337
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Mechanisms and the clinical relevance of complex drug–drug interactions

&
Pages 123-134 | Published online: 27 Sep 2018

References

  • OrtmanJMVelkoffVAHoganHAn Aging Nation: The Older Population in the United StatesSuitland, MDUS Census Bureau2014
  • SaliveMEMultimorbidity in older adultsEpidemiol Rev201335758323372025
  • GuQDillonCFBurtVLPrescription drug use continues to increase: U.S. prescription drug data for 2007-2008NCHS Data Brief20104218
  • RambhadeSChakarbortyAShrivastavaAPatilUKRambhadeAA survey on polypharmacy and use of inappropriate medicationsToxicol Int2012191687322736907
  • MaherRLHanlonJTHajjarERClinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderlyExpert Opin Drug Saf2014131
  • RodriguesMCSde OliveiraCDrug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in polypharmacy among older adults: an integrative review 1Rev Lat Am Enfermagem201624
  • ShahBMHajjarERPolypharmacy, adverse drug reactions, and geriatric syndromesClin Geriatr Med201228217318622500537
  • OgilvieBWParkinsonADrugs as victims and perpetrators and the pharmacokinetic concept of maximum exposureHandb Metab Pathways Xenobiot2014103123
  • PolasekTMFpyLMinersJODoogueMPPerpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions arising from altered cytochrome P450 activity: a criteria-based assessmentBr J Clin Pharmacol201171572773621223357
  • PrueksaritanontTChuXGibsonCDrug–drug interaction studies: regulatory guidance and an industry perspectiveAAPS J201315362964523543602
  • RowlandMTozerTNClinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications4thPhiladelphia, PALippincott Williams & Wilkins2010
  • HelanderHFFändriksLSurface area of the digestive tract - revisitedScand J Gastroenterol201449668168924694282
  • MüllerJKeiserMDrozdzikMOswaldSExpression, regulation and function of intestinal drug transporters: an updateBiol Chem20163982175192
  • VaessenSFvan LipzigMMPietersRHKrulCAWortelboerHMvan de SteegERegional expression levels of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes along the pig and human intestinal tract and comparison with Caco-2 cellsDrug Metab Dispos201745435336028153842
  • WilkensSStructure and mechanism of ABC transportersF1000Prime Rep201571425750732
  • NiZBikadiZRosenbergMFMaoQStructure and function of the human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2)Curr Drug Metab201011760361720812902
  • KalliokoskiANiemiMImpact of OATP transporters on pharmacokineticsBr J Pharmacol2009158369370519785645
  • ObaidatARothMHagenbuchBThe expression and function of organic anion transporting polypeptides in normal tissues and in cancerAnnu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol20125213515121854228
  • RothMObaidatAHagenbuchBOATPs, OATs and OCTs: the organic anion and cation transporters of the SLCO and SLC22A gene superfamiliesBr J Pharmacol201216551260128722013971
  • SchwarzUIGramattéTKrappweisJOertelRKirchWP-glycoprotein inhibitor erythromycin increases oral bioavailability of talinolol in humansInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther200038416116710783825
  • WestphalKWeinbrennerAZschiescheMInduction of P-glycoprotein by rifampin increases intestinal secretion of talinolol in human beings: A new type of drug/drug interactionClin Pharmacol Ther200068434535511061574
  • ElsbyRMartinPSurryDSharmaPFennerKSolitary inhibition of the breast cancer resistance protein efflux transporter results in a clinically significant drug-drug interaction with rosuvastatin by causing up to a 2-fold increase in statin exposureDrug Metab Dispos201644339840826700956
  • MartinPGillenMRitterJEffects of fostamatinib on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive, warfarin, and the statins rosuvastatin and simvastatin: results from phase I clinical studiesDrugs in R&D20161619310726748647
  • BaileyDGDresserGKLeakeBFKimRBNaringin is a major and selective clinical inhibitor of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) in grapefruit juiceClin Pharmacol Ther200781449550217301733
  • MurrayGIBarnesTSSewellHFEwenSWMelvinWTBurkeMDThe immunocytochemical localisation and distribution of cytochrome P-450 in normal human hepatic and extrahepatic tissues with a monoclonal antibody to human cytochrome P-450Br J Clin Pharmacol19882544654753289600
  • Ortiz de MontellanoPRCytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry4thSwitzerlandSpringer International Publishing2015
  • GaletinAGertzMHoustonJBContribution of intestinal cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism to drug-drug inhibition and induction interactionsDrug Metab Pharmacokinet2010251284720208387
  • PaineMFHartHLLudingtonSSHainingRLRettieAEZeldinDCThe human intestinal cytochrome P450 “pie.”Drug Metab Dispos200634588088616467132
  • NakanishiYMatsushitaAMatsunoKRegional distribution of cytochrome P450 mRNA expression in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus monkeysDrug Metab Pharmacokinet201025329029720610888
  • ThummelKEKunzeKLShenDDEnzyme-catalyzed processes of first-pass hepatic and intestinal drug extractionAdv Drug Deliv Rev1997272-39912710837554
  • HaddadADavisMLagmanRThe pharmacological importance of cytochrome CYP3A4 in the palliation of symptoms: review and recommendations for avoiding adverse drug interactionsSupport Care Cancer200715325125717139496
  • MichaelsSWangMZThe revised human liver cytochrome P450 “Pie”: absolute protein quantification of CYP4F and CYP3A enzymes using targeted quantitative proteomicsDrug Metab Dispos20144281241125124816681
  • TempletonIPengC-CThummelKDavisCKunzeKIsoherranenNAccurate prediction of dose-dependent CYP3A4 inhibition by itraconazole and Its metabolites from in vitro inhibition dataClin Pharmacol Ther201088449950520739919
  • Kharasch EvanDAlysaWChristineHPamelaSIntravenous and oral alfentanil as in vivo probes for hepatic and first-pass cytochrome P450 3A activity: noninvasive assessment by use of pupillary miosisClin Pharmacol Ther200476545246615536460
  • GroverABenetLZEffects of drug transporters on volume of distributionAAPS J200911225026119399628
  • BallabhPBraunANedergaardMThe blood–brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implicationsNeurobiol Dis200416111315207256
  • ZhaoZNelsonARBetsholtzCZlokovicBVEstablishment and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrierCell201516351064107826590417
  • AbbottNJAnatomy and physiology of the blood–brain barriersHammarlund-UdenaesMde LangeEThorneRGDrug Delivery to the Brain: Physiological Concepts, Methodologies and ApproachesNew YorkSpringer2014321
  • BradburyMWBPhysiology and Pharmacology of the Blood-Brain BarrierBerlin, HeidelbergSpringer Science & Business Media2012
  • PardridgeWMTransport of protein-bound hormones into tissues in vivoEndocr Rev1981211031237028469
  • SerlinYShelefIKnyazerBFriedmanAAnatomy and physiology of the blood-brain barrierSemin Cell Dev Biol2015382625681530
  • ChikhaleEGK-YNBurtonPSBorchardtRTHydrogen bonding potential as a determinant of the in vitro and in situ blood–brain barrier permeability of peptidesPharm Res19941134124198008709
  • LevinVARelationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeabilityJ Med Chem19802366826847392035
  • UrquhartBLKimRBBlood−brain barrier transporters and response to CNS-active drugsEur J Clin Pharmacol20096511106319727692
  • SchinkelAHMayerUWagenaarENormal viability and altered pharmacokinetics in mice lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteinsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A1997948402840339108099
  • SchinkelAHSmitJJvan TellingenODisruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugsCell19947744915027910522
  • EyalSHsiaoPUnadkatJDDrug interactions at the blood-brain barrier: fact or fantasy?Pharmacol Ther200912318010419393264
  • SugimotoHHirabayashiHAmanoNMoriwakiTRetrospective analysis of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier in humansDrug Metab Dispos201341468368823340958
  • HsiaoPSasongkoLLinkJMVerapamil P-glycoprotein transport across the rat blood-brain barrier: cyclosporine, a concentration inhibition analysis, and comparison with human dataJ Pharmacol Exp Ther2006317270471016415090
  • SasongkoLLinkJMMuziMImaging P-glycoprotein transport activity at the human blood-brain barrier with positron emission tomographyClin Pharmacol Ther200577650351415961982
  • BauerMKarchRZeitlingerMApproaching complete inhibition of P-glycoprotein at the human blood–brain barrier: an (R)-[11C] verapamil PET studyJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab201535574374625669913
  • CantoreMBenadibaMElsingaPH11C- and 18F-labeled radioligands for P-Glycoprotein imaging by positron emission tomographyChemMedChem201611110811826563728
  • BauerMZeitlingerMKarchRP-glycoprotein mediated interaction between (R)-[11C]verapamil and tariquidar at the human blood-brain barrier studied with positron emission tomography, a comparison with rat dataClin Pharmacol Ther201291222723322166851
  • GriffithsSKCampbellJPPlacental structure, function and drug transferContin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain20151528489
  • NishimuraMYagutiHYoshitsuguHNaitoSSatohTTissue distribution of mRNA expression of human cytochrome P450 isoforms assessed by high-sensitivity real-time reverse transcription PCRYakugaku Zasshi2003123536937512772594
  • HongYChoMYuanY-CChenSMolecular basis for the interaction of four different classes of substrates and inhibitors with human aromataseBiochem Pharmacol20087551161116918184606
  • WjLBiesRKamdenLKDestaZFlockhartDAMethadone: a substrate and mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP19 (aromatase)Drug Metab Dispos20103881308131320410453
  • ZharikovaOLFokinaVMNanovskayaTNIdentification of the major human hepatic and placental enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of glyburideBiochem Pharmacol200978121483149019679108
  • PaakkiPKirkinenPHelinH-LPelkonenORaunioHPasanenMAntepartum glucocorticoid therapy suppresses human placental xenobiotic and steroid metabolizing enzymesPlacenta200021224124610736248
  • BerkovitzGDCarterKMLevineMAMigeonCJAbnormal induction of aromatase activity by dexamethasone in fibroblasts from a patient with cortisol resistanceJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1990706160816112347895
  • LankasGRWiseLDCartwrightMEPippertTUmbenhauerDRPlacental P-glycoprotein deficiency enhances susceptibility to chemically induced birth defects in miceReprod Toxicol19981244574639717696
  • SmitJWHuismanMTvan TellingenOWiltshireHRSchinkelAHAbsence or pharmacological blocking of placental P-glycoprotein profoundly increases fetal drug exposureJ Clin Invest1999104101441144710562306
  • ChungFEyalSMuziMPositron emission tomography imaging of tissue P-glycoprotein activity during pregnancy in the non-human primateBr J Pharmacol2010159239440420002098
  • EyalSChungFSMuziMSimultaneous PET imaging of P-glycoprotein inhibition in multiple tissues in the pregnant non-human primateJ Nucl Med200950579880619403878
  • HolcbergGSapirOTsadkinMLack of interaction of digoxin and P-glycoprotein inhibitors, quinidine and verapamil in human placenta in vitroEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol200310913313712860328
  • MayKMinarikovaVLinnemannKRole of the multidrug transporter proteins ABCB1 and ABCC2 in the diaplacental transport of talinolol in the term human placentaDrug Metab Dispos200836474074418195111
  • MiksysSLTyndaleRFDrug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s in the brainJ Psychiatry Neurosci200227640641512491573
  • Chaudhary KetulRNagarjunBSSeubert JohnMCytochrome P450 enzymes and the heartIUBMB Life2009611095496019787709
  • OlssonBBondessonEBorgströmLPulmonary drug metabolism, clearance, and absorptionSmythHDCHickeyHJControlled Pulmonary Drug Delivery Advances in Delivery Science and TechnologyNew YorkSpringer20112150
  • ThummelKEGut instincts: CYP3A4 and intestinal drug metabolismJ Clin Invest2007117113173317617975661
  • SvenssonCKBiotransformation of drugs in human skinDrug Metab Dispos200937224725319005027
  • FatimaLDominiqueWVéroniqueBPhase I and Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes are expressed and heterogeneously distributed in the biliary epitheliumHepatology200330614981506
  • EvansWERellingMVPharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeuticsScience1999286543948749110521338
  • WatkinsPBMurraySAThomasPEWrightonSADistribution of cytochromes P-450, cytochrome b5, and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in an entire human liverBiochem Pharmacol19903934714762106322
  • AchourBDantonioANiosiMQuantitative characterization of major hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in human liver microsomes: comparison of two proteomic methods and correlation with catalytic activityDrug Metab Dispos201745101102111228768682
  • GamageNBarnettAHempelNHuman sulfotransferases and their role in chemical metabolismToxicol Sci200690152216322073
  • OguCCMaxaJLDrug interactions due to cytochrome P450Proc2000134421423
  • DresserGKSpenceJDBaileyDGPharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitionClin Pharmacokinet2000381415710668858
  • KatoMChibaKHisakaAThe intestinal first-pass metabolism of substrates of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein—quantitative analysis based on information from the literatureDrug Metab Pharmacokinet200318636537215618757
  • Kirsi-maijaJOlkkola KlausTNeuvonen PerttiJItraconazole greatly increases plasma concentrations and effects of felodipineClin Pharmacol Ther19976144104159129558
  • HoltbeckerNFrommMFKroemerHKOhnhausEEHeidemannHThe nifedipine-rifampin interaction. Evidence for induction of gut wall metabolismDrug Metab Dispos19962410112111238894514
  • RasmussenBBNielsenTLBrøsenKFluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of the metabolism of caffeine in vitroPharmacol Toxicol19988362402459868741
  • Culm-MerdekKEvon MoltkeLLHarmatzJSGreenblattDJFluvoxamine impairs single-dose caffeine clearance without altering caffeine pharmacodynamicsBr J Clin Pharmacol200560548649316236038
  • OdaSFukamiTYokoiTNakajimaMA comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug developmentDrug Metab Pharmacokinet2015301305125760529
  • LiuYCoughtrieMWHRevisiting the latency of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)—How does the endoplasmic reticulum membrane influence their function?Pharmaceutics20179332
  • BarbierOTurgeonDGirardC3′-azido-3′-deoxythimidine (AZT) is glucuronidated by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7Drug Metab Dispos200028549750210772627
  • CourtMHKrishnaswamySHaoQEvaluation of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine, morphine, and codeine as probe substrates for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) in human liver micro-somes: specificity and influence of the UGT2B7*2 polymorphismDrug Metab Dispos20033191125113312920168
  • EthellBTAndersonGDBurchellBThe effect of valproic acid on drug and steroid glucuronidation by expressed human UDP-glucuronosyltransferasesBiochem Pharmacol20036591441144912732356
  • VealGJBackDJMetabolism of zidovudineGen Pharmacol-Vasc S199526714691475
  • KiangTKEnsomMHChangTKUDP-glucuronosyltransferases and clinical drug-drug interactionsPharmacol Ther200510619713215781124
  • Lertora JuanJLRege ArvindBGreenspan DebraLPharma-cokinetic interaction between zidovudine and valproic acid in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virusClin Pharmacol Ther19945632722787924122
  • ChenJRaymondKRoles of rifampicin in drug-drug interactions: underlying molecular mechanisms involving the nuclear pregnane X receptorAnn Clin Microbiol Antimicrob20065316480505
  • BurgerDMMeenhorstPLKoksCHBeijnenJHPharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and zidovudineAntimicrob Agents Chemother1993377142614318363370
  • GallicanoKDSahaiJShuklaVKInduction of zidovudine glucuronidation and amination pathways by rifampicin in HIV-infected patientsBr J Clin Pharmacol199948216817910417493
  • Launay-VacherVIzzedineHKarieSHulotJSBaumelouADerayGRenal tubular drug transportersNephron Physiol20061033p97p10616554667
  • YinJWangJRenal drug transporters and their significance in drug– drug interactionsActa Pharm Sin B20166536337327709005
  • LedwitchKVRobertsAGCardiovascular ion channel inhibitor drug-drug interactions with P-glycoproteinAAPS J201719240942028028729
  • GreinerBEichelbaumMFritzPThe role of intestinal P-glycoprotein in the interaction of digoxin and rifampinJ Clin Invest1999104214715310411543
  • AnzaiNKanaiYEndouHOrganic anion transporter family: current knowledgeJ Pharmacol Sci2006100541142616799257
  • BurckhardtGDrug transport by organic anion transporters (OATs)Pharmacol Ther2012136110613022841915
  • BurckhardtGBurckhardtBCIn vitro and in vivo evidence of the importance of organic anion transporters (OATs) in drug therapyHdb Exp Pharmacol201120129104
  • DingYJiaYSongYThe effect of lansoprazole, an OCT inhibitor, on metformin pharmacokinetics in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Pharmacol201470214114624170325
  • SirtoriCRFranceschiniGGalli-KienleMDisposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in manClin Pharmacol Ther1978246683693710026
  • FaberKNMüllerMJansenPLMDrug transport proteins in the liverAdv Drug Deliv Rev200355110712412535576
  • DengJZhuangXShenGLiHGongZBiliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of thienorphine and its glucuronide conjugate in ratsActa Pharm Sin B201222174180
  • KongL-LShenG-LWangZ-YInhibition of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 regulates the hepatobiliary excretion and plasma exposure of thienorphine and its glucuronide conjugateFront Pharmacol2016724227555820
  • SigelESteinmannMEStructure, function, and modulation of GABA(A) receptorsJ Biol Chem201228748402244023123038269
  • HartmannJTHaapMKoppHGLippHPTyrosine kinase inhibitors – a review on pharmacology, metabolism and side effectsCurr Drug Metab200910547048119689244
  • SchaferAIAndrewS IEffects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on platelet function and systemic hemostasisJ Clin Pharmacol19953532092197608308
  • HinderMPharmacodynamic drug-drug interactionsVogelHGMaasJGebauerADrug Discovery and Evaluation: Methods in Clinical PharmacologyBerlin, HeidelbergSpringer2011367376
  • MignatCUngerTACE inhibitorsDrug interactions of clinical significanceDrug Saf19951253343477669262
  • ZhaoLAuJLWientjesMGComparison of methods for evaluating drug-drug interactionFront Biosci20102241249
  • LiptonSAFailures and successes of NMDA receptor antagonists: molecular basis for the use of open-channel blockers like memantine in the treatment of acute and chronic neurologic insultsNeuroRx20041110111015717010
  • TallaridaRJAn overview of drug combination analysis with isobologramsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther200631911716670349
  • CascorbiIDrug interactions--principles, examples and clinical consequencesDtsch Arztebl Int201210933-3454655623152742
  • DharmalingamMSriramUBaruahMPLiraglutide: a review of its therapeutic use as a once daily GLP-1 analog for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitusIndian J Endocrinol Metab201115191721584160
  • KeatingGMInsulin detemir: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitusDrugs201272172255228723110609
  • MorrowLHompeschMGuthrieHChangDChatterjeeDJCo-administration of liraglutide with insulin detemir demonstrates additive pharmacodynamic effects with no pharmacokinetic interactionDiabetes Obes Metab2011131758021114606
  • AnsellJHirshJHylekEJacobsonACrowtherMPalaretiGPharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)Chest20081336 Suppl160S19818574265
  • JobskiKBehrSGarbeEDrug interactions with phenprocoumon and the risk of serious haemorrhage: a nested case-control study in a large population-based German databaseEur J Clin Pharmacol201167994195121452031
  • TallaridaRJDrug synergism: its detection and applicationsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther2001298386587211504778
  • BaughRCalvertRTThe effect of diphenhydramine alone and in combination with ethanol on histamine skin response and mental performanceEur J Clin Pharmacol197712320120422437
  • LoboIAHarrisRAGABA(A) receptors and alcoholPharmacol Biochem Behav2008901909418423561
  • LiuHFarleyJMEffects of first and second generation antihistamines on muscarinic induced mucus gland cell ion transportBMC Pharmacol20055815790419
  • FilitzJIhmsenHGüntherWSupra-additive effects of tramadol and acetaminophen in a human pain modelPain2008136326227017709207
  • WyllieDJChenPETaking the time to study competitive antagonismBr J Pharmacol2007150554155117245371
  • MaggiCABevanSWalpoleCSRangHPGiulianiSA comparison of capsazepine and ruthenium red as capsaicin antagonists in the rat isolated urinary bladder and vas deferensBr J Pharmacol199310838018057682139
  • WermelingDPReview of naloxone safety for opioid overdose: practical considerations for new technology and expanded public accessTher Adv Drug Saf201561203125642320
  • KrimmerECBarryHMeasuring naloxone antagonism of discriminative opioid stimulusFed Proc1982417231923227042395
  • PrestonKLBigelowGELiebsonIABuprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humansPsychopharmacology19889444844902453895
  • PingleSCMattaJAAhernGPCapsaicin receptor: TRPV1 a promiscuous TRP channelHdb Exp Pharmacol2007179155171
  • MassoomiFSavageJDestacheCJOmeprazole: a comprehensive reviewPharmacotherapy199313146598437967
  • ShinJMSachsGPharmacology of proton pump inhibitorsCurr Gastroenterol Rep200810652853419006606
  • JohnsonJWKotermanskiSEMechanism of action of memantineCurr Opin Pharmacol200661616716368266
  • ThomasSJGrossbergGTMemantine: a review of studies into its safety and efficacy in treating Alzheimer’s disease and other dementiasClin Interv Aging2009436737719851512
  • GujralTSPeshkinLKirschnerMWExploiting polypharmacology for drug target deconvolutionProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2014111135048505324707051
  • ParkKKimDHaSLeeDPredicting pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions through signaling propagation interference on protein-protein interaction networksPLoS One20151010e014081626469276
  • LuoHZhangPHuangHDDI-CPI, a server that predicts drug-drug interactions through implementing the chemical-protein interactomeNucleic Acids Res201442Web Server issueW46W5224875476
  • TakedaTHaoMChengTBryantSHWangYPredicting drug-drug interactions through drug structural similarities and interaction networks incorporating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics knowledgeJ Cheminform201791628316654
  • Rubinchik-SternMEyalSDrug interactions at the human placenta: what is the evidence?Front Pharmacol2012312622787449