Why some children hospitalized for pneumonia do not consult with a general practitioner before the day of hospitalization

References

• Farha T, Thomson AH. The burden of pneumonia in children in the developed world. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2005;6:76–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roxburgh CSD, Youngson GG, Townend JA, Turner SW. Trends in pneumonia and empyema in Scottish children in the past 25 years. Arch of Dis Child. 2008;93:316–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshy E, Murray J, Bottle A, Sharland M, Saxena S. Impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV7) programme on childhood hospital admissions for bacterial pneumonia and empyema in England: National time-trends study, 1997–2008. Thorax 2010;65:770–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Crowley S. Increasing paediatric empyema admissions. Thorax 2006;61:179–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu PS, Huang LM, Chang IS, Lu CY, Shao PL, Tsai FY, et al. The epidemiology of hospitalized children with pneumococcal/lobar pneumonia and empyema from 1997 to 2004 in Taiwan. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169:861–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan R, Jaffe A. Assessment of the burden of paediatric empyema in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45:431–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Zhu Y, Griffin MR. Increasing incidence of empyema complicating childhood community-acquired pneumonia in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:805–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley C, Clifton J, FitzGerald JM, Yee J. Empyema: An increasing concern in Canada. Can Respir J. 2008;15:85–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ackere T, Proesmans M, Vermeulen F, Van Raemdonck D, De Boeck K. Complicated parapneumonic effusion in Belgian children: Increased occurrence before routine pneumococcal vaccine implementation. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:51–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francois P, Desrumaux A, Cans C, Pin I, Pavese P, Labarere J. Prevalence and risk factors of suppurative complications in children with pneumonia. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:861–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meropol SB, Chen Z, Metlay JP. Reduced antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in adults and children. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59:735–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaig LF, Besser RE, Hughes JM. Trends in antimicrobial prescribing rates for children and adolescents. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:3096–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekelle P, Roland M. Nurse-led telephone-advice lines. Lancet 1999;354:88–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan NJ. NHS Direct: Virtually engaged. Arch Dis Child. 2004; 89:57–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessopp L, Beck I, Hollins L, Shipman C, Reynolds M, Dale J. Changing the pattern out of hours: A survey of general practice cooperatives. Br Med J. 1997;314:199–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards SH, Pound P, Dickens A, Greco M, Campbell JL. Exploring users’ experiences of accessing out-of-hours primary medical care services. Qual Saf Health Care 2007;16:469–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen I, Johnson AM, Islam A, Duckworth G, Livermore DM, Hayward AC. Protective effect of antibiotics against serious complications of common respiratory tract infections: Retrospective cohort study with the UK General Practice Research Database. Br Med J. 2007;335:982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winchester CC, Macfarlane TV, Thomas M, Price D. Antibiotic prescribing and outcomes of lower respiratory tract infection in UK primary care. Chest 2009;135:1163–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker JC, Powell CV, Evans MR, Hood K, Butler CC. Paediatric pneumonia or empyema and prior antibiotic use in primary care: A case-control study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:478–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant C, Harnden A, Mant D, Emery D, Coster G. Why do children hospitalised with pneumonia not receive antibiotics in primary care?. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:21–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis NA, Crocker JC, Gamper A, Brookes-Howell L, Powell C, Butler CC. Missed opportunities for earlier treatment? A qualitative interview study with parents of children admitted to hospital with serious respiratory tract infections. Arch Dis Child. 2011; 96:154–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker JC, Evans MR, Butler CC, Hood K, Powell CV. Carers’ perspectives on the presentation of community-acquired pneumonia and empyema in children: A case series. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e001500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics for Wales. Welsh index of multiple deprivation 2008. Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/theme/wimd/2008/ (accessed 16 September 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Swingler GH. Observer variation in chest radiography of acute lower respiratory infections in children: A systematic review. BMC Med Imaging. 2001;1:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards M, Lawson Z, Morris S, Evans A, Harrison S, Isaac R, et al. The presence of radiological features on chest radiographs: How well do clinicians agree?Clin Radiol. 2012;67:664–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young N. The pre-hospital experiences of Samoan families who have had a child admitted to hospital with pneumonia: A qualitative investigation. Pac Health Dialog. 2001;8:20–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cragg DK, Campbell SM, Roland MO. Out of hours primary care centres: Characteristics of those attending and declining to attend. Br Med J. 1994;309:1627–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipman C, Payne F, Dale J, Jessopp L. Patient-perceived benefits of and barriers to using out-of-hours primary care centres. Fam Pract. 2001;18:149–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advanced Life Support Group. The seriously ill child. In: Samuels M, Wieteska S, editors. Advanced paediatric life support: The practical approach. 5th ed. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell; 2011:58.
   Google Scholar