Using rural and remote settings in the undergraduate medical curriculum: AMEE Guide No. 47

References

• Albert E, Dalton L, Spencer J, Dunn M, Walker J. Doing it together: The Tasmanian interdisciplinary rural placement program. Aust J Rural Health 2004; 12: 30–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker P, Dalton L, Walker J, 2003. Rural general practitioner preceptors - How can effective undergraduate teaching be supported or improved. Rural & Remote Health 3(online):107. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=107)
   Google Scholar
• Boulet J, Bede C, McKinley D, Norcini J. An overview of the world's medical schools. Med Teach 2007; 29(1)20–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couper I, 2003a. Rural hospital focus: Defining rural. Rural and Remote Health 3(online):205. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=205)
   Google Scholar
• Couper I, 2003b. Rural hospital focus: Students. Rural & Remote Health 3(online):204. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=204)
   Google Scholar
• Critchley J, DeWitt D, Khan M, Liaw S, 2007. A required rural health module increases students' interest in rural health careers. Rural & Remote Health 7(online):688. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=688
   Google Scholar
• Crump W, Barnett D, Fricker S. A sense of place: Rural training at a regional medical school campus. J Rural Health 2006; 20(1)80–84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen T, Hart L, Whitcomb M, Rosenblatt R. The national health service corps: Rural physician service and retention. J Am Board Fam Pract 1997; 10(4)272–279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curran V, Rourke J. The role of medical education in the recruitment and retention of physicians. Med Teach 2004; 28(3)265–272
   Google Scholar
• Vries E, Reid S. Do South African medical students of rural origin return to rural practice?. S Afr Med J 2003; 93(10)789–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaville J, Grant A, Green M, Houston H, Wynn Jones J. 2007. Rural Under-Graduate Medical Education. Association for the Study of Medical Education (ASME) – Annual Scientific Meeting, Keele, Staffordsire, UK
   Google Scholar
• Delaney G, Lim S, Sar L, Yang S, Sturmberg J, et al. Challenges to rural medical education: A student perspective. Aust J Rural Health 2002; 10: 168–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dent J. Twelve tips for developing a clinical teaching programme in a day surgery unit. Med Teach 2003; 25: 364–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent J, Davis M. Role of ambulatory care for student-patient interaction: The epitome model. Med Educ 1995; 29(1)58–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent J, Davis M. Getting started … Report: A practical guide for clinical teachers. Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee 2008
   Google Scholar
• Dent J, Harden R. A practical guide for medical teachers2nd. Elsevier, Edinburgh 2005
   Google Scholar
• Dent J, Skene S, Nathwani D, Pippard M, Ponnamperuma G, et al. Design, implementation and evaluation of a medical education programme using the ambulatory diagnostic and treatment centre. Med Teach 2007; 29(4)341–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denz-Penhey H, Murdoch J, Lockyer-Stevens V. What makes it really good, makes it really bad. An exploration of early student experience in the first cohort of the rural clinical school of Western Australia. Rural & Remote Health 2004; 4: 300–306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denz-Penhey H, Shannon S, Murdoch JC. Do benefits accrue from longer rotations for students in rural clinical schools?. Rural & Remote Health 2005; 5(2)414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denz-Penhey H, Murdoch JC, 2008a. Issues and learnings from teaching students across a wide expanse of country. Annual Scientific meeting of the Rural Clinical School of Western Australia - Keynote Presentation, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
   Google Scholar
• Denz-Penhey H, Murdoch J. Rural learning is more than marks: Sensitised to knowledge. Med Teach 2008b; 30(8)781–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denz-Penhey H, Murdoch JC, 2009. A comparison between findings from the DREEM questionnaire and that from qualitative interviews. Med Teach. In press
   Google Scholar
• Department_of_Health_and_Ageing. 2001, August 2001. ‘Getting doctors back to the bush.’ The Australian Medical Workforce Occasional Papers: New Series No. 12, 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/2A453BB3A6A52328CA256F18005750C0/$File/ocpanew12.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department_of_Health_and_Ageing. 2008a. ‘Review of RRMA Classification’. Retrieved July 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubs-hfsocc-ocpanew14a.htm
