The impact of livelihood diversification as a climate change adaptation strategy on poverty level of pastoral households in southeastern and southern Ethiopia

Abstract

The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the determinants of poverty depth in pastoral households, and the impact of adopting livelihood diversification on the poverty level of households in the Arero district of Borena Zone and Rayitu district of Bale Zone, Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used, and 396 households were selected from the Arero and Rayitu Districts. The cost of basic needs (CBN) approach was used to determine the study areas. Accordingly, the absolute poverty line was determined to be 10,881.26 Birr per adult per annum. Based on the poverty line, 34.6 % of the sample households were in the poor category. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index results indicated that the poverty incidence, poverty gap, and poverty severity were 34.6, 9.28, and 3.62, respectively. Two econometric models were used for the analysis, namely the Tobit and Multinomial Endogenous Switching models. The results of the Tobit logistic regression revealed that the age of the household head, household size, and distance to the nearest market significantly increased the poverty level of the pastoral households. However, livestock size as measured by tropical livestock unit and frequency of extension contact significantly decreased the poverty depth of pastoral households. On the other hand, the output of the multinomial endogenous switching regression model showed that the joint adoption of non-farm activities and crop production had a decreasing and significant impact on the poverty level of pastoral households. Therefore, policies that promote livelihood diversification of pastoral communities are critical to lowering the poverty level of pastoral households in semi-arid areas.

Keywords:

• poverty
• poverty line
• Foster-Greer-Thorbecke Index
• livelihood diversification
• determinants, impact, Ethiopia

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Oromia State University for giving Mr. Baro Beyene Waqjira the opportunity to study Ph.D. at Arba Minch University and for providing all the necessary material support in producing this article. We also express our deepest gratitude to Arba Minch University for its financial support and for all efforts to follow up and fill the gaps in the article. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Mesfin Menza (Ph.D.), Tora Abebe (Ph.D.), and Zerihun Getachew (PhD.)) for their valuable and constructive comments on this article. Lastly, we would like to express our appreciation to the zonal, district, and kebele officials of Arero district of Borena Zone and Rayitu district of Bale Zone for their cooperation during our data collection

Disclosure statement

The authors of the paper hold no conflict of interest that may affect the integrity of the paper and the validity of the findings presented in it. And, we confirm that there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

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Baro Beyene

Baro Beyene, is a senior lecturer and researcher at Ethiopia's sole state university, Oromia State University. He has solid background instructing both undergraduate and graduate students. Additionally, he has been helping many students at the undergraduate and graduate levels on their thesis papers. He oversaw the university's economics department as its head. The author's research focuses on food insecurity, poverty, livelihood diversification, micro and small businesses, vulnerability to climate change, and foreign direct investment.