Insulin Resistance in Nodular Thyroid Disease

REFERENCES

• Resnick HE, Jones K, Ruotolo G, Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic American Indians. Diabetes Care 2003;26:861–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson PW. Estimating cardiovascular disease risk and the metabolic syndrome: a Framingham view. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004;33:467–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1415–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1111–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roith DL, Zick Y. Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2001;24:588–597.
   Google Scholar
• Vella V, Sciacca L, Pandini G, The IGF-1 system in thyroid cancer: new concepts. Mol Pathol 2001;54:121–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rezzonico J, Rezzonico M, Pusiol E, Pitoia F, Niepomniszcze H. Introducing the thyroid gland as another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome. Thyroid 2008;18:461–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayturk S, Gursoy A, Kut A, Anil C, Nar A, Tutuncu NB. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161(4):599–605.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delange F, Benker G, Caron P, Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in European schoolchildren: standardization of values for assessment of iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 1997;136:180–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunn J, Block U, Ruf G, Bos I, Kunze WP, Scriba PC. Volumetric analysis of thyroid lobes by real-time ultrasound. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1981;106:1338–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon DL, Flisak M, Fisher SG. Changes in thyroid nodule volume caused by fine-needle aspiration: a factor complicating the interpretation of the effect of thyrotropin suppression on nodule size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4566–4569.
   Google Scholar
• Banks WA, Willoughby LM, Thomas DR, Morley JE. Insulin resistance syndrome in the elderly: assessment of functional, biochemical, metabolic, and inflammatory status. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2369–2373.
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Rasmussen LB, Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and occurrence of obesity in the population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4019–4024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BJ, Kim TY, Koh JM, Relationship between serum free T4 levels and metabolic syndrome and its components in healthy euthyroid subjects. Clin Endocrinol 2009;70:152–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sari S, Balci MK, Altunbaş H, Karayalçın U. The effect of body weight and weight loss on thyroid volume and function in obese women. Clin Endocrinol 2003;59:258–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J, Murphy E, Leibel RL. Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, cathecolamine excretion and thyroid function. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1421–1432.
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowski K, Randeva HS, O’Callaghan CJ, Effects of insulin and glucocorticoids on the leptin system are mediated through free leptin. Clin Endocrinol 2001;54:533–539.
   Google Scholar
• Menendez C, Baldelli R, Camina JP, TSH stimulates leptin secretion by a direct effect on adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2003;176:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport B, Chazenbalk GD, Jaume JC, McLachlan SM. The thyrotropin (TSH) receptor: interaction with TSH and autoantibodies. Endocr Rev 1998;19:673–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Laan BF, Freeman JL, Asa SL. Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in normal and tumorous human thyroid tissues. Thyroid 1995;5:67–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frittita L, Sciacca L, Catalfamo R. Functional insulin receptors are overexpressed in thyroid tumors. Cancer 1999;85:492–498.
   Google Scholar
• Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O’Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein-3 and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 2004;24:1346–1353.
   Google Scholar
• Tita P, Ambrosio MR, Scollo C, High prevalence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 2005;63:161–167.
   Google Scholar