   Google Scholar
• Department_of_Health_and_Ageing. 2008b. ‘Rural Clinical Schools Program.’ Rural Heath Workforce. Retrieved July 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/work-st-rcs
   Google Scholar
• Department_of_Health_and_Ageing. 2008c. ‘Rural Undergraduate Support and Coordination Program.’ Rural Heath Workforce. Retrieved July 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/work-st-rusc
   Google Scholar
• Department_of_Health_and_Ageing. 2008d. ‘University Departments of Rural Health.’ Rural Heath Workforce. Retrieved July 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/work-st-udrh
   Google Scholar
• Division of Rural Health Annual Report. 2007. Available from: http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/44361C6D-9A64-4A59-B205-73F9AB4E992C/0/AnnualreportruralhealthWits2007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dornan T, Littlewood S, Magnolis S, Scherpbier A, Spencer J, et al. How can experience in clinical and community settings contribute to early medical education?. Med Teach 2006; 28: 3–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell A, Crampton P, Parkin C. The first sunrise: An experience of cultural immersion and community health needs assessment by undergraduate medical students in New Zealand. Med Educ 2001; 35: 242–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eley D, Baker P. Will Australian rural clinical schools be an effective workforce strategy? Early indications of their positive effect on intern choice and rural career interest. Med J Australia 2007; 187(3)166–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis E. Training general practitioners for very remote areas. Med Teach 2008; 30: 809–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahal A. Medical education in the Sudan; its strengths and weaknesses. Med Teach 2007; 20(9)910–914
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler JL. A review of the literature on access and utilisation of medical care with special emphasis. Soc Sci Med, Part C: Med Econ 1981; 15(3)129–142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galea S, Freudenberg N, Vlahov D. Cities and population health. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 1017–1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazewood J, Rollins L, Galazka S. Beyond the horizon: The role of academic health centres in improving the health of rural communities. Acad Med 2006; 81(9)793–797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs T. Medical education in Africa: Not always a level playing field. Med Teach 2007; 29(9–10)853–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goertzen J. Learning procedural skills in family medicine residency: Comparison of rural and urban programmes. Can Fam Physician 2006; 52: 622–623
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham H, Seabrook M, Woodfield S. Structured packs for independent learning: A comparison of learning outcomes and acceptability with conventional teaching. Med Educ 1999; 33: 579–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant J, Ramsay A, Bain J. Community hospitals and general practice: Extended attachments for medical students. Med Educ 1997; 31(5)364–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halaas G. The rural physician associate program: New directions in education for competency. Rural & Remote Health 2005a; 5: 359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halaas G, 2005b. The rural physician associate program: Successful outcomes in primary care and rural practice. [serial online] 2005;5:453.26
   Google Scholar
• Halaas GW, Zink T, Brooks KD, Miller J. Clinical skills day: Preparing 3rd year medical students for their rural rotation. Rural & Remote Health 2007a; 7: 788
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall C, 2002. Day Surgery is Promoted with £68 Million Grant. Telegraph Group. Available from: http://www.news.telegraph.co.uk (accessed 13 Dec 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Hall C, 2006. Waiting Time Targets are Depriving Sick of Hospital Choice. Telegraph Group. Available from: http://www.news.telegraph.co.uk (accessed 13 Dec 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Hanna A, Dent J. Developing teaching opportunities in a day surgery unit. The Clinical Teacher 2006; 3: 180–184
   Google Scholar
• Harden R, Crosby J, Davis M. An introduction to outcome-based education. Med Teach 1999; 21: 7–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays R. Community-oriented medical education. Teach Teach Educ 2007a; 23: 286–293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays R, 2007b. Rural medical education in Europe: The relevance of the Australian experience. Rural & Remote Health 7(online):683. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=683)
   Google Scholar
• Hellenberg D, Gibbs T. Developing family medicine in south Africa: A new and important step for medical education. Med Teach 2007; 29(9–10)897–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns B, Torres TT, WHO-Choice. 2005. Costs of scaling up health interventions: A systematic review. Health Policy Plann 20(1):1–13
   Google Scholar
• Jones G, DeWitt D, Cross M, 2007. Medical students' perceptions of barriers to training at a rural clinical school. Rural and Remote Health 7(online):685. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=685)
   Google Scholar
• Kamien M, Cameron W. Solving the shortage of general practitioners in remote and rural Australia: A Sisyphean task. Med J Australia 2006; 185(11/12)652–653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman A, Mennin S, Waterman R, Duban S, Hansbarger C, et al. The new Mexico experiment: Educational innovation and institutional change. Acad Med 1989; 64(6)285–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly L. Integrating family medicine residents into a rural practice. Can Fam Physician 1997; 43: 277–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent A, De Villiers M. Medical education in south Africa – Exciting times. Med Teach 2007; 29: 906–909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick D. Techniques for evaluating training programme. Journal of the American Society of Training Doctors. Train Dev J 1959; 13: 3–9
   Google Scholar
• Lu D, Hakes J, Bai M, Tolhurst H, Dickinson J. Rural intentions: Factors affecting the career choices of family medicine graduates. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54(7)1016–1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnus J, Tollan A. Rural doctor recruitment: Does medical education in rural districts recruit doctors to rural areas?. Med Educ 1993; 27: 250–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maley M, Denz-Penhey H, Lockyer-Stevens V, Murdoch J. Tuning medical education for rural-ready practice: Designing and resourcing optimally. Med Teach 2006; 28(4)345–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maley M, Murdoch J, Playford D. Designing an optimal fit for the resource/student/curriculum nexus: Successful implementation. Short Communication (oral) Conference., Association for Medical Education in Europe, TrondheimNorway 2007
   Google Scholar
• Maley M, Auret K, Playford D. Case logging as a learning tool for medical students as well as educators. Short Communication (oral)., Association for Medical Education in Europe, PragueCzech Republic 2008
   Google Scholar
• Maley M, Lockyer-Stevens V, Playford D, 2009. Growing rural docs as teachers. Med Teach (submitted)
   Google Scholar
• Margolis S, Davies L, Ypinazar V, 2005. Isolated rural general practice as the focus for teaching core clinical rotations to pre-registration medical students. BMC Med Educ 5(online):22. Available from: (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/5/22)
   Google Scholar
• Mash B, De Villiers M. Community-based training in family medicine – A different paradigm. Med Educ 1999; 33: 725–729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Inoue K, Kajii E. Characteristics of medical students with rural origin: Implications for selective admission policies. Health Policy 2008; 87(2)194–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonnel A, Smedts A, Lowe MP. Efficiency of clinical training at the Northern Territory Clinical School: Placement length and rate of return for internship. Med J Australia 2008; 89(3)166–168
   Google Scholar
• Mennin S, Kalishman S, Freidman M, Pathak D, Snyder J. A survey of graduates in practice from the university of New Mexico's conventional and community–orientated problem-based tracks. Acad Med 1996; 71(10)1078–1089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mufunda J, Chatora R, Ndambakuwa Y, Samkange C, Sigola L, Vengesa P. Challenges in training the ideal doctor for Africa: Lessons learned in Zimbabwe. Med Tech 2007; 29: 878–881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch J, Denz-Penhey H. John Flynn meets James Mackenzie: Developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia. Rural & Remote Health 2007; 7: 726
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norcini J, Blank L, Duffy F, Fortna G. The mini-CEX: A method for assessing clinical skills. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138(6)476–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omotra B, Padonu M, Yaha S. Assessment of the impact of community-based medical education of the university of Maiduguri on communities in three local government areas of Borno state, Nigeria: Community leaders’ perspectives. Educ for Health 2004; 17(1)6–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page S, Birden H. Twelve tips on rural medical placements: What has worked to make them successful. Med Teach 2008; 30(6)592–596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Playford D, Denz-Penhey H, Skinner L, Murdoch J. Will Australian rural clinical schools be an effective workforce strategy? Early indications of their positive effect on intern choice and rural career interest. Letter to the editor. Med J Australia 2008; 188(3)190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Playford D, Maley MAL. Medical teaching in rural Australia: Should we be concerned about the international medical graduate connection?. Med J Australia 2008; 189: 125–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polasek O, Kolcic I, 2006. Academic performance and scientific involvement of final year medical students coming from urban and rural backgrounds. Rural & Remote Health 6(online):530. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=530)
   Google Scholar
• Price M. Health care needs - Plenary presentation. Association for Medical Education in Europe Conference, GenoaItaly 2006
   Google Scholar
• Price M, 2008. Globalisation and health professional education: Should there be international standardisation? Annual Scientific meeting of the Rural Clinical School of Western Australia - Keynote Presentation, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
   Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz H. Rural health care. Health Affair 2005; 24(6)1685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz H, Diamond J, Markham F, Wortman J. Medical school programs to increase the rural physician supply: A systematic review and projected impact on widespread replication. Acad Med 2008; 83(3)235–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter H, Couper I. Influences on the choice of health professionals to practise in rural areas. S Afr Med J 2007; 97(11)1060
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards H, Farmer J, Selvaraj S, 2005. Sustaining the rural primary healthcare workforce: Survey of healthcare practitioners in the Scottish highlands. Rural and Remote Health 5(online):365. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=365)
   Google Scholar
• Roff S. The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) – a generic instrument for measuring students’ perceptions of undergraduate health professions curricula. Med Teach 2005; 27(4)322–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt R. A view from the periphery - Health care in rural America. New Engl J Med 2004; 351(11)1049–1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal T, Bissonnette Z, Holden D, Brunelle T. A university rural teaching practice: A model for collaboration in rural health care. J Rural Health 1989; 5(2)103–112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rourke J. Building the new Northern Ontario Rural Medical School. Australian Journal of Rural Health 2002; 10: 112–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rourke J. A rural and regional community multi-specialty residency training network developed by the university of western Ontario. Teach Learn Med 2005; 17(4)376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rourke J, Rourke L. Rural and remote locations. A Practical Guide for Medical Teachers3rd, JA Dent, RM Harden. Elsevier, Edinburgh 2009
   Google Scholar
• Rygh E, Hjortdahl P, 2007. Continuous and integrated health care services in rural areas. A literature study. Rural and Remote Health 7(online):766. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=766)
   Google Scholar
• Schauer R, Schieve D. Performance of medical students in a non-traditional rural clinical programme, 1998–1999 through 2003–2004. Acad Med 2006; 81(7)603–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz M. The wami program: 25 Years later. Med Teach 2004; 26(3)211–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta TK, Muray RB, McDonell A, Murphy B, Underhill AD. Rural internships for final year students: Clinical experience, education and workforce. Rural Remote Health 2008; 8(1)827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JG, Furnace J, Crosby J, Cumming A. The Scottish doctor – Learning outcomes for the medical undergraduate in Scotland: A foundation for competent and reflective practitioners. Med Educ 2002; 24: 136–143
   Google Scholar
• Skinner L, Ingham R. PGPPP in Western Australia – New data on uptake of posts and qualitative experiences. RACGP/WONCA Conference, MelbourneAustralia, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Smucny J, Beatty P, Grant W, Dennison T, Wolff L. An evaluation of the rural medical education program of the state university of New York upstate medical university, 1990–2003. Acad Med 2005; 80(8)733–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics-Canada. 2001, December 2008. ‘2001 Census - Geographic Units.’ Retrieved December 2008. Available from: http://www.census2006.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/geo042.htm
   Google Scholar
• Stearns J, Stearns M, Glasser M, Londo R. Illinois rmed: A comprehensive program to improve the supply of rural family physicians. Fam Med 2000; 32(1)17–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot J, Ward A. Alternative curricular options in rural networks (acorns): Impact of early rural clinical exposure in the university of Western Australia medical course. Aust J Rural Health 2000; 8(1)17–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teague M, Talbot J, Ward A. Evaluation of a pilot project to use computers in rural general practice term. Aust J Rural Health 2000; 8(6)305–309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tesson G, Curran V, Pong R, Strasser R, 2005. Advances in rural medical education in three countries: Canada, The United States, and Australia. Rural & Remote Health 5(online):397. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=397)
   Google Scholar
• Virjo I, Hyytinen T, Keski-Opas T, Koivukangas A, Suomela P (14–18 September, 2006) Study module in undergraduate medical education outside university. Short Communication (oral) Conference. Association for Medical Education in Europe, GenoaItaly, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Walker J. Partnerships to improve rural and remote health care. Aust J Public Administration 1999; 58(3)72–75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker J. Communities as partners: Building relationships to support rural medical education. Short Communication (oral) Conference. Association for Medical Education in Europe, TrondheimNorway, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Walters L, Worley P, Prideaux D, Rolfe H, Keaney C, 2005. The impact of medical students on rural general practitioner preceptors. Rural & Remote Health 5(online):403. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=403)
   Google Scholar
• Wells R, Banaszak-Holl J. A critical review of recent us market level health care strategy literature. Soc Sci Med 2000; 51: 639–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Laven G, Pratt N, Beilby J. Impact of undergraduate and postgraduate rural training, and medical school entry criteria on rural practice among Australian general practitioners: National study of 2414 doctors. Med Educ 2003; 37(9)809–814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson M, Gormley A, Bills J, Farry P. The new rural health curriculum at Dunedin school of medicine: How has it influenced the attitudes of medical students to a career in rural general practice?. New Zeal Med J 2003; 116(1179)U537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson M, Laing M, 2007. Remote and rural option. Association for the Study of Medical Education (ASME) - Annual Scientific Meeting, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
   Google Scholar
• Worley P, Prideaux D, Strasser R, Silagy C, Magarey J. Why we should teach undergraduate medical students in rural communities. Med J Australia 2000a; 172(12)615–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worley P, Silagy C, Prideaux D, Newble D, Jones A. The parallel rural community curriculum: An integrated clinical curriculum based on rural general practice. Med Educ 2000b; 34: 558–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worley P, Kitto P, 2001. Hypothetical model of the financial impact of student attachments on rural general practices. Rural & Remote Health 1(online):83. Available from: (http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=83)
   Google Scholar
• Worley P, Esterman A, Prideaux D. Cohort study of examination performance of undergraduate medical students learning in community settings. Brit Med J 2004a; 328: 207–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worley P, Strasser R, Prideaux D. Can medical students learn specialist disciplines based in rural practice: Lessons from students' self reported experience and competence. Rural and Remote Health 2004b; 4: 300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Worley P, Prideaux D, Strasser R, Margarey A, March R. Empirical evidence for symbiotic medical education: A comparative analysis of community and tertiary-based programmes. Med Educ 2006; 40: 109–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worley P, Martin A, Prideaux D, Woodman R, Worley E, et al. Vocational career paths of graduate entry medical students at flinders university: Comparison of rural remote and tertiary tracks. Med J Australia 2008; 188(3)177–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zink T, Halaas G, Finstad D, Brooks K. The rural physician associate program: The value of immersion learning for 3rd-year medical students. J Rural Health 2008; 24(4)353–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar