Compendium of naringenin: potential sources, analytical aspects, chemistry, nutraceutical potentials and pharmacological profile

Abstract

Naringenin is flavorless, water insoluble active principle belonging to flavanone subclass. It exhibits a diverse pharmacological profile as well as divine nutraceutical values. Although several researchers have explored this phytoconstituent to evaluate its promising properties, still it has not gained recognition at therapeutic levels and more clinical investigations are still required. Also the neutraceutical potential has limited marketed formulations. This compilation includes the description of reported therapeutic potentials of naringenin in variety of pathological conditions alongwith the underlying mechanisms. Details of various analytical investigations carried on this molecule have been provided along with brief description of chemistry and structural activity relationship. In the end, various patents filed and clinical trial data has been provided. Naringenin has revealed promising pharmacological activities including cardiovascular diseases, neuroprotection, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activity. It has been marketed in the form of nanoformulations, co-crystals, solid dispersions, tablets, capsules and inclusion complexes. It is also available in various herbal formulations as nutraceutical supplement. There are some pharmacokinetic issue with naringenin like poor absorption and low dissolution rate. Although these issues have been sorted out upto certain extent still further research to investigate the bioavailability of naringenin from herbal supplements and its clinical efficacy is essential.

Highlights

• A comprehensive compiled review is presented on source, health benefits, chemistry and analysis, and marketed products of naringenin.

• Naringenin is a promising phytoconstituent as nutraceutical.

• Valorization of fruit peels of citrus fruits is a critical step for food and nutraceutical industry.

• Structure-activity relationship of naringenin derivatives.

• Nano-formulations incorporating naringenin in themselves can be used for targeted delivery for critical disorders.

• Naringenin obtained from the peels can be efficiently used in breads, cookies, cakes and other food products.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Naringenin
• flavanone
• nutraceutical
• analytical
• formulations
• nanoformulations

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.