljunggren A, Abrahamson M, Displacement of the occluding loop by the parasite protein, chagasin, results in efficient inhibition of human cathepsin B. J Biol Chem 2008;283:22815-25
   Google Scholar
• Cousins RJ, Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA. Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals. J Biol Chem 2008;281:24085-9
   Google Scholar
• Devirgiliis C, Zalewski PD, Perozzi G, Murgia C. Zinc fluxes and zinc transporter genes in chronic diseases. Mutat Res 2007;622:84-93
   Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Hirano T. Intracellular zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling. Cancer Sci 2008;99:1515-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellenreuther G, Cianci M, Tucoulou R, The ligand environment of zinc stored in vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;380:198-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong XP, Cheng X, Mills E, The type IV mucolipidosis-associated protein TRPML1 is an endolysosomal iron release channel. Nature 2008;455:992-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevan AP, Krook A, Tikerpae J, Chloroquine extends the lifetime of the activated insulin receptor complex in endosomes. J Biol Chem 1997;272:833-40
   Google Scholar
• Blazar BR, Whitly CB, Kitabchi AE, In vivo chloroquine-induced inhibition of insulin degradation in a diabetic patient with severe insulin resistance. Diabetes 1984;33:1133-7
   Google Scholar
• Sakurai H, Adachi Y. The pharmacology of the insulinomimetic effect of zinc complexes. Biometals. 2005;8:319-23
   Google Scholar
• Emani J, Gerstein HC, Pasutto FM, Janmali F. Insulin-sparing effect of hydroxychloroquine in diabetic rats is concentration dependent. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;77:118-23
   Google Scholar
• Valensi P, Behar A, Cohen-Boulakia F, In-vivo kinetics of 123 iodine-labelled insulin in skeletal muscle of patients with type-2 diabetes: effects of metformin. Diabet Metab 2002;28:95-103
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Radziuk J. Inverse relationship between peripheral insulin removal and action: studies with metformin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;281:E1240-8
   Google Scholar
• Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;1:CD002967
   Google Scholar
• Mayer S, Daigle DM, Brown ED, An expedient and facile one-step synthesis of a biguanide library by microwave irradiation coupled with simple product filtration. Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. J Comb Chem 2004;6:776-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar